1
|
Song Y, Guo SH, Davies-Jenkins CW, Guarda A, Edden RA, Smith KR. Myo-inositol Levels in the Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex Predicts Anxiety-to-Eat in Anorexia Nervosa. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.29.596476. [PMID: 38854088 PMCID: PMC11160692 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.29.596476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Background Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a mental and behavioral health condition characterized by an intense fear of weight or fat gain, severe restriction of food intake resulting in low body weight, and distorted self-perception of body shape or weight. While substantial research has focused on general anxiety in AN, less is known about eating-related anxiety and its underlying neural mechanisms. Therefore, we sought to characterize anxiety-to-eat in AN and examine the neurometabolic profile within the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), a brain region putatively involved in magnifying the threat response. Methods Women seeking inpatient treatment for AN and women of healthy weight without a lifetime history of an eating disorder (healthy controls; HC) completed a computer-based behavioral task assessing anxiety-to-eat in response to images of higher (HED) and lower (LED) energy density foods. Participants also underwent magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the dACC in a 3 Tesla scanner. Results The AN group reported greater anxiety to eat HED and LED foods relative to the HC group. Both groups reported greater anxiety to eat HED foods relative to LED foods. The neurometabolite myo-inositol (mI) was lower in the dACC in AN relative to HC, and mI levels negatively predicted anxiety to eat HED but not LED foods in the AN group only. mI levels in the dACC were independent of body weight, body mass, and general anxiety. Conclusions These findings provide critical new insight into the clinically challenging feature and underlying neural mechanisms of eating-related anxiety and indicate mI levels in the dACC could serve as a novel biomarker of illness severity that is independent of body weight to identify individuals vulnerable to disordered eating or eating pathology as well as a potential therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Song
- The Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sarah H. Guo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Christopher W. Davies-Jenkins
- The Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Angela Guarda
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Richard A.E. Edden
- The Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kimberly R. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Elwyn R, Mitchell J, Kohn MR, Driver C, Hay P, Lagopoulos J, Hermens DF. Novel ketamine and zinc treatment for anorexia nervosa and the potential beneficial interactions with the gut microbiome. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 148:105122. [PMID: 36907256 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe illness with diverse aetiological and maintaining contributors including neurobiological, metabolic, psychological, and social determining factors. In addition to nutritional recovery, multiple psychological and pharmacological therapies and brain-based stimulations have been explored; however, existing treatments have limited efficacy. This paper outlines a neurobiological model of glutamatergic and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic dysfunction, exacerbated by chronic gut microbiome dysbiosis and zinc depletion at a brain and gut level. The gut microbiome is established early in development, and early exposure to stress and adversity contribute to gut microbial disturbance in AN, early dysregulation to glutamatergic and GABAergic networks, interoceptive impairment, and inhibited caloric harvest from food (e.g., zinc malabsorption, competition for zinc ions between gut bacteria and host). Zinc is a key part of glutamatergic and GABAergic networks, and also affects leptin and gut microbial function; systems dysregulated in AN. Low doses of ketamine in conjunction with zinc, could provide an efficacious combination to act on NMDA receptors and normalise glutamatergic, GABAergic and gut function in AN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosiel Elwyn
- Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, QLD, Australia; SouthWest Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jules Mitchell
- Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, QLD, Australia; SouthWest Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael R Kohn
- AYA Medicine Westmead Hospital, CRASH (Centre for Research into Adolescent's Health) Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney University, Australia; SouthWest Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Christina Driver
- Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, QLD, Australia; SouthWest Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Phillipa Hay
- Translational Health Research Institute (THRI) School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; SouthWest Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Jim Lagopoulos
- Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, QLD, Australia; SouthWest Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel F Hermens
- Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, QLD, Australia; SouthWest Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
How Can Animal Models Inform the Understanding of Cognitive Inflexibility in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa? J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11092594. [PMID: 35566718 PMCID: PMC9105411 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11092594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficits in cognitive flexibility are consistently seen in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). This type of cognitive impairment is thought to be associated with the persistence of AN because it leads to deeply ingrained patterns of thought and behaviour that are highly resistant to change. Neurobiological drivers of cognitive inflexibility have some commonalities with the abnormal brain functional outcomes described in patients with AN, including disrupted prefrontal cortical function, and dysregulated dopamine and serotonin neurotransmitter systems. The activity-based anorexia (ABA) model recapitulates the key features of AN in human patients, including rapid weight loss caused by self-starvation and hyperactivity, supporting its application in investigating the cognitive and neurobiological causes of pathological weight loss. The aim of this review is to describe the relationship between AN, neural function and cognitive flexibility in human patients, and to highlight how new techniques in behavioural neuroscience can improve the utility of animal models of AN to inform the development of novel therapeutics.
