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Plunkett KR, Armitage JD, Inderjeeth AJ, McDonnell AM, Waithman J, Lau PKH. Tissue-resident memory T cells in the era of (Neo) adjuvant melanoma management. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1048758. [PMID: 36466880 PMCID: PMC9709277 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1048758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells have emerged as key players in the immune control of melanoma. These specialized cells are identified by expression of tissue retention markers such as CD69, CD103 and CD49a with downregulation of egress molecules such as Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor-1 (S1PR1) and the lymphoid homing receptor, CD62L. TRM have been shown to be integral in controlling infections such as herpes simplex virus (HSV), lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and influenza. More recently, robust pre-clinical models have also demonstrated TRM are able to maintain melanoma in a dormant state without progression to macroscopic disease reminiscent of their ability to control viral infections. The discovery of the role these cells play in anti-melanoma immunity has coincided with the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy which has revolutionized the treatment of cancers. ICIs that target programmed death protein-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) have led to substantial improvements in outcomes for patients with metastatic melanoma and have been rapidly employed to reduce recurrences in the resected stage III setting. While ICIs mediate anti-tumor activity via CD8+ T cells, the specific subsets that facilitate this response is unclear. TRM invariably exhibit high expression of immune checkpoints such as PD-1, CTLA-4 and lymphocyte activating gene-3 (LAG-3) which strongly implicates this CD8+ T cell subset as a crucial mediator of ICI activity. In this review, we present pre-clinical and translational studies that highlight the critical role of TRM in both immune control of primary melanoma and as a key CD8+ T cell subset that mediates anti-tumor activity of ICIs for the treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai R. Plunkett
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Jesse D. Armitage
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | | | - Alison M. McDonnell
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Jason Waithman
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Peter K. H. Lau
- Melanoma Discovery Laboratory, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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Paver E, Aivazian K, Maclean F, Long GV, Spillane AJ, Wilmott JS, Scolyer RA. Utility of next generation sequencing for differentiating malignant PEComa from metastatic melanoma. Pathology 2022; 55:555-560. [PMID: 36400594 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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3
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Potter AJ, Colebatch AJ, Rawson RV, Ferguson PM, Cooper WA, Gupta R, O'Toole S, Saw RPM, Ch'ng S, Menzies AM, Long GV, Scolyer RA. Pathologist initiated reflex BRAF mutation testing in metastatic melanoma: experience at a specialist melanoma treatment centre. Pathology 2022; 54:526-532. [PMID: 35249747 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2021.12.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Testing for BRAF mutations in metastatic melanoma is pivotal to identifying patients suitable for targeted therapy and influences treatment decisions regarding single agent versus combination immunotherapy. Knowledge of BRAF V600E immunohistochemistry (IHC) results can streamline decisions during initial oncology consultations, prior to DNA-based test results. In the absence of formal guidelines that require pathologist initiated ('reflex') BRAF mutation testing, our institution developed a local protocol to perform BRAF V600E IHC on specimens from all stage III/IV melanoma patients when the status is otherwise unknown. This study was designed to evaluate the application of this protocol in a tertiary referral pathology department. A total of 408 stage III/IV melanoma patients had tissue specimens accessioned between 1 January and 31 March in three consecutive years (from 2019 to 2021), reported by 32 individual pathologists. The BRAF mutation status was established by pathologists in 87% (352/408) of cases. When a prior BRAF mutation status was previously known, as confirmed in linked electronic records (202/408), this status had been communicated by the clinician on the pathology request form in 1% of cases (3/202). Pathologists performed BRAF V600E IHC in 153 cases (74% of cases where the status was unknown, 153/206) and testing was duplicated in 5% of cases (20/408). Reflex BRAF IHC testing was omitted in 26% of cases (53/206), often on specimens with small volume disease (cytology specimens or sentinel node biopsies) despite adequate tissue for testing. Incorporating BRAF IHC testing within routine diagnostic protocols of stage III/IV melanoma was both feasible and successful in most cases. Communication of a patient's BRAF mutation status via the pathology request form will likely improve implementation of pathologist initiated BRAF mutation testing and may result in a reduction of duplicate tests. To improve pathologist reflex testing rates, we advocate for the use of an algorithmic approach to pathologist initiated BRAF mutation testing utilising both IHC and DNA-based methodologies for stage III/IV melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Potter
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew J Colebatch
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert V Rawson
