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Monoaminergic system involvement in the antidepressant-like and anxiolytic-like properties of novel β-dihydroagarofuran sesquiterpene alkaloid and triterpenes isolated from Gymnosporia heterophylla aerial parts in mice. Neurochem Int 2022; 158:105379. [PMID: 35724873 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gymnosporia heterophylla (synonym Maytenus) is widely used in folk medicine for the treatment of various illness including neurological diseases. This study presents the antidepressant-like and anxiolytic-like effects of novel bioactive constituents; 3,4-seco-1-hydroxy-21-oxoolean-3,11-olide (A2), 1β,2β-diacetoxy-9β-benzoyloxy-6α-nicotinoyloxy-β-dihydroagarofuran (A5) as well as known 3-acetoxy-1β-hydroxyLupe-20(29)-ene (selective COX-2; A4) from the aerial parts of G. heterophylla. The antidepressant-like effect was studied using the forced swim test (FST) while the elevated plus maze test (EPMT) and open field test (OFT) were employed for anxiolytic-like effect. Acute treatment with A4 and A5 (0.5, 5 or 10 mg/kg) significantly reduced the duration of immobility and immobile episodes with prolongation of immobility latency in the FST with peak effects observed at 10 and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively. Moreover, antidepressant-like effect of A4 and A5 were relatively better than that of fluoxetine. Conversely, the pretreatment of mice with prazosin (1 mg/kg, α1-adrenoceptor antagonist), yohimbine (1 mg/kg; α2-adrenoceptor antagonist), or sulpiride (50 mg/kg; dopamine D2-receptor antagonist) reversed antidepressant-like effect of A4 and A5 but not WAY 100635 (10 mg/kg, i.p., selective 5-HT1A receptor antagonist), GR 127935 (5 mg/kg, i.p., selective 5-HT1B receptor antagonist), metergoline (4 mg/kg, i.p, non-selective 5-HT2 receptor antagonist), ketanserin (5 mg/kg, i.p., a selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonist) or p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) (100 mg/kg, i.p., tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor) in the FST. Interestingly, A2, A4 and A5 significantly increased the time spent in the open arms of the EPM suggestive of anxiolytic-like action. Findings from this study showed that the novel β-dihydroagarofuran sesquiterpene alkaloid and triterpenes possesses antidepressant-like and anxiolytic-like effects through enhancement of monoaminergic signaling.
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Shimizu T, Shimizu S, Wada N, Takai S, Shimizu N, Higashi Y, Kadekawa K, Majima T, Saito M, Yoshimura N. Brain serotoninergic nervous system is involved in bombesin-induced frequent urination through brain 5-HT 7 receptors in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3072-3080. [PMID: 28675470 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Psychological stress exacerbates symptoms of urinary bladder dysfunction; however, the underlying brain mechanisms are unclear. We have demonstrated that centrally administered bombesin, a stress-related neuropeptide, facilitates the rat micturition reflex. Brain bombesin-like peptides modulate the serotoninergic nervous system activity under stress conditions; therefore, we examined whether brain 5-HT is involved in the bombesin-induced increased frequency of urination in urethane-anaesthetised male Sprague-Dawley rats. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Evaluation of intercontraction intervals (ICI) and maximal voiding pressure (MVP) during cystometrograms were started 1 h before i.c.v. administration of bombesin or i.c.v. pretreatment with the 5-HT receptor antagonists. KEY RESULTS Bombesin (0.03 nmol per animal, i.c.v.) significantly reduced ICI without affecting MVP. The bombesin-induced response was significantly suppressed by acute depletion of brain 5-HT, which was induced by pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine, a 5-HT synthesis inhibitor. Bombesin at a lower dose (0.01 nmol per animal, i.c.v.) showed no significant effect on ICI, while it significantly reduced ICI in the presence of WAY-100635 (5-HT1A receptor antagonist, 0.1 or 0.3 μg per animal, i.c.v.), which can block the negative feedback control of 5-HT release. Bombesin (0.03 nmol per animal)-induced ICI reduction was significantly attenuated by SB269970 (5-HT7 receptor antagonist, 0.1 or 0.3 μg per animal, i.c.v.) but not by ritanserin (5-HT2 receptor antagonist, 0.3 or 1 μg per animal, i.c.v.). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The brain serotoninergic nervous system is involved in the facilitation of the rat micturition reflex induced by bombesin-like peptides at least in part through brain 5-HT7 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Shimizu
- Department of Pharmacology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan.,Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shogo Shimizu
- Department of Pharmacology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Naoki Wada
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shun Takai
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nobutaka Shimizu
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Youichirou Higashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Katsumi Kadekawa