Collapse
|
4
|
Aspesi D, Farinetti A, Marraudino M, Morgan GSK, Marzola E, Abbate-Daga G, Gotti S. Maternal separation alters the reward system of activity-based anorexia rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 133:105393. [PMID: 34481327 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Maternal separation (MS) is a known chronic stressor in the postnatal period and when associated with another paradigm like the activity-based anorexia (ABA) rat model, causes different effects in the two sexes. In ABA females, the separation leads to increased hyperactivity and anxiety reduction, whereas, in males, the separation induces decreased locomotor activity without similar reduction of anxiety-like behaviors as observed in females. To understand the mechanisms altered by MS in synergy with the induction of the anorexic-like phenotype, we considered the reward system, which involves neurons synthesizing dopamine (DA) in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), substantia nigra pars compacta, and serotoninergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus. Moreover, we analyzed the orexin circuit in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), which affects DA synthesis in the VTA and is also known to regulate food consumption and locomotor activity. Rats of both sexes were exposed to the two paradigms (MS and ABA), leading to four experimental groups for each sex: non-separated control (CON), non-separated ABA groups (ABA), MS control (MSCON), and MS plus ABA groups (MSABA). Immunohistochemistry analysis was performed to determine quantitative differences in the number of cells expressing DA, orexin, and serotonin (5-HT) among the experimental groups. The results showed that, in the DA system, the effect of MS was more evident in females than in males, with a substantial increase in DA cells in the VTA of MSABA. However, the analysis of the orexin system revealed a similar cellular increment in the LHA in the non-separated ABA groups of both sexes. Regarding 5-HT, there was an opposite effect in males and females of the MSABA groups, with only females showing a greater density of 5-HT cells. The changes in the reward system could partially explain the behavioral data: the hyperactivity, weight loss, and decreased anxiety levels of the MSABA females could be linked to an increase in DA and 5-HT cells, whereas in males, MS could mitigate the behavioral effects of the ABA protocol affecting the anxiety levels and locomotor activity through a lack of increased activation of the reward system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Aspesi
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada.
| | - Alice Farinetti
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; NICO - Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy.
| | - Marilena Marraudino
- NICO - Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy.
| | - Godstime Stephen Kojo Morgan
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; NICO - Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy.
| | - Enrica Marzola
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; Eating Disorders Center of the "Città della Salute e della Scienza" Hospital, University of Turin, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Abbate-Daga
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; Eating Disorders Center of the "Città della Salute e della Scienza" Hospital, University of Turin, Italy.
| | - Stefano Gotti
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; NICO - Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Spadini S, Ferro M, Lamanna J, Malgaroli A. Activity-based anorexia animal model: a review of the main neurobiological findings. J Eat Disord 2021; 9:123. [PMID: 34600568 PMCID: PMC8487535 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-021-00481-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genesis of anorexia nervosa (AN), a severe eating disorder with a pervasive effect on many brain functions such as attention, emotions, reward processing, cognition and motor control, has not yet been understood. Since our current knowledge of the genetic aspects of AN is limited, we are left with a large and diversified number of biological, psychological and environmental risk factors, called into question as potential triggers of this chronic condition with a high relapse rate. One of the most valid and used animal models for AN is the activity-based anorexia (ABA), which recapitulates important features of the human condition. This model is generated from naïve rodents by a self-motivated caloric restriction, where a fixed schedule food delivery induces spontaneous increased physical activity. AIM In this review, we sought to provide a summary of the experimental research conducted using the ABA model in the pursuit of potential neurobiological mechanism(s) underlying AN. METHOD The experimental work presented here includes evidence for neuroanatomical and neurophysiological changes in several brain regions as well as for the dysregulation of specific neurochemical synaptic and neurohormonal pathways. RESULTS The most likely hypothesis for the mechanism behind the development of the ABA phenotype relates to an imbalance of the neural circuitry that mediates reward processing. Evidence collected here suggests that ABA animals show a large set of alterations, involving regions whose functions extend way beyond the control of reward mechanisms and eating habits. Hence, we cannot exclude a primary role of these alterations from a mechanistic theory of ABA induction. CONCLUSIONS These findings are not sufficient to solve such a major enigma in neuroscience, still they could be used to design ad hoc further experimental investigation. The prospect is that, since treatment of AN is still challenging, the ABA model could be more effectively used to shed light on the complex AN neurobiological framework, thus supporting the future development of therapeutic strategies but also the identification of biomarkers and diagnostic tools. Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a severe eating disorder with a dramatic effect on many functions of our brain, such as attention, emotions, cognition and motion control. Since our current knowledge of the genetic aspects behind the development of AN is still limited, many biological, psychological and environmental factors must be taken into account as potential triggers of this condition. One of the most valid animal models for studying AN is the activity-based anorexia (ABA). In this model, rodents spontaneously limit food intake and start performing increased physical activity on a running wheel, a result of the imposition of a fixed time schedule for food delivery. In this review, we provide a detailed summary of the experimental research conducted using the ABA model, which includes extended evidence for changes in the anatomy and function of the brain of ABA rodents. The hope is that such integrated view will support the design of future experiments that will shed light on the complex brain mechanisms behind AN. Such advanced knowledge is crucial to find new, effective strategies for both the early diagnosis of AN and for its treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Spadini
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia Ferro
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
| | - Jacopo Lamanna
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Malgaroli
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.
- Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Scharner S, Stengel A. Animal Models for Anorexia Nervosa-A Systematic Review. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 14:596381. [PMID: 33551774 PMCID: PMC7854692 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.596381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image which usually leads to low caloric intake and hyperactivity. The underlying mechanism and pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa is still poorly understood. In order to learn more about the underlying pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa and to find further possible treatment options, several animal models mimicking anorexia nervosa have been developed. The aim of this review is to systematically search different databases and provide an overview of existing animal models and to discuss the current knowledge gained from animal models of anorexia nervosa. For the systematic data search, the Pubmed—Medline database, Embase database, and Web of Science database were searched. After removal of duplicates and the systematic process of selection, 108 original research papers were included in this systematic review. One hundred and six studies were performed with rodents and 2 on monkeys. Eighteen different animal models for anorexia nervosa were used in these studies. Parameters assessed in many studies were body weight, food intake, physical activity, cessation of the estrous cycle in female animals, behavioral changes, metabolic and hormonal alterations. The most commonly used animal model (75 of the studies) is the activity-based anorexia model in which typically young rodents are exposed to time-reduced access to food (a certain number of hours a day) with unrestricted access to a running wheel. Of the genetic animal models, one that is of particular interest is the anx/anx mice model. Animal models have so far contributed many findings to the understanding of mechanisms of hunger and satiety, physical activity and cognition in an underweight state and other mechanisms relevant for anorexia nervosa in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Scharner
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mustac T, Yuabov A, Macanian J, Aminov S, Fazylov D, Lulu EB, Nashed M, Albakry A, Jean-Philippe-Morisset B, Bodnar RJ. Acute d-fenfluramine, but not fluoxetine decreases sweet intake in BALB/c, C57BL/6 and SWR inbred mouse strains. Physiol Behav 2020; 224:113029. [PMID: 32590091 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine, opioid and muscarinic receptor antagonists differentially reduce sucrose and saccharin intakes across inbred mouse strains. Whereas these systems stimulate sweet intake, serotonin signaling inhibits food intake. The present study examined whether fluoxetine (0.1-10 mg/kg) or d-fenfluramine (0.1-6 mg/kg) differentially inhibited sucrose or saccharin intake in BALB/c, C57BL/6 and SWR mice. Fluoxetine marginally altered sucrose intake in all strains. d-fenfluramine significantly, but quite similarly reduced (ID40) sucrose and saccharin intake in BALB/c (5.7 vs. 5.8 mg/kg), C57BL/6 (4.4 vs. 4.3 mg/kg) and SWR (4.6 vs. 5.6 mg/kg) mice, suggesting serotonin-induced inhibition of orosensory mechanisms in all three inbred mouse strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Mustac
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York (CUNY)
| | - Asnat Yuabov
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York (CUNY)
| | - Jason Macanian
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York (CUNY)
| | - Sonya Aminov
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York (CUNY)
| | - David Fazylov
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York (CUNY)
| | - Eden Ben Lulu
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York (CUNY)
| | - Mirna Nashed
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York (CUNY)
| | - Ahmed Albakry
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York (CUNY)
| | | | - Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York (CUNY); CUNY Neuroscience Collaborative and Psychology Doctoral Program, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schalla MA, Stengel A. Activity Based Anorexia as an Animal Model for Anorexia Nervosa-A Systematic Review. Front Nutr 2019; 6:69. [PMID: 31165073 PMCID: PMC6536653 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe eating disorder affecting around 1 per 100 persons. However, the knowledge about its underlying pathophysiology is limited. To address the need for a better understanding of AN, an animal model was established early on in the late 1960's: the activity-based anorexia (ABA) model in which rats have access to a running wheel combined with restricted food access leading to self-starving/body weight loss and hyperactivity. Both symptoms, separately or combined, can also be found in patients with AN. The aim of this systematic review was to compile the current knowledge about this animal model as well as to address gaps in knowledge. Using the data bases of PubMed, Embase and Web of science 102 publications were identified meeting the search criteria. Here, we show that the ABA model mimics core features of human AN and has been characterized with regards to brain alterations, hormonal changes as well as adaptations of the immune system. Moreover, pharmacological interventions in ABA animals and new developments, such as a chronic adaptation of the ABA model, will be highlighted. The chronic model might be well suited to display AN characteristics but should be further characterized. Lastly, limitations of the model will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martha A Schalla