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter M Ferguson
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wendy A Cooper
- Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Ruta Gupta
- Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sandra O'Toole
- Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Robyn P M Saw
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Mater Hospital, North Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sydney Ch'ng
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Mater Hospital, North Sydney, NSW, Australia; Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexander M Menzies
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Mater Hospital, North Sydney, NSW, Australia; Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Georgina V Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Mater Hospital, North Sydney, NSW, Australia; Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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4
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Abstract
Modern therapy of advanced melanoma offers effective targeted therapeutic options in the form of BRAF plus MEK inhibition for patients with BRAF V600 mutations. For patients lacking these mutations, checkpoint inhibition remains the only first-line choice for treatment of metastatic disease. However, approximately half of patients do not respond to immunotherapy, requiring effective options for a second-line treatment. Advances in genetic profiling have found other possible target molecules, especially a wide array of rare non-V600 BRAF mutations which may respond to available targeted therapy. More information on the characteristics of such mutants is needed to further assess the efficacy of targeted therapies in the metastatic and adjuvant setting of advanced melanoma. Thus, it may be helpful to classify known BRAF mutations by their kinase activation status and dependence on alternative signaling pathways. While BRAF V600 mutations appear to have an overall more prominent role of kinase activity for tumor growth, non-V600 BRAF mutations show great differences in kinase activation and, hence, response to BRAF plus MEK inhibition. When BRAF-mutated melanomas rely on additional signaling molecules such as RAS for tumor growth, greater benefit may be expected from MEK inhibition than BRAF inhibition. In other cases, mutations of c-kit or NRAS may serve as important pharmacological targets in advanced melanoma. However, since benefit from currently available targeted therapies for non-V600 mutants is usually inferior regarding response and long-term outcome, checkpoint inhibitors remain the standard recommended first-line therapy for these patients. Herein, we review the current clinical data for characteristics and response to targeted therapy of melanomas lacking a V600 BRAF mutation.
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Nepote A, Avallone G, Ribero S, Cavallo F, Roccuzzo G, Mastorino L, Conforti C, Paruzzo L, Poletto S, Schianca FC, Quaglino P, Aglietta M. Current Controversies and Challenges on BRAF V600K-Mutant Cutaneous Melanoma. J Clin Med 2022; 11:828. [PMID: 35160279 PMCID: PMC8836712 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
About 50% of melanomas harbour a BRAF mutation. Of these 50%, 10% have a V600K mutation. Although it is the second most common driver mutation after V600E, no specific studies have been conducted to identify a clinical and therapeutic gold standard for this patient subgroup. We analysed articles, including registrative clinical trials, to identify common clinical and biological traits of the V600K melanoma population, including different adopted therapeutic strategies. Melanoma V600K seems to be more frequent in Caucasian, male and elderly populations with a history of chronic sun damage and exposure. Prognosis is poor and no specific prognostic factor has been identified. Recent findings have underlined how melanoma V600K seems to be less dependent on the ERK/MAPK pathway, with a higher expression of PI3KB and a strong inhibition of multiple antiapoptotic pathways. Both target therapy with BRAF inhibitors + MEK inhibitors and immunotherapy with anti-checkpoint blockades are effective in melanoma V600K, although no sufficient evidence can currently support a formal recommendation for first line treatment choice in IIIC unresectable/IV stage patients. Still, melanoma V600K represents an unmet medical need and a marker of poor prognosis for cutaneous melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Nepote
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy; (A.N.); (L.P.); (S.P.); (F.C.S.); (M.A.)
- Division of Medical Oncology, Experimental Cell Therapy, Istituto di Candiolo, FPO- IRCCS, str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
| | - Gianluca Avallone
- Dermatology Clinic, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (G.A.); (F.C.); (G.R.); (L.M.); (P.Q.)
| | - Simone Ribero
- Dermatology Clinic, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (G.A.); (F.C.); (G.R.); (L.M.); (P.Q.)
| | - Francesco Cavallo
- Dermatology Clinic, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (G.A.); (F.C.); (G.R.); (L.M.); (P.Q.)
| | - Gabriele Roccuzzo
- Dermatology Clinic, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (G.A.); (F.C.); (G.R.); (L.M.); (P.Q.)
| | - Luca Mastorino
- Dermatology Clinic, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (G.A.); (F.C.); (G.R.); (L.M.); (P.Q.)
| | - Claudio Conforti
- Dermatology Clinic, Maggiore Hospital of Trieste, 34125 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Luca Paruzzo
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy; (A.N.); (L.P.); (S.P.); (F.C.S.); (M.A.)
