1
|
Prokopieva VD, Yarygina EG, Krotenko NM, Boiko AS, Bokhan NA, Ivanova SA. [Indices of the antioxidant system and dopamine in blood plasma in the dynamics of microwave resonance therapy in patients with alcoholism]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2017; 117:67-70. [PMID: 29053123 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20171179167-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To study effects of microwave resonance therapy (MWRT) on the level of dopamine and some indices of the antioxidant system of blood plasma in patients with alcohol dependence. MATERIAL AND METHODS Dopamine, reduced glutathione, activities of catalase and superoxidismutase (SOD) were measured in blood plasma of alcoholic patients (50 men) before and after therapy. Plasma of 25 physically and mentally healthy men matched for age was used as control. RESULTS In alcoholic patients in withdrawal state, the significant increase in dopamine (p=0.03), activity of catalase and SOD (p<0.05) as well as a decrease in reduced glutathione (p<0.01) in blood plasma in comparison with controls were found. The level of dopamine decreased significantly as after conventional therapy, as well after the therapy with addition of MWRT. After MWRT, the level of glutathione in blood plasma increased significantly and activities of catalase and SOD decreased practically up to the control level while after conventional therapy (without MWRT), the indices of the antioxidant system did not change significantly. CONCLUSION The inclusion of MWRT in complex treatment of patients with alcoholism contributes to the normalization of the activity of catalase and SOD and increases the level of reduced glutathione, but has no significant effect on blood plasma dopamine level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V D Prokopieva
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - E G Yarygina
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - N M Krotenko
- Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - A S Boiko
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - N A Bokhan
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia; Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - S A Ivanova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia; National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gonzaga NA, Mecawi AS, Antunes-Rodrigues J, De Martinis BS, Padovan CM, Tirapelli CR. Ethanol withdrawal increases oxidative stress and reduces nitric oxide bioavailability in the vasculature of rats. Alcohol 2015; 49:47-56. [PMID: 25557835 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the effects of ethanol withdrawal on the vascular and systemic renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and vascular oxidative stress. Male Wistar rats were treated with ethanol 3-9% (v/v) for a period of 21 days. Ethanol withdrawal was induced by abrupt discontinuation of the treatment. Experiments were performed 48 h after ethanol discontinuation. Rats from the ethanol withdrawal group showed decreased exploration of the open arms of the elevated-plus maze (EPM) and increased plasma corticosterone levels. Ethanol withdrawal significantly increased systolic blood pressure and plasma angiotensin II (ANG II) levels without an effect on plasma renin activity (PRA), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity, or plasma angiotensin I (ANG I) levels. No differences in vascular ANG I, ANG II levels, and ACE activity/expression and AT1 and AT2 receptor expression were detected among the experimental groups. Plasma osmolality, as well as plasma sodium, potassium, and glucose levels were not affected by ethanol withdrawal. Ethanol withdrawal induced systemic and vascular oxidative stress, as evidenced by increased plasma thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS) levels and the vascular generation of superoxide anion. Ethanol withdrawal significantly decreased plasma and vascular nitrate/nitrite levels. Major new findings of the present study are that ethanol withdrawal induces vascular oxidative stress and reduces nitric oxide (NO) levels in the vasculature. Additionally, our study provides novel evidence that ethanol withdrawal does not affect the vascular ANG II generating system while stimulating systemic RAS. These responses could predispose individuals to the development of cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Gonzaga
- Programa de pós-graduação em Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Enfermagem Psiquiátrica e Ciências Humanas, USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André S Mecawi
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Fisiologia, USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Antunes-Rodrigues
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Fisiologia, USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno S De Martinis
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia M Padovan
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Tirapelli
- Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Enfermagem Psiquiátrica e Ciências Humanas, USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ju X, Mallet RT, Downey HF, Metzger DB, Jung ME. Intermittent hypoxia conditioning protects mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase of rat cerebellum from ethanol withdrawal stress. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 112:1706-14. [PMID: 22403345 PMCID: PMC3365408 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01428.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent hypoxia (IH) conditioning minimizes neurocognitive impairment and stabilizes brain mitochondrial integrity during ethanol withdrawal (EW) in rats, but the mitoprotective mechanism is unclear. We investigated whether IH conditioning protects a key mitochondrial enzyme, cytochrome c oxidase (COX), from EW stress by inhibiting mitochondrially directed apoptotic pathways involving cytochrome c, Bax, or phosphor-P38 (pP38). Male rats completed two cycles of a 4-wk ethanol diet (6.5%) and 3 wk of EW. An IH program consisting of 5-10 bouts of 5-8 min of mild hypoxia (9.5-10% inspired O(2)) and 4 min of reoxygenation for 20 consecutive days began 3 days before the first EW period. For some animals, vitamin E replaced IH conditioning to test the contributions of antioxidant mechanisms to IH's mitoprotection. During the second EW, cerebellar-related motor function was evaluated by measuring latency of fall from a rotating rod (Rotarod test). After the second EW, COX activity in cerebellar mitochondria was measured by spectrophotometry, and COX, cytochrome c, Bax, and pP38 content were analyzed by immunoblot. Mitochondrial protein oxidation was detected by measuring carbonyl contents and by immunochemistry. Earlier IH conditioning prevented motor impairment, COX inactivation, depletion of COX subunit 4, protein carbonylation, and P38 phosphorylation during EW. IH did not prevent cytochrome c depletion during EW, and Bax content was unaffected by EW ± IH. Vitamin E treatment recapitulated IH protection of COX, and P38 inhibition attenuated protein oxidation during EW. Thus IH protects COX and improves cerebellar function during EW by limiting P38-dependent oxidative damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Ju
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107-2699, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Simpkins JW, Perez E, Wang X, Yang S, Wen Y, Singh M. The potential for estrogens in preventing Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2011; 2:31-49. [PMID: 19890493 DOI: 10.1177/1756285608100427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens are the best-studied class of drugs for potential use in the prevention of Alzheimer's disease (AD). These steroids have been shown to be potent neuroprotectants both in vitro and in vivo, and to exert effects that are consistent with their potential use in prevention of AD. These include the prevention of the processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) into beta-amyloid (Aß), the reduction in tau hyperphosphorylation, and the elimination of catastrophic attempts at neuronal mitosis. Further, epidemiological data support the efficacy of early postmenopausal use of estrogens for the delay or prevention of AD. Collectively, this evidence supports the further development of estrogen-like compounds for prevention of AD. Several approaches to enhance brain specificity of estrogen action are now underway in an attempt to reduce the side effects of chronic estrogen therapy in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James W Simpkins
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Institute for Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Research, Center FOR HER (Focused On Resources for her Health, Education and Research), University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alcohol withdrawal and brain injuries: beyond classical mechanisms. Molecules 2010; 15:4984-5011. [PMID: 20657404 PMCID: PMC6257660 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15074984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Unmanaged sudden withdrawal from the excessive consumption of alcohol (ethanol) adversely alters neuronal integrity in vulnerable brain regions such as the cerebellum, hippocampus, or cortex. In addition to well known hyperexcitatory neurotransmissions, ethanol withdrawal (EW) provokes the intense generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activation of stress-responding protein kinases, which are the focus of this review article. EW also inflicts mitochondrial membranes/membrane potential, perturbs redox balance, and suppresses mitochondrial enzymes, all of which impair a fundamental function of mitochondria. Moreover, EW acts as an age-provoking stressor. The vulnerable age to EW stress is not necessarily the oldest age and varies depending upon the target molecule of EW. A major female sex steroid, 17β-estradiol (E2), interferes with the EW-induced alteration of oxidative signaling pathways and thereby protects neurons, mitochondria, and behaviors. The current review attempts to provide integrated information at the levels of oxidative signaling mechanisms by which EW provokes brain injuries and E2 protects against it.