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nobis S, Achamrah N, Goichon A, L'Huillier C, Morin A, Guérin C, Chan P, do Rego JL, do Rego JC, Vaudry D, Déchelotte P, Belmonte L, Coëffier M. Colonic Mucosal Proteome Signature Reveals Reduced Energy Metabolism and Protein Synthesis but Activated Autophagy during Anorexia-Induced Malnutrition in Mice. Proteomics 2018; 18:e1700395. [PMID: 29938906 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder often associated with intestinal disorders. To explore the underlying mechanisms of these disorders, the colonic proteome was evaluated during activity-based anorexia. Female C57Bl/6 mice were randomized into three groups: Control, Limited Food Access (LFA) and Activity-Based Anorexia (ABA). LFA and ABA mice had a progressive limited access to food but only ABA mice had access to an activity wheel. On colonic mucosal protein extracts, a 2D PAGE-based comparative proteomic analysis was then performed and differentially expressed proteins were identified by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Twenty-seven nonredundant proteins that were differentially expressed between Control, LFA, and ABA groups were identified. ABA mice exhibited alteration of several mitochondrial proteins involved in energy metabolism such as dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase. In addition, a downregulation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway was observed leading, on the one hand, to the inhibition of protein synthesis, evaluated by puromycin incorporation and mediated by the increased phosphorylation of eukaryotic elongation factor 2, and on the other hand, to the activation of autophagy, assessed by the increase of the marker of autophagy, form LC3-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate/Cytosolic form of Microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B light chain 3 (LC3II/LC3I) ratio. Colonic mucosal proteome is altered during ABA suggesting a downregulation of energy metabolism. A decrease of protein synthesis and an activation of autophagy were also observed mediated by mTOR pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Nobis
- INSERM Unit 1073, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, 76000, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Najate Achamrah
- INSERM Unit 1073, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, 76000, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, 76000, Rouen, France.,Nutrition Department, Rouen University Hospital, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Alexis Goichon
- INSERM Unit 1073, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, 76000, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Clément L'Huillier
- INSERM Unit 1073, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, 76000, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Aline Morin
- INSERM Unit 1073, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, 76000, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Charlène Guérin
- INSERM Unit 1073, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, 76000, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Philippe Chan
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, 76000, Rouen, France.,Platform in proteomics PISSARO, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Jean Luc do Rego
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, 76000, Rouen, France.,Animal Behaviour Platform SCAC, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Jean Claude do Rego
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, 76000, Rouen, France.,Animal Behaviour Platform SCAC, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - David Vaudry
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, 76000, Rouen, France.,Platform in proteomics PISSARO, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, 76000, Rouen, France.,INSERM Unit 1239, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Pierre Déchelotte
- INSERM Unit 1073, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, 76000, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, 76000, Rouen, France.,Nutrition Department, Rouen University Hospital, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Liliana Belmonte
- INSERM Unit 1073, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, 76000, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, 76000, Rouen, France.,Nutrition Department, Rouen University Hospital, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Moïse Coëffier
