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Ampuero E, Luarte A, Flores FS, Soto AI, Pino C, Silva V, Erlandsen M, Concha T, Wyneken U. The multifaceted effects of fluoxetine treatment on cognitive functions. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1412420. [PMID: 39081952 PMCID: PMC11286485 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1412420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Fluoxetine, the prototypical selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), is widely used to treat major depressive disorder (MDD) and a variety of other central nervous system conditions, primarily due to its established clinical safety profile. Although its efficacy in treating depression is well-recognized, the impact of fluoxetine on cognitive functions remains inconsistent and elusive. In this review, we first examine the well-substantiated biological mechanisms underlying fluoxetine's antidepressant effects, which include serotonin reuptake inhibition and activation of TrkB receptors-key to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling. Subsequently, we delve into the cognitive side effects observed in both preclinical and clinical studies, affecting domains such as memory, attention, and executive functions. While certain studies indicate cognitive improvements in patients with underlying disorders, there is also evidence of negative effects, influenced by variables like gender, duration of treatment, age, disease pathology, and the specifics of cognitive testing. Significantly, the negative cognitive outcomes reported in preclinical research often involve healthy, non-diseased animals. This review underscores the necessity for heightened caution in fluoxetine prescription and further investigation into its potentially detrimental cognitive effects, even when used prophylactically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estíbaliz Ampuero
- Laboratorio Neurofarmacología del Comportamiento, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Luarte
- Laboratorio Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Sofia Flores
- Laboratorio Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonia Ignacia Soto
- Laboratorio Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina Pino
- Laboratorio Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Viviana Silva
- Laboratorio Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Macarena Erlandsen
- Laboratorio Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Teresita Concha
- Laboratorio Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ursula Wyneken
- Laboratorio Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- IMPACT, Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago, Chile
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Differential Molecular Responses of Zebrafish Larvae to Fluoxetine and Norfluoxetine. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14030417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of psychopharmaceuticals in aquatic ecosystems is a growing problem. Fluoxetine (FL) and its metabolite norfluoxetine (NF) are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Although they may be potentially harmful to non-target species, available knowledge on the effects of NF is sparse, relative to FL. This study aimed at contributing to the body of knowledge about the modes-of-action (MoA) of these compounds and their underlying mechanisms eliciting hazardous effects during the early development of the teleost model zebrafish (Danio rerio). One hour post-fertilisation (hpf), embryos were exposed up to 80 hpf to these compounds at levels found in surface waters and higher (FL, 0.0015 and 0.05 µM; NF, 0.00006 and 0.0014 µM). Developmental anomalies were observed at 8, 32 and 80 hpf. Larvae were collected at 80 hpf to assess the expression of 34 genes related to FL and NF MoA and metabolism, using qPCR (quantitative reverse transcription PCR). Results showed that both compounds elicited an increased frequency of embryos exhibiting abnormal pigmentation, relative to controls. Gene expression alterations were more pronounced in FL- than in NF-exposed larvae. Cluster Analysis revealed two groups of genes discriminating between the drugs. for their marked opposing responses. Globally, downregulation of gene expression was typical of FL, whilst upregulation or no alteration was found for NF. These clusters identified were linked to the adrenergic pathway and to the retinoid and peroxisome proliferator-activated nuclear receptors. Overall, our data contradict the prevailing notion that NF is more toxic than FL and unveiled the expression levels of genes drd2b, 5-ht2c and abcc2 as possible markers of exposure to FL.