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Majima
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Motoaki Saito
- Department of Pharmacology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Naoki Yoshimura
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Warner TA, Stafford NP, Rompala GR, Van Hoogenstyn AJ, Elgert E, Drugan RC. Intermittent swim stress causes Morris water maze performance deficits in a massed-learning trial procedure that are exacerbated by reboxetine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 113:12-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Abstract
Various animal models of depression have been used to seek a greater understanding of stress-related disorders. However, there is still a great need for novel research in this area, as many individuals suffering from depression are resistant to current treatment methods. Women have a higher rate of depression, highlighting the need to investigate mechanisms of sex differences. Therefore, we employed a new animal model to assess symptoms of depression, known as intermittent swim stress (ISS). In this model, the animal experiences 100 trials of cold water swim stress. ISS has already been shown to cause signs of behavioral depression in males, but has yet to be assessed in females. Following ISS exposure, we looked at sex differences in the Morris water maze and forced swim test. The results indicated a spatial learning effect only in the hidden platform task between male and female controls, and stressed and control males. A consistent spatial memory effect was only seen for males exposed to ISS. In the forced swim test, both sexes exposed to ISS exhibited greater immobility, and the same males and females also showed attenuated climbing and swimming, respectively. The sex differences could be due to different neural substrates for males and females. The goal of this study was to provide the first behavioral examination of sex differences following ISS exposure, so the stage of estrous cycle was not assessed for the females. This is a necessary future direction for subsequent experiments. The current article highlights the importance of sex differences in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Warner
- Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire , Durham, NH 03824 , USA
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Prior cold water swim stress alters immobility in the forced swim test and associated activation of serotonergic neurons in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus. Neuroscience 2013; 253:221-34. [PMID: 23999122 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Prior adverse experience alters behavioral responses to subsequent stressors. For example, exposure to a brief swim increases immobility in a subsequent swim test 24h later. In order to determine if qualitative differences (e.g. 19°C versus 25°C) in an initial stressor (15-min swim) impact behavioral, physiological, and associated neural responses in a 5-min, 25°C swim test 24h later, rats were surgically implanted with biotelemetry devices 1 week prior to experimentation then randomly assigned to one of six conditions (Day 1 (15 min)/Day 2 (5 min)): (1) home cage (HC)/HC, (2) HC/25°C swim, (3) 19°C swim/HC, (4) 19°C swim/25°C swim, (5) 25°C swim/HC, (6) 25°C swim/25°C swim. Core body temperature (Tb) was measured on Days 1 and 2 using biotelemetry; behavior was measured on Day 2. Rats were transcardially perfused with fixative 2h following the onset of the swim on Day 2 for analysis of c-Fos expression in midbrain serotonergic neurons. Cold water (19°C) swim on Day 1 reduced Tb, compared to both 25°C swim and HC groups on Day 1, and, relative to rats exposed to HC conditions on Day 1, reduced the hypothermic response to the 25°C swim on Day 2. The 19°C swim on Day 1, relative to HC exposure on Day 1, increased immobility during the 5-min swim on Day 2. Also, 19°C swim, relative to HC conditions, on Day 1 reduced swim (25°C)-induced increases in c-Fos expression in serotonergic neurons within the dorsal and interfascicular parts of the dorsal raphe nucleus. These results suggest that exposure to a 5-min 19°C cold water swim, but not exposure to a 5-min 25°C swim alters physiological, behavioral and serotonergic responses to a subsequent stressor.
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Eren S, Drugan RC, Hazi A, Flannery G, Kent S. Coping in an intermittent swim stress paradigm compromises natural killer cell activity in rats. Behav Brain Res 2012; 227:291-4. [PMID: 22085883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of intermittent swim stress and stressor controllability on natural killer cell activity (NKCA) was examined. Significant decreases in splenic NKCA were observed immediately post-stress, but only when the stress was controllable. Although decreased NKCA was also observed in yoked rats subjected to the same stressor, it failed to attain statistical significance. Previous results suggest these effects are not due to corticosterone. The results suggest a cost of coping on the acute, in vitro immune measure of NKCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senem Eren
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia.