- Division of Medical Oncology, Experimental Cell Therapy, Istituto di Candiolo, FPO- IRCCS, str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
| | - Stefano Poletto
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy; (A.N.); (L.P.); (S.P.); (F.C.S.); (M.A.)
- Division of Medical Oncology, Experimental Cell Therapy, Istituto di Candiolo, FPO- IRCCS, str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Carnevale Schianca
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy; (A.N.); (L.P.); (S.P.); (F.C.S.); (M.A.)
- Division of Medical Oncology, Experimental Cell Therapy, Istituto di Candiolo, FPO- IRCCS, str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
| | - Pietro Quaglino
- Dermatology Clinic, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (G.A.); (F.C.); (G.R.); (L.M.); (P.Q.)
| | - Massimo Aglietta
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy; (A.N.); (L.P.); (S.P.); (F.C.S.); (M.A.)
- Division of Medical Oncology, Experimental Cell Therapy, Istituto di Candiolo, FPO- IRCCS, str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Scolyer
- Senior Associate Editor, Pathology, Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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7
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Scolyer RA, Atkinson V, Gyorki DE, Lambie D, O'Toole S, Saw RP, Amanuel B, Angel CM, Button-Sloan AE, Carlino MS, Ch'ng S, Colebatch AJ, Daneshvar D, Pires da Silva I, Dawson T, Ferguson PM, Foster-Smith E, Fox SB, Gill AJ, Gupta R, Henderson MA, Hong AM, Howle JR, Jackett LA, James C, Lee CS, Lochhead A, Loh D, McArthur GA, McLean CA, Menzies AM, Nieweg OE, O'Brien BH, Pennington TE, Potter AJ, Prakash S, Rawson RV, Read RL, Rtshiladze MA, Shannon KF, Smithers BM, Spillane AJ, Stretch JR, Thompson JF, Tucker P, Varey AH, Vilain RE, Wood BA, Long GV. BRAF mutation testing for patients diagnosed with stage III or stage IV melanoma: practical guidance for the Australian setting. Pathology 2021; 54:6-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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8
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Dimitriou F, Long G, Menzies A. Novel adjuvant options for cutaneous melanoma. Ann Oncol 2021; 32:854-865. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2021.03.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Clark ME, Rizos H, Pereira MR, McEvoy AC, Marsavela G, Calapre L, Meehan K, Ruhen O, Khattak MA, Meniawy TM, Long GV, Carlino MS, Menzies AM, Millward M, Ziman M, Gray ES. Detection of BRAF splicing variants in plasma-derived cell-free nucleic acids and extracellular vesicles of melanoma patients failing targeted therapy therapies. Oncotarget 2020; 11:4016-4027. [PMID: 33216826 PMCID: PMC7646833 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of plasma circulating tumour nucleic acids provides a non-invasive approach to assess disease burden and the genetic evolution of tumours in response to therapy. BRAF splicing variants are known to confer melanoma resistance to BRAF inhibitors. We developed a test to screen cell-free RNA (cfRNA) for the presence of BRAF splicing variants. Custom droplet digital PCR assays were designed for the detection of BRAF splicing variants p61, p55, p48 and p41 and then validated using RNA from cell lines carrying these variants. Evaluation of plasma from patients with reported objective response to BRAF/MEK inhibition followed by disease progression was revealed by increased circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) in 24 of 38 cases at the time of relapse. Circulating BRAF splicing variants were detected in cfRNA from 3 of these 38 patients; two patients carried the BRAF p61 variant and one the p55 variant. In all three cases the presence of the splicing variant was apparent only at the time of progressive disease. BRAF p61 was also detectable in plasma of one of four patients with confirmed BRAF splicing variants in their progressing tumours. Isolation and analysis of RNA from extracellular vesicles (EV) from resistant cell lines and patient plasma demonstrated that BRAF splicing variants are associated with EVs. These findings indicate that in addition to plasma ctDNA, RNA carried by EVs can provide important tumour specific information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Clark
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Helen Rizos
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michelle R. Pereira
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ashleigh C. McEvoy
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gabriela Marsavela
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Leslie Calapre
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Katie Meehan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Olivia Ruhen
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Muhammad A. Khattak
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tarek M. Meniawy
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Georgina V. Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Mater Hospital, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matteo S. Carlino
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alexander M. Menzies
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Mater Hospital, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Millward
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Melanie Ziman
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Elin S. Gray
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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Kostaki M, Plaka M, Stergiopoulou A, Kypreou K, Chardalia V, Befon A, Kostopoulos E, Theologi V, Christofidou E, Chasapi V, Polydorou D, Rigopoulos D, Stratigos A. Subungual melanoma: the experience of a Greek melanoma reference centre from 2003 to 2018. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:e231-e234. [PMID: 31944385 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Kostaki
- First Department of Dermatology-Venereology of Athens University, Andreas Syggros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - M Plaka
- First Department of Dermatology-Venereology of Athens University, Andreas Syggros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - A Stergiopoulou