Collapse
|
6
|
Simpkins JW, Yi KD, Yang SH, Dykens JA. Mitochondrial mechanisms of estrogen neuroprotection. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1800:1113-20. [PMID: 19931595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria have become a primary focus in our search not only for the mechanism(s) of neuronal death but also for neuroprotective drugs and therapies that can delay or prevent Alzheimer's disease and other chronic neurodegenerative conditions. This is because mitochrondria play a central role in regulating viability and death of neurons, and mitochondrial dysfunction has been shown to contribute to neuronal death seen in neurodegenerative diseases. In this article, we review the evidence for the role of mitochondria in cell death and neurodegeneration and provide evidence that estrogens have multiple effects on mitochondria that enhance or preserve mitochondrial function during pathologic circumstances such as excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and others. As such, estrogens and novel non-hormonal analogs have come to figure prominently in our efforts to protect neurons against both acute brain injury and chronic neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James W Simpkins
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Institute for Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Reilly W, Koirala B, Devaud LL. Sex differences in acoustic startle responses and seizure thresholds between ethanol-withdrawn male and female rats. Alcohol Alcohol 2009; 44:561-6. [PMID: 19745208 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agp049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS We have found consistent and significant sex differences in recovery from the increased seizure susceptibility observed during ethanol withdrawal (EW) in our rat model system. The main objective of the present study was to determine if sex differences in EW generalized to an additional behavioral measure startle reactivity. METHODS Acoustic startle or seizure threshold responses were measured in separate groups of rats at 1 day or 3 days of EW. RESULTS Both pair-fed control and EW males showed greater increases in acoustic startle responses than either the female or ovariectomized female (OVX) counterparts. There was a selective effect of pregnanolone on acoustic startle in that it reduced peak force of response only at 3 days EW in male rats. Unexpectedly, it modestly increased startle reactivity in control female and OVX rats. Acute treatment with low-dose ethanol trended toward reducing startle responses in control animals, as expected, while generally enhancing startle responses during EW. All sex conditions showed an enhanced startle response during EW following administration of the higher dose of estradiol compared to control animals. Estradiol did not alter seizure thresholds in control animals. However, it was anticonvulsant for males at 3 days EW, females and OVX at 1 day EW. CONCLUSIONS Observed sex differences in the startle reactivity during EW were consistent with earlier findings comparing EW seizure risk in male and female rats. Responses of OVX suggested that both hormones and differences in brain structures between males and females have a role in these sex differences. Our findings add weight to recommendations that treatment of alcohol withdrawal in humans should consider hormonal status as well as withdrawal time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Reilly
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Prokai-Tatrai K, Prokai L, Simpkins JW, Jung ME. Phenolic compounds protect cultured hippocampal neurons against ethanol-withdrawal induced oxidative stress. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:1773-1787. [PMID: 19468338 PMCID: PMC2680646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10041773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol withdrawal is linked to elevated oxidative damage to neurons. Here we report our findings on the contribution of phenolic antioxidants (17beta-estradiol, p-octyl-phenol and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol) to counterbalance sudden ethanol withdrawal-initiated oxidative events in hippocampus-derived cultured HT-22 cells. We showed that ethanol withdrawal for 4 h after 24-h ethanol treatment provoked greater levels of oxidative damage than the preceding ethanol exposure. Phenolic antioxidant treatment either during ethanol exposure or ethanol withdrawal only, however, dose-dependently reversed cellular oxidative damage, as demonstrated by the significantly enhanced cell viability, reduced malondialdehyde production and protein carbonylation, compared to untreated cells. Interestingly, the antioxidant treatment schedule had no significant impact on the observed neuroprotection. In addition, the efficacy of the three phenolic compounds was practically equipotent in protecting HT-22 cells in spite of predictions based on an in silico study and a cell free assay of lipid peroxidation. This finding implies that free-radical scavenging may not be the sole factor responsible for the observed neuroprotection and warrants further studies to establish, whether the HT-22 line is indeed a suitable model for in vitro screening of antioxidants against EW-related neuronal damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Prokai-Tatrai
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; E-Mails:
(J.W.S.);
(M.E.J.)