- INSERM Unit 1073, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, 76000, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, 76000, Rouen, France.,Nutrition Department, Rouen University Hospital, 76000, Rouen, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nobis S, Morin A, Achamrah N, Belmonte L, Legrand R, Chan P, do Rego JL, Vaudry D, Gourcerol G, Déchelotte P, Goichon A, Coëffier M. Delayed gastric emptying and altered antrum protein metabolism during activity-based anorexia. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13305. [PMID: 29411462 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anorexia nervosa, a restrictive eating disorder, is often associated with gastrointestinal disorders, particularly a delayed gastric emptying. However, the mechanisms remained poorly documented. Thus, we aimed to evaluate gastric emptying and antrum protein metabolism in the Activity-Based Anorexia model (ABA). METHODS Females C57Bl/6 mice were randomized into 3 groups: Control, ABA, and Limited Food Access (LFA). Food access has been progressively limited from 6 h/day at day 6 to 3 h/day at day 9 and until day 17. ABA mice had free access to an activity wheel. Gastric emptying was assessed. On gastric extracts, a proteomic analysis was performed, as well as an evaluation of protein synthesis and protein oxidation. KEY RESULTS Both LFA and ABA mice exhibited a delayed gastric emptying compared with Controls (P < .05). Proteomic approach revealed 15 proteins that were differentially expressed. Among these proteins, we identified 2 clusters of interest contributing to (i) the organization of muscle fiber with ACTA2, VCL, KRT19, KRT8, and DES proteins and (ii) "heat shock proteins" with STIP1, HSPD1, and HSPA8 proteins. ABA mice specifically exhibited an increased rate of gastric oxidized proteins. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Delayed gastric emptying observed in anorectic conditions appears to be secondary to malnutrition. However, an oxidative stress is specifically present in the stomach of ABA mice. Its role remains to be further studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Nobis
- INSERM Unit 1073, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - A Morin
- INSERM Unit 1073, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - N Achamrah
- INSERM Unit 1073, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Nutrition Department, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - L Belmonte
- INSERM Unit 1073, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Nutrition Department, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - R Legrand
- INSERM Unit 1073, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - P Chan
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Platform in proteomics PISSARO, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - J-L do Rego
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Animal Behaviour Platform SCAC, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - D Vaudry
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Platform in proteomics PISSARO, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,INSERM Unit 1239, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - G Gourcerol
- INSERM Unit 1073, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Physiology Department, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - P Déchelotte
- INSERM Unit 1073, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Nutrition Department, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - A Goichon
- INSERM Unit 1073, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - M Coëffier
- INSERM Unit 1073, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Nutrition Department, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Foldi CJ, Milton LK, Oldfield BJ. A focus on reward in anorexia nervosa through the lens of the activity-based anorexia rodent model. J Neuroendocrinol 2017; 29. [PMID: 28475260 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Patients suffering anorexia nervosa (AN) become anhedonic, unable or unwilling to derive normal pleasures and tend to avoid rewarding outcomes, most profoundly in food intake. The activity-based anorexia model recapitulates many of the pathophysiological and behavioural hallmarks of the human condition, including a reduction in food intake, excessive exercise, dramatic weight loss, loss of reproductive cycles, hypothermia and anhedonia, and therefore it allows investigation into the underlying neurobiology of anorexia nervosa. The use of this model has directed attention to disruptions in central reward neurocircuitry, which may contribute to disease susceptibility. The purpose of this review is to demonstrate the utility of this unique model to provide insight into the mechanisms of reward relevant to feeding and weight loss, which may ultimately help to unravel the neurobiology of anorexia nervosa and, in a broader sense, the foundation of reward-based feeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Foldi
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - L K Milton
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - B J Oldfield
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abdel-Latif RT, Zaitone SA, Abdel-mottaleb Y, El-Maraghy NN. The anorectic agent, lorcaserin, disturbs estrous cyclicity and produces endometrial hyperplasia without affecting ovarian population in female rats. Life Sci 2017; 183:69-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
13
|