- First Department of Dermatology-Venereology of Athens University, Andreas Syggros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - K Kypreou
- First Department of Dermatology-Venereology of Athens University, Andreas Syggros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - V Chardalia
- First Department of Dermatology-Venereology of Athens University, Andreas Syggros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - A Befon
- First Department of Dermatology-Venereology of Athens University, Andreas Syggros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - E Kostopoulos
- First Department of Dermatology-Venereology of Athens University, Andreas Syggros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - V Theologi
- First Department of Dermatology-Venereology of Athens University, Andreas Syggros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - E Christofidou
- First Department of Dermatology-Venereology of Athens University, Andreas Syggros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - V Chasapi
- First Department of Dermatology-Venereology of Athens University, Andreas Syggros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - D Polydorou
- First Department of Dermatology-Venereology of Athens University, Andreas Syggros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - D Rigopoulos
- First Department of Dermatology-Venereology of Athens University, Andreas Syggros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - A Stratigos
- First Department of Dermatology-Venereology of Athens University, Andreas Syggros Hospital, Athens, Greece
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11
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Menzer C, Menzies AM, Carlino MS, Reijers I, Groen EJ, Eigentler T, de Groot JWB, van der Veldt AA, Johnson DB, Meiss F, Schlaak M, Schilling B, Westgeest HM, Gutzmer R, Pföhler C, Meier F, Zimmer L, Suijkerbuijk KP, Haalck T, Thoms KM, Herbschleb K, Leichsenring J, Menzer A, Kopp-Schneider A, Long GV, Kefford R, Enk A, Blank CU, Hassel JC. Targeted Therapy in Advanced Melanoma With Rare BRAF Mutations. J Clin Oncol 2019; 37:3142-3151. [PMID: 31580757 PMCID: PMC10448865 DOI: 10.1200/jco.19.00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE BRAF/MEK inhibition is a standard of care for patients with BRAF V600E/K-mutated metastatic melanoma. For patients with less frequent BRAF mutations, however, efficacy data are limited. METHODS In the current study, 103 patients with metastatic melanoma with rare, activating non-V600E/K BRAF mutations that were treated with either a BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi), MEK inhibitor (MEKi), or the combination were included. BRAF mutation, patient and disease characteristics, response, and survival data were analyzed. RESULTS Fifty-eight patient tumors (56%) harbored a non-E/K V600 mutation, 38 (37%) a non-V600 mutation, and seven had both V600E and a rare BRAF mutation (7%). The most frequent mutations were V600R (43%; 44 of 103), L597P/Q/R/S (15%; 15 of 103), and K601E (11%; 11 of 103). Most patients had stage IV disease and 42% had elevated lactate dehydrogenase at BRAFi/MEKi initiation. Most patients received combined BRAFi/MEKi (58%) or BRAFi monotherapy (37%). Of the 58 patients with V600 mutations, overall response rate to BRAFi monotherapy and combination BRAFi/MEKi was 27% (six of 22) and 56% (20 of 36), respectively, whereas median progression-free survival (PFS) was 3.7 months and 8.0 months, respectively (P = .002). Of the 38 patients with non-V600 mutations, overall response rate was 0% (zero of 15) to BRAFi, 40% (two of five) to MEKi, and 28% (five of 18) to combination treatment, with a median PFS of 1.8 months versus 3.7 months versus 3.3 months, respectively. Multivariable analyses revealed superior survival (PFS and overall survival) with combination over monotherapy in rare V600 and non-V600 mutated melanoma. CONCLUSION Patients with rare BRAF mutations can respond to targeted therapy, however, efficacy seems to be lower compared with V600E mutated melanoma. Combination BRAFi/MEKi seems to be the best regimen for both V600 and non-V600 mutations. Yet interpretation should be done with care because of the heterogeneity of patients with small sample sizes for some of the reported mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Menzer
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Alexander M. Menzies
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Royal North Shore and Mater Hospitals, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matteo S. Carlino
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Irene Reijers
- Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Emma J. Groen
- Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Frank Meiss
- Medical Center–University of Freiburg and University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Max Schlaak
- University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lisa Zimmer
- University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Haalck
- University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Alexander Menzer
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Georgina V. Long
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Royal North Shore and Mater Hospitals, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Kefford
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Christian U. Blank
- Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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12