| | - Laszlo Prokai
- Department of Molecular Biology & Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; E-Mail:
| | - James W. Simpkins
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; E-Mails:
(J.W.S.);
(M.E.J.)
| | - Marianna E. Jung
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; E-Mails:
(J.W.S.);
(M.E.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jung ME, Wilson AM, Ju X, Wen Y, Metzger DB, Simpkins JW. Ethanol withdrawal provokes opening of the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore in an estrogen-preventable manner. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 328:692-8. [PMID: 19050172 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.146829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We have reported that the major endogenous estrogen, 17beta-estradiol (E2), protects against oxidative injury during ethanol withdrawal (EW) in a cultured hippocampal cell line (HT22). Here, we investigated whether the pro-oxidant nature of EW mediates opening of the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore (PTP) in a manner protected by E2. Excess PTP opening provokes mitochondrial membrane swelling (MMS) and the collapse of membrane potential (DeltaPsim). HT22 cells were collected at the end of ethanol exposure (100 mM) for 24 h or at 4 h of EW to assess MMS by monitoring absorbance decline at 540 nm and to assess DeltaPsim using flow cytometry. Protective effects of E2 on PTP were compared with an antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and an E2 analog, ZYC26 [(3-hydroxy-2-adamantyl(1)-4-methyl-estra-1,3,5(10)-17-one], with higher antioxidant potency than E2. To assess cellular consequences of PTP opening, effects of a PTP inhibitor (cyclosporin A) on EW-induced cell death were assessed using the calcein assay. Major findings were that: 1) EW resulted in rapid MMS and DeltaPsim collapse; 2) cyclosporin A attenuated EW-induced cell death; and 3) E2 treatment restricted to the EW phase protected against the PTP opening more prominently than BHT and to a similar degree to ZYC26. These findings suggest that EW provokes PTP opening partly but not entirely through the pro-oxidant nature and that E2 counteracts EW-associated factors to protect against the PTP opening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna E Jung
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jung ME, Simpkins JW, Wilson AM, Downey HF, Mallet RT. Intermittent hypoxia conditioning prevents behavioral deficit and brain oxidative stress in ethanol-withdrawn rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 105:510-7. [PMID: 18499779 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.90317.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent hypoxia (IH) has been found to protect brain from ischemic injury. We investigated whether IH mitigates brain oxidative stress and behavioral deficits in rats subjected to ethanol intoxication and abrupt ethanol withdrawal (EW). The effects of IH on overt EW behavioral signs, superoxide generation, protein oxidation, and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) opening were examined. Male rats consumed dextrin or 6.5% (wt/vol) ethanol for 35 days. During the last 20 days, rats were treated with repetitive (5-8 per day), brief (5-10 min) cycles of hypoxia (9.5-10% inspired O2) separated by 4-min normoxia exposures. Cerebellum, cortex, and hippocampus were biopsied on day 35 of the diet or at 24 h of EW. Superoxide and protein carbonyl contents in tissue homogenates and absorbance decline at 540 nm in mitochondrial suspensions served as indicators of oxidative stress, protein oxidation, and PTP opening, respectively. Although IH altered neither ethanol consumption nor blood ethanol concentration, it sharply lowered the severity of EW signs including tremor, tail rigidity, and startle response. Compared with dextrin and ethanol per se, in the three brain regions, EW increased superoxide and protein carbonyl contents and accelerated PTP opening in a manner ameliorated by IH. Administration of antioxidant N-acetylcysteine throughout the IH program abrogated the reductions in EW signs and superoxide content, implicating IH-induced ROS as mediators of the salutary adaptations. We conclude that IH conditioning during chronic ethanol consumption attenuates oxidative damage to the brain and mitigates behavioral abnormalities during subsequent EW. IH-induced ROS may evoke this powerful protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna E Jung
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jaatinen P, Rintala J. Mechanisms of ethanol-induced degeneration in the developing, mature, and aging cerebellum. THE CEREBELLUM 2008; 7:332-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-008-0034-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
12
|