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Repeated fluoxetine treatment induces transient and long-term astrocytic plasticity in the medial prefrontal cortex of normal adult rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 107:110252. [PMID: 33484756 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fluoxetine (Flx)-induced neuronal plasticity plays an important role in the effective treatment of depression and mood disorders. It is less understood whether repeated Flx treatment induces astrocytic plasticity that outlasts the presence of the drug in the body. We showed previously that Flx-induced neuronal plasticity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) persisted up to 20 days after the treatment. In this study, adult rats were subjected to a 15-day repeated Flx treatment at a daily dose of 20 mg/kg body weight. Astrocytic metabolites and markers were assessed in the mPFC at day 1 (d1) and day 20 (d20) after the treatment. Significant transient reductions in the concentrations of astrocytic metabolites taurine and myo-inositol and the expressions of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) were observed in the mPFC of Flx-treated rats at d1, which recovered to the control levels at d20. Further, Flx treatment resulted in long-lasting changes in Kir4.1 expression in the mPFC, which remained downregulated at d20. The expression of 5-HT1A receptor in the mPFC of Flx-treated rats was downregulated at d1 but became upregulated at d20. In summary, repeated Flx treatment induces both transient and long-term astrocytic plasticity in the mPFC of adult rats. The changes observed at d1 are consistent with disturbed water homeostasis and astrocytic de-maturation in the mPFC. The persistent changes in the expressions of Kir4.1 and 5-HT1A at d20, presumably of the astrocytic origin, might have contributed to the long-term neurotrophic effects of repeated Flx treatment in the mPFC.
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Rodrı́guez P, Urbanavicius J, Prieto JP, Fabius S, Reyes AL, Havel V, Sames D, Scorza C, Carrera I. A Single Administration of the Atypical Psychedelic Ibogaine or Its Metabolite Noribogaine Induces an Antidepressant-Like Effect in Rats. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1661-1672. [PMID: 32330007 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anecdotal reports and open-label case studies in humans indicated that the psychedelic alkaloid ibogaine exerts profound antiaddictive effects. Ample preclinical evidence demonstrated the efficacy of ibogaine, and its main metabolite, noribogaine, in substance-use-disorder rodent models. In contrast to addiction research, depression-relevant effects of ibogaine or noribogaine in rodents have not been previously examined. We have recently reported that the acute ibogaine administration induced a long-term increase of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA levels in the rat prefrontal cortex, which led us to hypothesize that ibogaine may elicit antidepressant-like effects in rats. Accordingly, we characterized behavioral effects (dose- and time-dependence) induced by the acute ibogaine and noribogaine administration in rats using the forced swim test (FST, 20 and 40 mg/kg i.p., single injection for each dose). We also examined the correlation between plasma and brain concentrations of ibogaine and noribogaine and the elicited behavioral response. We found that ibogaine and noribogaine induced a dose- and time-dependent antidepressant-like effect without significant changes of animal locomotor activity. Noribogaine's FST effect was short-lived (30 min) and correlated with high brain concentrations (estimated >8 μM of free drug), while the ibogaine's antidepressant-like effect was significant at 3 h. At this time point, both ibogaine and noribogaine were present in rat brain at concentrations that cannot produce the same behavioral outcome on their own (ibogaine ∼0.5 μM, noribogaine ∼2.5 μM). Our data suggests a polypharmacological mechanism underpinning the antidepressant-like effects of ibogaine and noribogaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rodrı́guez
- Laboratorio de Sı́ntesis Orgánica, Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11200, Uruguay
- Departamento de Neurofarmacologı́a Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - Jessika Urbanavicius
- Departamento de Neurofarmacologı́a Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - José Pedro Prieto
- Departamento de Neurofarmacologı́a Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - Sara Fabius
- Departamento de Neurofarmacologı́a Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - Ana Laura Reyes
- Centro Uruguayo de Imagenologı́a Molecular, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - Vaclav Havel
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dalibor Sames
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Cecilia Scorza
- Departamento de Neurofarmacologı́a Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - Ignacio Carrera
- Laboratorio de Sı́ntesis Orgánica, Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11200, Uruguay