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Newell F, Kong Y, Wilmott JS, Johansson PA, Ferguson PM, Cui C, Li Z, Kazakoff SH, Burke H, Dodds TJ, Patch AM, Nones K, Tembe V, Shang P, van der Weyden L, Wong K, Holmes O, Lo S, Leonard C, Wood S, Xu Q, Rawson RV, Mukhopadhyay P, Dummer R, Levesque MP, Jönsson G, Wang X, Yeh I, Wu H, Joseph N, Bastian BC, Long GV, Spillane AJ, Shannon KF, Thompson JF, Saw RPM, Adams DJ, Si L, Pearson JV, Hayward NK, Waddell N, Mann GJ, Guo J, Scolyer RA. Whole-genome landscape of mucosal melanoma reveals diverse drivers and therapeutic targets. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3163. [PMID: 31320640 PMCID: PMC6639323 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11107-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of key drivers and therapeutic targets in mucosal melanoma is limited due to the paucity of comprehensive mutation data on this rare tumor type. To better understand the genomic landscape of mucosal melanoma, here we describe whole genome sequencing analysis of 67 tumors and validation of driver gene mutations by exome sequencing of 45 tumors. Tumors have a low point mutation burden and high numbers of structural variants, including recurrent structural rearrangements targeting TERT, CDK4 and MDM2. Significantly mutated genes are NRAS, BRAF, NF1, KIT, SF3B1, TP53, SPRED1, ATRX, HLA-A and CHD8. SF3B1 mutations occur more commonly in female genital and anorectal melanomas and CTNNB1 mutations implicate a role for WNT signaling defects in the genesis of some mucosal melanomas. TERT aberrations and ATRX mutations are associated with alterations in telomere length. Mutation profiles of the majority of mucosal melanomas suggest potential susceptibility to CDK4/6 and/or MEK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity Newell
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Yan Kong
- Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - James S Wilmott
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Peter A Johansson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Peter M Ferguson
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Chuanliang Cui
- Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Zhongwu Li
- Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Stephen H Kazakoff
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Hazel Burke
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Tristan J Dodds
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Ann-Marie Patch
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Katia Nones
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Varsha Tembe
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Ping Shang
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Louise van der Weyden
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Kim Wong
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Oliver Holmes
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Serigne Lo
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Conrad Leonard
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Scott Wood
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Qinying Xu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Robert V Rawson
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | | | - Reinhard Dummer
- Dermatology Clinic, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Mitchell P Levesque
- Dermatology Clinic, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Göran Jönsson
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, 221 85, Sweden
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Iwei Yeh
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology and the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Nancy Joseph
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Boris C Bastian
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology and the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Georgina V Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Royal North Shore and Mater Hospitals, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Andrew J Spillane
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Kerwin F Shannon
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - John F Thompson
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Robyn P M Saw
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - David J Adams
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Lu Si
- Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - John V Pearson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Nicholas K Hayward
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Nicola Waddell
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Graham J Mann
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia.
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.
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13
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Ding LW, Sun QY, Edwards JJ, Fernández LT, Ran XB, Zhou SQ, Scolyer RA, Wilmott JS, Thompson JF, Doan N, Said JW, Venkatachalam N, Xiao JF, Loh XY, Pein M, Xu L, Mullins DW, Yang H, Lin DC, Koeffler HP. LNK suppresses interferon signaling in melanoma. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2230. [PMID: 31110180 PMCID: PMC6527565 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09711-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
LNK (SH2B3) is a key negative regulator of JAK-STAT signaling which has been extensively studied in malignant hematopoietic diseases. We found that LNK is significantly elevated in cutaneous melanoma; this elevation is correlated with hyperactive signaling of the RAS-RAF-MEK pathway. Elevated LNK enhances cell growth and survival in adverse conditions. Forced expression of LNK inhibits signaling by interferon-STAT1 and suppresses interferon (IFN) induced cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis. In contrast, silencing LNK expression by either shRNA or CRISPR-Cas9 potentiates the killing effect of IFN. The IFN-LNK signaling is tightly regulated by a negative feedback mechanism; melanoma cells exposed to IFN upregulate expression of LNK to prevent overactivation of this signaling pathway. Our study reveals an unappreciated function of LNK in melanoma and highlights the critical role of the IFN-STAT1-LNK signaling axis in this potentially devastating disease. LNK may be further explored as a potential therapeutic target for melanoma immunotherapy. LNK is a tumor suppressor in hematopoietic cancers, but its function in melanoma is unclear. Here, the authors show that the overexpression of LNK in melanomas correlate with hyperactive signaling of the RAS-RAF-MEK pathway and LNK enhances melanoma growth and survival and immune evasion by inhibiting IFN signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Wen Ding
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Qiao-Yang Sun
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.