Scharner S, Prinz P, Goebel-Stengel M, Kobelt P, Hofmann T, Rose M, Stengel A. Activity-Based Anorexia Reduces Body Weight without Inducing a Separate Food Intake Microstructure or Activity Phenotype in Female Rats-Mediation via an Activation of Distinct Brain Nuclei. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:475. [PMID: 27826222 PMCID: PMC5078320 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is accompanied by severe somatic and psychosocial complications. However, the underlying pathogenesis is poorly understood, treatment is challenging and often hampered by high relapse. Therefore, more basic research is needed to better understand the disease. Since hyperactivity often plays a role in AN, we characterized an animal model to mimic AN using restricted feeding and hyperactivity. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: no activity/ad libitum feeding (ad libitum, AL, n = 9), activity/ad libitum feeding (activity, AC, n = 9), no activity/restricted feeding (RF, n = 12) and activity/restricted feeding (activity-based anorexia, ABA, n = 11). During the first week all rats were fed ad libitum, ABA and AC had access to a running wheel for 24 h/day. From week two ABA and RF only had access to food from 9:00 to 10:30 a.m. Body weight was assessed daily, activity and food intake monitored electronically, brain activation assessed using Fos immunohistochemistry at the end of the experiment. While during the first week no body weight differences were observed (p > 0.05), after food restriction RF rats showed a body weight decrease: −13% vs. day eight (p < 0.001) and vs. AC (−22%, p < 0.001) and AL (−26%, p < 0.001) that gained body weight (+10% and +13%, respectively; p < 0.001). ABA showed an additional body weight loss (−9%) compared to RF (p < 0.001) reaching a body weight loss of −22% during the 2-week restricted feeding period (p < 0.001). Food intake was greatly reduced in RF (−38%) and ABA (−41%) compared to AL (p < 0.001). Interestingly, no difference in 1.5-h food intake microstructure was observed between RF and ABA (p > 0.05). Similarly, the daily physical activity was not different between AC and ABA (p > 0.05). The investigation of Fos expression in the brain showed neuronal activation in several brain nuclei such as the supraoptic nucleus, arcuate nucleus, locus coeruleus and nucleus of the solitary tract of ABA compared to AL rats. In conclusion, ABA combining physical activity and restricted feeding likely represents a suited animal model for AN to study pathophysiological alterations and pharmacological treatment options. Nonetheless, cautious interpretation of the data is necessary since rats do not voluntarily reduce their body weight as observed in human AN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Scharner
- Division of Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Prinz
- Division of Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Miriam Goebel-Stengel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Martin-Luther-Krankenhaus Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Kobelt
- Division of Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Hofmann
- Division of Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Rose
- Division of Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Division of Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
The Role of Psychotropic Medications in the Management of Anorexia Nervosa: Rationale, Evidence and Future Prospects. CNS Drugs 2016; 30:419-42. [PMID: 27106297 PMCID: PMC4873415 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-016-0335-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe psychiatric disorder without approved medication intervention. Every class of psychoactive medication has been tried to improve treatment outcome; however, randomized controlled trials have been ambiguous at best and across studies have not shown robust improvements in weight gain and recovery. Here we review the available literature on pharmacological interventions since AN came to greater public recognition in the 1960s, including a critical review of why those trials may not have been successful. We further provide a neurobiological background for the disorder and discuss how cognition, learning, and emotion-regulating circuits could become treatment targets in the future. Making every effort to develop effective pharmacological treatment options for AN is imperative as it continues to be a complex psychiatric disorder with high disease burden and mortality.
Collapse
|
15
|
van Gestel MA, Kostrzewa E, Adan RAH, Janhunen SK. Pharmacological manipulations in animal models of anorexia and binge eating in relation to humans. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:4767-84. [PMID: 24866852 PMCID: PMC4209941 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorders (BED), are described as abnormal eating habits that usually involve insufficient or excessive food intake. Animal models have been developed that provide insight into certain aspects of eating disorders. Several drugs have been found efficacious in these animal models and some of them have eventually proven useful in the treatment of eating disorders. This review will cover the role of monoaminergic neurotransmitters in eating disorders and their pharmacological manipulations in animal models and humans. Dopamine, 5-HT (serotonin) and noradrenaline in hypothalamic and striatal regions regulate food intake by affecting hunger and satiety and by affecting rewarding and motivational aspects of feeding. Reduced neurotransmission by dopamine, 5-HT and noradrenaline and compensatory changes, at least in dopamine D2 and 5-HT(2C/2A) receptors, have been related to the pathophysiology of AN in humans and animal models. Also, in disorders and animal models of BN and BED, monoaminergic neurotransmission is down-regulated but receptor level changes are different from those seen in AN. A hypofunctional dopamine system or overactive α2-adrenoceptors may contribute to an attenuated response to (palatable) food and result in hedonic binge eating. Evidence for the efficacy of monoaminergic treatments for AN is limited, while more support exists for the treatment of BN or BED with monoaminergic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A van Gestel