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Machado Figueiredo R, de Carvalho MC, Brandão ML, Lovick TA. Short-term, low-dose fluoxetine prevents oestrous cycle-linked increase in anxiety-like behaviour in female rats. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:548-557. [PMID: 31012390 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119841833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We sought a robust behavioural test that evoked increased anxiety-like behaviour during the late dioestrus phase of the oestrous cycle (similar to the premenstrual period in women) and tested whether this could be prevented by acute low-dose fluoxetine (FLX). METHODS Female Wistar rats in different stages of their cycle were exposed to four different tests of anxiety-like behaviour. RESULTS No oestrous cycle differences were detected in fear potentiated startle or conditioned freezing to an aversive context. In a light switch-off test where rats move from one compartment of a shuttle-box to the other to turn off an aversive light, females displayed enhanced responding in late dioestrus. During isolation restraint stress females in late dioestrus emitted three times more 22 kHz ultrasound vocalisations (USV) than at other cycle stages. Using the USV test, short-term administration of low-dose FLX (1.75 mg kg-1, i.p.) designed to blunt the sharp fall in brain allopregnanolone concentration during late dioestrus but without affecting 5-HT systems, prevented the increase in isolation stress-evoked USVs. CONCLUSIONS The light switch-off and isolation restraint-induced USV tests evoke unconditioned adverse emotional responses that are ethologically relevant and sensitive to oestrous cycle stage. The USV test fulfils many criteria required of a model for premenstrual syndrome in women. Using the USV test, short-term administration of FLX to increase brain allopregnanolone concentration without affecting 5-HT systems prevented the increased USV responding in late dioestrus. Short-term low-dose FLX treatment may have potential to alleviate development of adverse premenstrual symptoms in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Machado Figueiredo
- 1 Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Campus USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,2 Instituto de Neurociências e Comportamento, Avenida do Café 2450, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Milene Cristina de Carvalho
- 1 Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Campus USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,2 Instituto de Neurociências e Comportamento, Avenida do Café 2450, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcus Lira Brandão
- 1 Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Campus USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,2 Instituto de Neurociências e Comportamento, Avenida do Café 2450, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Thelma Anderson Lovick
- 2 Instituto de Neurociências e Comportamento, Avenida do Café 2450, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,3 School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Kulikova EA, Khotskin NV, Illarionova NB, Sorokin IE, Bazhenova EY, Kondaurova EM, Volcho KP, Khomenko TM, Salakhutdinov NF, Ponimaskin E, Naumenko VS, Kulikov AV. Inhibitor of Striatal-Enriched Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, 8-(Trifluoromethyl)-1,2,3,4,5-Benzopentathiepin-6-Amine hydrochloride (TC-2153), Produces Antidepressant-Like Effect and Decreases Functional Activity and Protein Level of 5-HT 2A Receptor in the Brain. Neuroscience 2018; 394:220-231. [PMID: 30367948 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The serotoninergic 5-HT2A receptor is involved in the mechanism of depression and antidepressant drugs action. Earlier we showed that striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) inhibitor - 8-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,3,4,5-benzopentathiepin-6-amine hydrochloride (TC-2153) affects both the brain serotoninergic system and the brain-derived neurotropic factor that are known to be involved in the psychopathology of depression. In the present study we investigated the effects of chronic TC-2153 administration on behavior in the standard battery of tests as well as the effects of acute and chronic TC-2153 treatment on the brain 5-HT2A receptors in mice. We obtained a prominent antidepressant-like effect of chronic TC-2153 treatment in the forced swim test without any adverse side effects on locomotor activity, anxiety, exploration, motor skill and obsessive-compulsive-like behavior. Moreover, both acute and chronic TC-2153 administration inhibited the functional activity of 5-HT2A receptors estimated by the number of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI, agonist of 5-HT2A receptors)-induced head-twitches. TC-2153 treatment also attenuated the DOI-induced c-fos expression in cortical and hippocampal neurons and reduced the 5-HT2A receptor protein level in the hippocampus and frontal cortex, but not in the striatum. Taken together, our combined data demonstrate that the antidepressant effect of STEP inhibitor TC-2153 could be mediated by its inhibitory properties towards the 5-HT2A receptor-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Kulikova
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - N V Khotskin
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N B Illarionova
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - I E Sorokin
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E Y Bazhenova
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E M Kondaurova
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - K P Volcho
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - T M Khomenko
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N F Salakhutdinov
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E Ponimaskin
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - V S Naumenko
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A V Kulikov