| | - Jarem J Edwards
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Lucia Torres Fernández
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Xue-Bin Ran
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Si-Qin Zhou
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - James S Wilmott
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - John F Thompson
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Ngan Doan
- Santa Monica-University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jonathan W Said
- Santa Monica-University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Nachiyappan Venkatachalam
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Jin-Fen Xiao
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Xin-Yi Loh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Maren Pein
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Liang Xu
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - David W Mullins
- Departments of Medical Education and Microbiology/Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, 03755, USA
| | - Henry Yang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - De-Chen Lin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - H Phillip Koeffler
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
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14
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da Silva IP, Wang KYX, Wilmott JS, Holst J, Carlino MS, Park JJ, Quek C, Wongchenko M, Yan Y, Mann G, Johnson DB, McQuade JL, Rai R, Kefford RF, Rizos H, Scolyer RA, Yang JYU, Long GV, Menzies AM. Distinct Molecular Profiles and Immunotherapy Treatment Outcomes of V600E and V600K BRAF-Mutant Melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:1272-1279. [PMID: 30630828 PMCID: PMC7015248 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE BRAF V600E and V600K melanomas have distinct clinicopathologic features, and V600K appear to be less responsive to BRAFi±MEKi. We investigated mechanisms for this and explored whether genotype affects response to immunotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Pretreatment formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumors from patients treated with BRAFi±MEKi underwent gene expression profiling and DNA sequencing. Molecular results were validated using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data. An independent cohort of V600E/K patients treated with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy was examined. RESULTS Baseline tissue and clinical outcome with BRAFi±MEKi were studied in 93 patients (78 V600E, 15 V600K). V600K patients had numerically less tumor regression (median, -31% vs. -52%, P = 0.154) and shorter progression-free survival (PFS; median, 5.7 vs. 7.1 months, P = 0.15) compared with V600E. V600K melanomas had lower expression of the ERK pathway feedback regulator dual-specificity phosphatase 6, confirmed with TCGA data (116 V600E, 17 V600K). Pathway analysis showed V600K had lower expression of ERK and higher expression of PI3K-AKT genes than V600E. Higher mutational load was observed in V600K, with a higher proportion of mutations in PIK3R1 and tumor-suppressor genes. In patients treated with anti-PD-1, V600K (n = 19) had superior outcomes than V600E (n = 84), including response rate (53% vs. 29%, P = 0.059), PFS (median, 19 vs. 2.7 months, P = 0.049), and overall survival (20.4 vs. 11.7 months, P = 0.081). CONCLUSIONS BRAF V600K melanomas appear to benefit less from BRAFi±MEKi than V600E, potentially due to less reliance on ERK pathway activation and greater use of alternative pathways. In contrast, these melanomas have higher mutational load and respond better to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Pires da Silva
- Melanoma Institute Australia and The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kevin YX Wang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - James S Wilmott
- Melanoma Institute Australia and The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeff Holst
- School of Medical Sciences and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matteo S Carlino
- Melanoma Institute Australia and The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - John J Park
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Camelia Quek
- Melanoma Institute Australia and The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Yibing Yan
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Graham Mann
- Melanoma Institute Australia and The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Douglas B. Johnson
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L McQuade
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Rajat Rai
- Melanoma Institute Australia and The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard F Kefford
- Melanoma Institute Australia and The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia,Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Helen Rizos
- Melanoma Institute Australia and The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia and The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jean YU Yang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Georgina V Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia and The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Royal North Shore and Mater Hospitals, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexander M Menzies
- Melanoma Institute Australia and The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. .,Royal North Shore and Mater Hospitals, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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15