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E Kostrzewa
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R A H Adan
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S K Janhunen
- Orion Corporation Orion Pharma, Research and Development, CNS ResearchTurku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gutierrez E. A rat in the labyrinth of anorexia nervosa: contributions of the activity-based anorexia rodent model to the understanding of anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2013; 46:289-301. [PMID: 23354987 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Activity-based anorexia (ABA) is an analogous animal model of anorexia nervosa where food-restricted rats develop excessive running activity when given free access to a running wheel; their body weight sharply decreases, and finally self-starvation and death ensue unless animals are removed from the experimental conditions. The parallel of this animal model with major signs in the human disorder has been the focus of much attention from researchers and clinicians as a platform for translational research. The paper reviews the historical antecedents of ABA, research characterizing its occurrence, and its main limitations and strengths as a model of AN. As a symptomatic model of AN, the ABA model can provide clinicians with innovative and alternative routes for improving the treatment of AN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Gutierrez
- Departamento de Psicología Clínica y Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
The cannabinoid receptor agonist THC attenuates weight loss in a rodent model of activity-based anorexia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:1349-58. [PMID: 21412227 PMCID: PMC3096804 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterized by anhedonia whereby patients experience little pleasure or reward in many aspects of their lives. Reward pathways and the endocannabionid system have been implicated in the mediation of food intake. The potential to exploit these systems to reverse weight loss is investigated in a rodent model of activity-based anorexia (ABA). The effect of subchronic (6 days) Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) treatment (0.1, 0.5, or 2.0 mg/kg/day) was assessed on chow and high-fat diet (HFD) intake, body weight, running wheel activity (RWA) as well as thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and lipid metabolism in white adipose tissue (WAT). Limited time availability of food and continuous access to running wheels led to anorexia and significantly reduced body weight. THC treatment (0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg/day) transiently stimulated chow intake with a moderate effect on RWA. THC (2.0 mg/kg/day) significantly reduced body weight loss and shifted markers of thermogenesis in BAT and lipid metabolism in WAT in directions consistent with reduced energy expenditure and lipolysis. THC (2.0 mg/kg/day) combined with HFD, produced a transient increase in food intake, reduction in RWA, attenuation of body weight loss, and changes in markers of thermogensis in BAT and lipolysis in the WAT. These changes were significantly greater than those seen in vehicle (HFD), vehicle (chow), and THC (chow)-treated animals. These data show for the first time the effectiveness of the endocannabinoid system in attenuating the weight loss associated with the development of ABA via a mechanism involving reduced energy expenditure.
Collapse
|
18
|
Activity-based anorexia in C57/BL6 mice: effects of the phytocannabinoid, Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and the anandamide analogue, OMDM-2. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2010; 20:622-31. [PMID: 20471226 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 03/27/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The activity-based anorexia (ABA) paradigm is one of the few animal models of human anorexia nervosa. We present here the translation of this approach to C57/BL6 mice, a common background for genetically modified mice, and investigate the effects of the cannabinoid agonist, Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and the endocannabinoid uptake inhibitor, OMDM-2 in this model. The ABA paradigm was optimised so that food-restricted wheel-running mice displayed anorexia, reduced body weight and disrupted activity and circadian cycles. These conditions produced a murine ABA model with a defined stage and stability to allow for pharmacological intervention. Daily Delta(9)-THC (0.5 mg/kg) decreased survival in the ABA animals but increased feeding in the survivors, OMDM-2 (3 mg/kg) increased food intake, but not sufficiently to reverse weight loss. The effects of this model on endocannabinoid tone in the brain remain to be determined. Since the endocannabinoid system may be implicated in anorexia nervosa and in view of the positive modulation by cannabinoids of some aspects of ABA in this study, further investigation of the effects of cannabinoids in ABA is warranted.