Jung ME, Yan LJ, Forster MJ, Simpkins JW. Ethanol withdrawal provokes mitochondrial injury in an estrogen preventable manner. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2008; 40:35-44. [PMID: 18210193 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-008-9129-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether ethanol withdrawal (EW) oxidizes mitochondrial proteins and provokes mitochondrial membrane swelling and whether estrogen deprivation contributes to this problem. Ovariectomized female rats with or without 17beta-estradiol (E2)-implantation received a control diet or a liquid ethanol diet (6.5%) for 5 weeks and were sacrificed during EW. Protein oxidation was assessed by measuring carbonyl contents and was visualized by immunochemistry. Mitochondrial membrane swelling as an indicator of mitochondrial membrane fragility was assessed by monitoring absorbance at 540 nm and was compared with that of male rats. Compared to the control diet group and ovariectomized rats with E2-implantation, ovariectomized rats without E2-implantation showed higher carbonylation of mitochondrial proteins and more rapid mitochondrial membrane swelling during EW. Such rapid mitochondrial membrane swelling was comparable to that of male rats undergoing EW. These findings demonstrate that EW provokes oxidative injury to mitochondrial membranes in a manner that is exacerbated by estrogen deprivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna E Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Enache M, Van Waes V, Vinner E, Lhermitte M, Maccari S, Darnaudéry M. Impact of an acute exposure to ethanol on the oxidative stress status in the hippocampus of prenatal restraint stress adolescent male rats. Brain Res 2007; 1191:55-62. [PMID: 18096141 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Revised: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal restraint stress (PRS) in rats is associated with hippocampal dysfunctions and several behavioural and endocrine disorders related to this brain area. Recently, we have reported that the PRS modifies the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) response to an ethanol challenge in adolescent animals. Since hippocampus is particularly sensitive to the deleterious effects of ethanol during adolescence, we investigated in this study the combined effects of PRS and ethanol administration on the oxidative status in the hippocampus of 28-day-old male rats. Thirty minutes after an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of ethanol (1.5 g/kg), the activities of several antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) but also non-enzymatic antioxidant (reduced glutathione) were assayed. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels were also measured as a marker of lipid peroxidation. Ethanol enhanced superoxide dismutase activity in control rats but not in PRS rats. At basal level, catalase activity was lower in PRS rats than in control rats, indicating a potentially higher sensitivity to oxidative damages after this early stress. However, the hippocampal TBARS levels were not significantly affected by the ethanol administration, showing that an acute ethanol exposure does not induce oxidative damage in adolescent male rats. In conclusion, our data suggest that PRS affects both basal antioxidant status in the hippocampus and antioxidant response after an acute ethanol exposure. These findings extend previous works showing that PRS leads to hippocampal dysfunctions and raise the question of the potential increase of the hippocampal oxidative damage in PRS rats after repeated exposure to ethanol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Enache
- UPRES EA 4052, Equipe Stress Périnatal, Université de Lille 1, 59655 Villeneuve D'Ascq, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jung ME, Agarwal R, Simpkins JW. Ethanol withdrawal posttranslationally decreases the activity of cytochrome c oxidase in an estrogen reversible manner. Neurosci Lett 2007; 416:160-4. [PMID: 17320290 PMCID: PMC2081971 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2006] [Revised: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase (COX) is a key mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes electron transfer at the terminal stage of respiratory chain and is composed of multisubunits. We hypothesize that ethanol withdrawal (EW) impairs the activity of COX and estrogen deprivation exacerbates this problem. Five-month-old ovariectomized rats with or without 17beta-estradiol (E2) replacement received a control dextrin or a liquid ethanol diet (6.5%, 5 weeks). They were then sacrificed either during ethanol exposure or at 24h of EW (EW group). Mitochondria of the cerebellum and cortex were processed to measure the activities of total COX, COX subunit I, and IV. The effects of EW and E2 on the protein levels of these subunits were also assessed using an immunoblotting method. As compared to the control dextrin and ethanol exposure, EW decreased the activities of total COX, COX I, and COX IV. E2 treatment prevented the effects of EW on the activities of total COX and COX IV but not COX I. Neither EW nor E2 altered the protein levels of the subunits. These findings suggest that a counteracting relationship exists between the effects of EW and E2 on the activity of COX in a subunit specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna E Jung