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Quek C, Rawson RV, Ferguson PM, Shang P, Silva I, Saw RPM, Shannon K, Thompson JF, Hayward NK, Long GV, Mann GJ, Scolyer RA, Wilmott JS. Recurrent hotspot SF3B1 mutations at codon 625 in vulvovaginal mucosal melanoma identified in a study of 27 Australian mucosal melanomas. Oncotarget 2019; 10:930-941. [PMID: 30847022 PMCID: PMC6398173 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Clinical outcomes for mucosal melanomas are often poor due to a lack of effective systemic drug therapies. Identifying driver genes in mucosal melanoma may enhance the understanding of disease pathogenesis and provide novel opportunities to develop effective therapies. Results Somatic variant analysis identified SF3B1 (6 of 27: 22%) as the most commonly mutated gene, followed by KIT (3 of 27: 11%). Other less frequently mutated genes (4% otherwise stated) included BRAF (7%), NRAS (7%), ARID2, CTNNB1, DICER1, MAP2K1, NF1, PTEN, SETD2 and TP53. Recurrent SF3B1 p.R625 hotspot mutations were exclusively detected in vulvovaginal (5 of 19: 26%) and anorectal melanomas (3 of 5:60%). The only other SF3B1 mutation was a p.C1123Y mutation that occurred in a conjunctival mucosal melanoma. SF3B1-mutated patients were associated with shorter overall survival (OS; 34.9 months) and progression-free survival (PFS; 16.9 months) compared to non-SF3B1-mutated patients (OS: 79.7 months, log-rank P = 0.1172; PFS: 35.7 months, log-rank P = 0.0963). Conclusion Molecular subgroups of mucosal melanoma with SF3B1 mutations occurred predominantly in the vulvovaginal region. SF3B1 mutations may have a negative prognostic impact. Methods Formalin-fixed biopsies were collected from 27 pathologically-confirmed mucosal melanomas. Genomic DNA was isolated from the tumor tissue and sequenced using a novel dual-strand amplicon sequencing technique to determine the frequency and types of mutations across 45 target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia Quek
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Robert V Rawson
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter M Ferguson
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ping Shang
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ines Silva
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Robyn P M Saw
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kerwin Shannon
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - John F Thompson
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicholas K Hayward
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Georgina V Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Graham J Mann
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - James S Wilmott
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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16
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Chakera AH, Quinn MJ, Lo S, Drummond M, Haydu LE, Bond JS, Stretch JR, Saw RPM, Lee KJ, McCarthy WH, Scolyer RA, Thompson JF. Subungual Melanoma of the Hand. Ann Surg Oncol 2018; 26:1035-1043. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-018-07094-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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17
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Dabrafenib and trametinib treatment-associated fevers in metastatic melanoma causing extreme elevation in procalcitonin in the absence of infection. Anticancer Drugs 2018; 29:802-805. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Ferguson PM, Long GV, Scolyer RA, Thompson JF. Impact of genomics on the surgical management of melanoma. Br J Surg 2018; 105:e31-e47. [PMID: 29341162 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.10751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although surgery for early-stage melanoma offers the best chance of cure, recent advances in molecular medicine have revolutionized the management of late-stage melanoma, leading to significant improvements in clinical outcomes. Research into the genomic drivers of disease and cancer immunology has not only ushered in a new era of targeted and immune-based therapies for patients with metastatic melanoma, but has also provided new tools for monitoring disease recurrence and selecting therapeutic strategies. These advances present new opportunities and challenges to the surgeon treating patients with melanoma. METHODS The literature was reviewed to evaluate diagnostic and therapeutic advances in the management of cutaneous melanoma, and to highlight the impact of these advances on surgical decision-making. RESULTS Genomic testing is not required in the surgical management of primary melanoma, although it can provide useful information in some situations. Circulating nucleic acids from melanoma cells can be detected in peripheral blood to predict disease recurrence before it manifests clinically, but validation is required before routine clinical application. BRAF mutation testing is the standard of care for all patients with advanced disease to guide therapy, including the planning of surgery in adjuvant and neoadjuvant settings. CONCLUSION Surgery remains central for managing primary melanoma, and is an important element of integrated multidisciplinary care in advanced disease, particularly for patients with resectable metastases. The field will undergo further change as clinical trials address the relationships between surgery, radiotherapy and systemic therapy for patients with high-risk, early-stage and advanced melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Ferguson
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - G V Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R A Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J F Thompson
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Melanoma and Surgical Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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19
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Lim SY, Menzies AM, Rizos H. Mechanisms and strategies to overcome resistance to molecularly targeted therapy for melanoma. Cancer 2017; 123:2118-2129. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Su Yin Lim
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Macquarie University; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Melanoma Institute Australia; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Alexander M. Menzies
- Melanoma Institute Australia; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Royal North Shore Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Helen Rizos
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Macquarie University; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Melanoma Institute Australia; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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20