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Warner TA, Drugan RC. Morris water maze performance deficit produced by intermittent swim stress is partially mediated by norepinephrine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 101:24-34. [PMID: 22119910 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Intermittent swim stress (ISS) exposes a rat to cold water and the effects of the procedure produce detrimental results on activity measures 24h later. The ISS model can be used with the Morris water maze (MWM) to investigate the impact of stress on a spatial learning and memory task, known to involve the hippocampus. We investigated if the ISS model produced performance deficits in the MWM (experiments 1 and 2). We also investigated the role of norepinephrine by using an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist (i.e., clonidine) to exacerbate ISS-induced deficits (experiment 3), and using antidepressants (i.e., desipramine and reboxetine) that enhance the synaptic availability of norepinephrine to reduce ISS-induced deficits (experiments 4 and 5). Results indicated a main effect for stress in all experiments, with the exception of experiment 2, as ISS did induce performance deficits in the MWM. Clonidine enhanced ISS-induced deficits only in the learning trials, while desipramine and reboxetine reduced ISS-induced deficits in the learning trials. Additionally, only reboxetine reduced memory deficits in the MWM. These findings provide evidence that norepinephrine may act as a partial mediator of ISS-induced deficits in MWM performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Warner
- Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA.
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Stiller AL, Drugan RC, Hazi A, Kent SP. Stress resilience and vulnerability: the association with rearing conditions, endocrine function, immunology, and anxious behavior. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2011; 36:1383-95. [PMID: 21530089 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study explored the underlying behavioral, endocrine, and immune markers of vulnerability to stress-induced depression, and the impact of rearing environments on adult functioning. METHOD Adult Sprague-Dawley rats (n=195) were reared in either Maternal Separation (MS), Early Weaning and Isolation (EWI), or Non-Handled (NH) conditions. Anxiety behavior was assessed using the emergence test at mean postnatal day (PND) 60. Stress-induced depressive behavior was measured at mean PND 86 using an intermittent cold water swim stress and swim escape test (SET) paradigm. Immediately following the SET, and in a sample of naïve controls (N=31), trunk blood was collected to assay for serum corticosterone (CORT) and spleens were removed for determination of Concanavalin A (Con-A) stimulated T-cell proliferation. RESULTS Stress vulnerable rats (top tertile of SET swim time) were characterised by increased anxiety-like behavior, greater post-stress CORT concentrations, and a significantly higher Con-A induced T-cell proliferative response compared to stress resilient rats (bottom tertile of SET swim time). The EWI rearing condition was a contributing factor in predicting total swim escape time, however MS was not. MS offspring did have double the basal level of CORT than NH offspring, suggestive of a hyperfunctioning HPA axis. CONCLUSION The swim stress animal model enabled observation of stress vulnerability and resilience; results point towards the existence of distinct behavioral, endocrine, and immunological profiles of the vulnerable and resilient animal, which may have important implications for mental health and stress research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Stiller
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
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Drugan RC, Macomber H, Warner TA. Intermittent and continuous swim stress-induced behavioral depression: sensitivity to norepinephrine- and serotonin-selective antidepressants. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 212:85-91. [PMID: 20623107 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-1935-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Intermittent swim stress (ISS) produces deficits in swim escape learning and increases immobility in the forced swim test (FST). A previous attempt to reverse this immobility with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), fluoxetine (FLX), was unsuccessful, but the sensitivity of this immobility to other types of antidepressants is unknown. OBJECTIVES In experiment 1, we evaluate the ability of the norepinephrine (NE) selective reuptake inhibitor (NSRI), desipramine (DES), to reverse the ISS-induced immobility in the FST compared to confined controls (CC), while in experiment 2, we test the efficacy of either the SSRI or NSRI to reverse the immobility produced by either ISS or continuous swim (CS)/FST. METHODS Rats were exposed to their respective behavioral pretreatment (ISS, CS/FST, or CC) and were then injected with an antidepressant or saline solution 23.5, 5, and 1 h prior to the FST. RESULTS In experiment 1, DES reduced immobility and increased the climbing behavior in the ISS group without altering these behaviors in the CC, while in experiment 2, the CS/FST-induced immobility was reduced by both antidepressants (i.e., FLX and DES), while the ISS-induced immobility was only affected by DES. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the ISS-induced immobility is mediated through the NE system and may represent a model for atypical depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Drugan
- Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, 03824-3567, USA.
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