Collapse
|
19
|
Gutiérrez E, Churruca I, Zárate J, Carrera O, Portillo MP, Cerrato M, Vázquez R, Echevarría E. High ambient temperature reverses hypothalamic MC4 receptor overexpression in an animal model of anorexia nervosa. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34:420-9. [PMID: 19022583 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The potential involvement of the melanocortin system in the beneficial effects of heat application in rats submitted to activity-based anorexia (ABA), an analogous model of anorexia nervosa (AN), was studied. Once ABA rats had lost 20% of body weight, half of the animals were exposed to a high ambient temperature (HAT) of 32 degrees C, whereas the rest were maintained at 21 degrees C. Control sedentary rats yoked to ABA animals received the same treatment. ABA rats (21 degrees C) showed increased Melanocortin 4 (MC4) receptor and Agouti gene Related Peptide (AgRP) expression, and decreased pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA levels (Real Time PCR), with respect to controls. Heat application increased weight gain and food intake, and reduced running rate in ABA rats, when compared with ABA rats at 21 degrees C. However, no changes in body weight and food intake were observed in sedentary rats exposed to heat. Moreover, heat application reduced MC4 receptor, AgRP and POMC expression in ABA rats, but no changes were observed in control rats. These results indicate that hypothalamic MC4 receptor overexpression could occur on the basis of the characteristic hyperactivity, weight loss, and self-starvation of ABA rats, and suggest the involvement of hypothalamic melanocortin neural circuits in behavioural changes shown by AN patients. Changes in AgRP and POMC expression could represent an adaptative response to equilibrate energy balance. Moreover, the fact that HAT reversed hypothalamic MC4 receptor overexpression in ABA rats indicates the involvement of brain melanocortin system in the reported beneficial effects of heat application in AN. A combination of MC4 receptor antagonists and heat application could improve the clinical management of AN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Gutiérrez
- Departments of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gutierrez E, Cerrato M, Carrera O, Vazquez R. Heat reversal of activity-based anorexia: implications for the treatment of anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2008; 41:594-601. [PMID: 18446833 DOI: 10.1002/eat.20535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Activity-based anorexia (ABA) provides an animal model of anorexia nervosa (AN). In this model, rats given restricted access to food but unrestricted access to activity wheels, run excessively while reducing food intake, lose a sizeable percentage of body weight, become hypothermic, and can fail to recover unless removed from these conditions. METHOD Once rats had lost 20% of body weight under standard ABA conditions, they were assigned to one of two ambient temperature (AT) conditions. RESULTS Increased AT reduced running rates and led to weight gain in active rats. The effect of increasing AT on food intake was dependent on whether the rats were sedentary or active. Although warming reduced food intake in the sedentary rats their body weight remained stable, whereas in active rats increased AT did not reduce food intake and weight gain gradually rose. CONCLUSION From a translational perspective, these findings offer a fresh perspective to the disorder, and underscore the need for further studies to assess the effects of heat treatment in patients as an innovative adjunctive treatment for anorexia nervosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Gutierrez
- Departamento de Psicología Clinica y Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Brown AJ, Avena NM, Hoebel BG. A high-fat diet prevents and reverses the development of activity-based anorexia in rats. Int J Eat Disord 2008; 41:383-9. [PMID: 18306342 PMCID: PMC4361020 DOI: 10.1002/eat.20510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Activity-based anorexia is an animal model of anorexia nervosa in which limited access to standard lab chow combined with voluntary wheel running leads to hypophagia and severe weight loss. This study tested whether activity-based anorexia could be prevented or reversed with palatable foods. METHOD Male rats were divided into sedentary or ad libitum-running groups and maintained on 1 h daily access to standard chow plus one of the following: sugar, saccharin, vegetable fat (shortening), or sweet high-fat chow. RESULTS Access to the sweet high-fat chow both reversed and prevented the weight loss typical of activity-based anorexia. Vegetable fat attenuated body weight loss, but to a lesser degree than the sweet high-fat diet. The addition of saccharin or sucrose solutions to the standard lab-chow diet had no effect. CONCLUSION The results suggest that certain palatable diets may affect the development of, and recovery from, activity-based anorexia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bartley G. Hoebel
- Correspondence to: Dr. Bart Hoebel, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hillebrand JJG, Kas MJH, van Elburg AA, Hoek HW, Adan RAH. Leptin's effect on hyperactivity: potential downstream effector mechanisms. Physiol Behav 2008; 94:689-95. [PMID: 18495181 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Up to 80% of patients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) demonstrate hyperactivity. Hyperactivity counteracts weight gain during treatment and is associated with poor outcome of the disease. We hypothesized that hyperactivity in AN patients has a neurobiological basis and used an animal model-based translational approach to gain insight in mechanisms underlying this hyperactivity. Previously we and others showed that leptin treatment attenuates hyperactivity in the rat activity-based anorexia (ABA) model. The mechanisms involved in this process are, however, unknown. Here we describe potential downstream effector mechanisms involved in the attenuation of hyperactivity by leptin treatment in ABA rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J G Hillebrand
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Anatomy, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
|