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Hendrix MJ, Kandela I, Mazar AP, Seftor EA, Seftor RE, Margaryan NV, Strizzi L, Murphy GF, Long GV, Scolyer RA. Targeting melanoma with front-line therapy does not abrogate Nodal-expressing tumor cells. J Transl Med 2017; 97:176-186. [PMID: 27775691 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2016.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is a highly aggressive skin cancer with a poor prognosis. It is the leading cause of skin cancer deaths with a median overall survival for advanced-stage metastatic disease of <6 months. Despite advances in the field with conventional and targeted therapies, the heterogeneity of melanoma poses the greatest ongoing challenge, ultimately leading to relapse and progression to a more drug-resistant tumor in most patients. Particularly noteworthy are recent findings, indicating that these therapies exert selective pressure on tumors resulting in the activation of pathways associated with cancer stem cells that are unresponsive to current therapy. Our previous studies have shown how Nodal, an embryonic morphogen of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, is one of these critical factors that is reactivated in aggressive melanoma and resistant to conventional chemotherapy, such as dacarbazine. In the current study, we sought to determine whether BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi) therapy targeted Nodal-expressing tumor cells in uniquely matched unresectable stage III and IV melanoma patient samples before and after therapy that preceded their eventual death due to disease. The results demonstrate that BRAFi treatment failed to affect Nodal levels in melanoma tissues. Accompanying experiments in soft agar and in nude mice showed the advantage of using combinatorial treatment with BRAFi plus anti-Nodal monoclonal antibody to suppress tumor growth and metastasis. These data provide a promising new approach using front-line therapy combined with targeting a cancer stem cell-associated molecule-producing a more efficacious response than monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jc Hendrix
- Department of Biology, Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, WV, USA.,Program in Cancer Biology and Epigenomics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute at Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Irawati Kandela
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Andrew P Mazar
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Elisabeth A Seftor
- Program in Cancer Biology and Epigenomics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute at Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Richard Eb Seftor
- Program in Cancer Biology and Epigenomics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute at Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Naira V Margaryan
- Program in Cancer Biology and Epigenomics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute at Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Luigi Strizzi
- Program in Cancer Biology and Epigenomics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute at Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pathology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - George F Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Georgina V Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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21
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Atkinson V, Long GV, Menzies AM, McArthur G, Carlino MS, Millward M, Roberts-Thomson R, Brady B, Kefford R, Haydon A, Cebon J. Optimizing combination dabrafenib and trametinib therapy in BRAF mutation-positive advanced melanoma patients: Guidelines from Australian melanoma medical oncologists. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2016; 12 Suppl 7:5-12. [PMID: 27905182 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BRAF mutations occur commonly in metastatic melanomas and inhibition of mutant BRAF and the downstream kinase MEK results in rapid tumor regression and prolonged survival in patients. Combined therapy with BRAF and MEK inhibition improves response rate, progression free survival and overall survival compared with single agent BRAF inhibition, and reduces the skin toxicity that is seen with BRAF inhibitor monotherapy. However, this combination is associated with an increase in other toxicities, particularly drug-related pyrexia, which affects approximately 50% of patients treated with dabrafenib and trametinib (CombiDT). We provide guidance on managing adverse events likely to arise during treatment with combination BRAF and MEK inhibition with CombiDT: pyrexia, skin conditions, fatigue; and discuss management of CombiDT during surgery and radiotherapy. By improving tolerability and in particular preventing unnecessary treatment cessations or reduction in drug exposure, best outcomes can be achieved for patients undergoing CombiDT therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Atkinson
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Greenslopes Private Hospital and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Georgina V Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Royal North Shore and Mater Hospitals, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alexander M Menzies
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Royal North Shore and Mater Hospitals, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Grant McArthur
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Cabrini Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Michael Millward
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia and Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Benjamin Brady
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Cabrini Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard Kefford
- Westmead Hospital and Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Jonathan Cebon
- Olivia Newton John Cancer Wellness & Research Centre, Austin Health Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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22
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Fleitas T, Ibarrola-Villava M, Ribas G, Cervantes A. MassARRAY determination of somatic oncogenic mutations in solid tumors: Moving forward to personalized medicine. Cancer Treat Rev 2016; 49:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Advances in melanoma: revolutionary progress delivering improved patient management and outcomes. Pathology 2016; 48:105-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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