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Milne GL, Morrow JD, Picklo MJ. Elevated oxidation of docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6 (n−3), in brain regions of rats undergoing ethanol withdrawal. Neurosci Lett 2006; 405:172-4. [PMID: 16875780 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Revised: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 06/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol withdrawal is a serious clinical problem owing in part to over stimulation of ionotropic glutamate receptors in the brain and is linked to elevated oxidative damage. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that lipid peroxidation is elevated in the brain tissue of rats fed an ethanol-containing diet for 6 weeks followed by 24h of withdrawal. We measured F(2)-isoprostanes (IsoPs), as products of arachidonic acid (20:4, n-6) oxidation and F(4)-neuroprostanes (NeuroPs), as products of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6, n-3; DHA) oxidation. Levels of NeuroPs were significantly elevated in the cerebral cortex (97%) and brainstem (68%) of animals undergoing ethanol withdraw versus control. In contrast, elevations in IsoP content (39%) occurred only in the cerebellum of animals in withdrawal versus control animals. These data demonstrate that DHA, versus arachidonic acid, is particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage in ethanol withdrawal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ginger L Milne
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jung ME, Wilson AM, Simpkins JW. A nonfeminizing estrogen analog protects against ethanol withdrawal toxicity in immortalized hippocampal cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 319:543-50. [PMID: 16873607 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.103630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown that 17beta-estradiol protects against ethanol withdrawal toxicity in rats. Here, we investigated whether a cellular model of ethanol withdrawal could be developed in a cultured hippocampal cell line (HT22) and whether an adamantyl-containing nonfeminizing estrogen analog, ZYC26 [(3-hydroxy-2-adamantyl(1)-4-methyl-estra-1,3,5(10)-17-one], protects against ethanol withdrawal toxicity. HT22 cells were exposed to ethanol (0-500 mM) for 24 h in the presence or absence of ZYC26 or 17beta-estradiol. The ethanol solution was then removed from the cells for 4 h to create ethanol withdrawal. Samples were collected at the end of a 24-h ethanol exposure or at 4 h of ethanol withdrawal to assess cell viability using a calcein assay, lipid peroxidation by measuring malondialdehyde, and protein oxidation by measuring carbonyl contents. When tested, ethanol concentrations were constantly maintained during a 24-h ethanol exposure and eliminated at 4 h of ethanol withdrawal. Ethanol withdrawal decreased cell viability and increased the levels of malondialdehyde and carbonyls more than ethanol exposure. ZYC26 reduced the cell death and malondialdehyde levels at a lower dose (1 microM) than 17beta-estradiol (10 microM). The increased carbonyl contents were reduced only by ZYC26 treatment. These data suggest that ethanol withdrawal can be created in HT22 cells in a manner that is more toxic than ethanol exposure and that ZYC26 is a more potent cytoprotectant than 17beta-estradiol against cell death and oxidative damage induced by ethanol withdrawal. Therefore, ZYC26 can be a potential alternative estrogen therapy for a cellular and oxidative imbalance associated with ethanol withdrawal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna E Jung
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Requintina PJ, Oxenkrug GF. The in vitro effect of estradiol and testosterone on iron-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain and kidney tissues. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1053:400-4. [PMID: 16179546 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2005.tb00048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of estradiol and testosterone on iron-induced lipid peroxidation were compared in rat brain and kidney homogenates in vitro. Lipid peroxidation in the form of malondialdehyde (MDA) was evaluated by the measurement of thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reactive substances. Estradiol inhibited lipid peroxidation in both tissues studied in a dose-dependent manner. The effect was five times stronger in brain than in kidney. Testosterone did not affect lipid peroxidation in either tissue. Estradiol-induced inhibition of brain lipid peroxidation might contribute to the neuroprotective effect of estrogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pura J Requintina
- Melatonin Clinic and Pineal Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02135, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lavaque E, Mayen A, Azcoitia I, Tena-Sempere M, Garcia-Segura LM. Sex differences, developmental changes, response to injury and cAMP regulation of the mRNA levels of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, cytochrome p450scc, and aromatase in the olivocerebellar system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 66:308-18. [PMID: 16329132 DOI: 10.1002/neu.20221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Compelling evidence has now demonstrated direct biological actions of sex steroids at the cerebellum. Likewise, the expression of key steroidogenic factors, such as the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage (P450scc), and aromatase, at this neural site has been reported. Little is known, however, about the regulation of their genes in the cerebellum. Assessment of StAR, P450scc, and aromatase mRNAs in the cerebellum of male and female rats revealed that the expression of these genes is developmentally regulated, with the highest levels at early postnatal ages in both sexes and with significantly higher mRNA levels in postnatal males. Expression of these genes in the female remained unaltered after perinatal androgenization and along the estrous cycle. In contrast, damage of cerebellar afferent neurons of the inferior olivary nucleus evoked a significant increase in StAR, P450scc, and aromatase mRNA levels at this site, as well as a transient elevation in StAR mRNA at the cerebellum. Finally, enhancement of cAMP levels in cultured cerebellar neurons induced a significant increase in StAR and aromatase mRNA levels. In summary, we present herein novel evidence for the developmentally regulated and partially sexually dimorphic pattern of expression of StAR, P450scc, and aromatase genes in the rat cerebellum. These observations, together with the finding that the mRNA levels of these steroidogenic molecules are sensitive to injury and are regulated by intracellular cAMP, strongly suggest that local steroidogenesis is likely to play an important role during development and adaptation to neurodegenerative processes in the olivocerebellar system.
Collapse
|
19
|
Rewal M, Wen Y, Wilson A, Simpkins JW, Jung ME. Role of parvalbumin in estrogen protection from ethanol withdrawal syndrome. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2005; 29:1837-44. [PMID: 16269913 DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000183013.64829.2e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parvalbumin (PA) is a calcium-binding protein that has been implicated in protecting neurons from hyperexcitability by sequestering intracellular calcium. This study examined whether ethanol exposure and/or ethanol withdrawal (EW) alter the levels of PA in a manner that is protected by 17beta-estradiol (E2). METHODS Ovariectomized rats implanted with E2 (EW/E2) or oil pellets (EW/Oil) received chronic ethanol (7.5% w/v, 5 weeks) or control dextrin (Dex/Oil and Dex/E2) diets. At 0 hr, 24 hr, and 2 weeks of EW, three brain areas (the cerebellum, hippocampus, and cortex) were prepared for immunoblotting and immunohistological assessment of PA. RESULTS At 24 hr of EW, the EW/Oil group showed reduced levels of PA protein and PA-positive neurons in the cerebellum and hippocampus compared with the dextrin control and the EW/E2 groups. At 2 weeks of EW, the reduced levels of PA persisted in the cerebellum but recovered toward the control levels in the hippocampus. The cortex showed no change in PA levels in any of the treatment groups. When tested at 24 hr of EW, the magnitude of EW signs inversely correlated with the levels of PA in the cerebellum and hippocampus. Ethanol exposure itself did not affect PA levels. CONCLUSION These data suggest that EW, rather than ethanol exposure, reduces PA levels in a manner that is brain region specific and that is protected by estrogen. Disturbed PA homeostasis is hypothesized to play a role in the hyperexcitability of EW signs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mridula Rewal
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas 76107-2699, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jung ME, Watson DG, Simpkins JW. Suppression of protein kinase Cepsilon mediates 17beta-estradiol-induced neuroprotection in an immortalized hippocampal cell line. J Neurochem 2005; 95:745-55. [PMID: 16248886 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although estrogens are neuroprotective in a variety of neuroprotection models, the precise underlying mechanisms are currently not well understood. Here, we examined the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in mediating estrogen-induced neuroprotection in the HT-22 immortalized hippocampal cell line. The neuroprotection model utilized calcein fluorescence to quantitate cell viability following glutamate insults. 17beta-Estradiol (betaE2) protected HT-22 cells when treatment was initiated before or after the glutamate insult. The inhibition of PKC by bis-indolylmaleimide mimicked and enhanced betaE2-induced neuroprotection. In contrast, the inhibition of specific PKC isozymes (alpha and beta) by Go6976, inhibition of 1-phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase by wortmannin, or inhibition of protein kinase A by H-89, did not alter cell viability, suggesting a specific involvement of PKC in an isozyme-dependent manner. We further examined whether estrogen interacts with PKC in a PKC isozyme-specific manner. Protein levels and activity of PKC isozymes (alpha, delta, epsilon, and zeta) were assessed by western blot analysis and radiolabeled phosphorylation assays respectively. Among the isozymes tested, betaE2 altered only PKCepsilon; it reduced the activity and membrane translocation of PKCepsilon in a manner that correlated with its protection against glutamate toxicity. Furthermore, betaE2 reversed the increased activity of membrane PKCepsilon induced by glutamate. These data suggest that the neuroprotective effects of estrogens are mediated in part by inhibition of PKCepsilon activity and membrane translocation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna E Jung
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jung ME, Jacobs S, Rewal M, Wilson A, Simpkins JW. Estradiol protects against alteration of protein kinase Cɛ in a binge model of ethanol dependence and withdrawal. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 515:62-72. [PMID: 15894303 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that a binge type of ethanol intake and ethanol withdrawal disturbs protein kinase C (PKC) homeostasis in a manner protected by 17beta-estradiol. Ovariectomized rats implanted with 17beta-estradiol or oil pellets received ethanol (7.5% weight/volume, 7 days) or control solution by a gavage method. The cerebelli were collected during ethanol exposure or ethanol withdrawal to assess the activity, protein levels, and cellular distribution of PKC(epsilon) and total PKC, using an ATP phosphorylation and immunoblot assays. While both ethanol exposure and ethanol withdrawal increased membrane protein levels and membrane translocation, only ethanol withdrawal enhanced activity of PKC(epsilon). Ethanol withdrawal not ethanol exposure increased the three parameters of total PKC. 17beta-Estradiol treatment prevented these changes in PKC profiles. These data suggest that an excessive episodic intake of ethanol followed by ethanol withdrawal disturbs PKC homeostasis and cellular distribution of PKC, in particular PKC(epsilon), in a manner that is protected by estrogen. PKC(epsilon) appears more vulnerable during ethanol withdrawal than during ethanol exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Eunsun Jung
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rewal M, Wen Y, Simpkins JW, Jung ME. Ethanol withdrawal reduces cerebellar parvalbumin expression in a manner reversed by estrogens. Neurosci Lett 2005; 377:44-8. [PMID: 15722185 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2004] [Revised: 11/22/2004] [Accepted: 11/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parvalbumin (PA) is a calcium-binding protein that has been implicated in neuroprotection. We examined whether the stimulus effect of ethanol withdrawal (EW) alters the expression of PA in a manner that is prevented by 17beta-estradiol (E2). Ovariectomized rats implanted with E2 (EW/E2) or oil (EW/Oil) pellets received chronic ethanol (7.5%, w/v, 5 weeks) or control dextrin diets (Dex/Oil). At 24h of EW, rats were tested for overt EW signs, and the cerebellum was prepared for immunoblotting and immunohistological assessment for PA. The EW/Oil group showed a higher EW sign score, a lower PA expression, and fewer PA-positive Purkinje neurons than the dextrin control group. In the EW/E2 group, EW sign scores, PA expression, and PA-positive Purkinje neurons were not significantly different from those in the control dextrin group. These data suggest that E2 treatment protects against the PA-suppression associated with EW toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mridula Rewal
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|