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Chen H, Zeng X, Mu L, Hou L, Yang B, Zhao J, Schlenk D, Dong W, Xie L, Zhang Q. Effects of acute and chronic exposures of fluoxetine on the Chinese fish, topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 160:104-113. [PMID: 29793199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor used as an antidepressant and has been frequently detected in aquatic environments. However, its effects in fish from Asia remain relatively less studied. In this study, the topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva was exposed to 0, 50, and 200 µg/L of fluoxetine for 4 h and 42 d. The effects of fluoxetine on biometrics were compared to biochemical endpoints indicative of stress in different fish tissues (brain, liver, gills and intestine) following exposures. In fish exposed for 42 d, lipid peroxidation endpoints were enhanced 80% in the liver and gills. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was increased 40% after exposure to 50 µg/L and 55% at 200 µg/L following 4 h exposure. In contrast AChE was increased 26% (at 50 µg/L) after 42 d of exposures. Enhanced ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity (EROD) was detected only in fish exposed to 50 µg/L of fluoxetine for 4 h. The activity of α-glucosidase (α-Glu) was also induced (at 200 µg/L) after 4 h of exposure. After 4 h of exposure, the activities of proteases in the intestine were generally inhibited at 200 µg/L. Both 4 h and 42 d exposures resulted in an increased hepatosomatic index (HSI) but did not affect the condition factor (CF). Our results demonstrate that fluoxetine significantly altered biochemical endpoints in P. parva after acute exposure and the morphological changes in liver size were not observed until 42 d of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 110016, China; The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiangfeng Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 110016, China; Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lei Mu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 110016, China
| | - Liping Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Bin Yang
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianliang Zhao
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Wu Dong
- Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Lingtian Xie
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qianru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 110016, China.
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da L.D. Barros M, Manhães-de-Castro R, Alves DT, Quevedo OG, Toscano AE, Bonnin A, Galindo L. Long term effects of neonatal exposure to fluoxetine on energy balance: A systematic review of experimental studies. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 833:298-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Ayala ME, Gonzáles A, Olivarez RM, Aragón-Martínez A. Fluoxetine treatment of prepubertal male rats uniformly diminishes sex hormone levels and, in a subpopulation of animals, negatively affects sperm quality. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 30:1329-1341. [DOI: 10.1071/rd17384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoxetine (Flx) is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that alters the male reproductive system when administered at the adult stage or after maternal exposure. In the present study we evaluated the effects of Flx administration on reproductive parameters during juvenile–peripubertal development when treated male rats reached adulthood. Groups of rats were treated daily with Flx (5 mg kg−1, i.p.) or saline (0.9% NaCl), or were left untreated. Rats were treated between 30 and 53 days of age and were killed at 65 days of age. Serotonin concentrations were determined in the hypothalamus, hypophysis and testis. Gonadotrophins, sex steroids and sperm quality (membrane integrity, sperm with functional mitochondria, sperm density, sperm motility and morphological abnormalities) were also evaluated. Flx did not affect bodyweight, but significantly diminished LH, FSH, progesterone and testosterone serum concentrations. After graphical analysis, a subgroup of rats was identified whose sperm quality parameters were greatly affected by Flx. In the present study we show that Flx administered to juvenile rats disrupts the hypothalamic–hypophyseal–testicular axis and its effects on sperm quality are not homogeneous in adults. In contrast, Flx altered concentrations of gonadotrophins and sexual steroids in all treated rats. These results suggest caution should be exercised in the prescription of Flx to prepubertal males.
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Robert A, Schultz IR, Hucher N, Monsinjon T, Knigge T. Toxicokinetics, disposition and metabolism of fluoxetine in crabs. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 186:958-967. [PMID: 28830067 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The disposition and metabolism of fluoxetine in the European shore crab and the Dungeness crab were assessed. Crabs received intracardiac doses of either 0.13 μg/kg or 0.5 mg/kg fluoxetine, respectively. In addition, fluoxetine was administered to Metacarcinus cancer by oral gavage at 7.8 mg/kg. The distribution of fluoxetine was quantified in haemolymph and digestive gland for both crabs, as well as brain, muscle, and testis of Carcinus maenas, over 12 days. The metabolite norfluoxetine, was also measured in C. maenas. Fluoxetine was mainly found in lipid rich tissues. Distribution coefficients increased for digestive gland until three days after fluoxetine administration and then decreased until the end of the observations. The highest distribution coefficients were obtained for brain. Norfluoxetine displayed continuously high levels in digestive gland and brain. The strong decrease in fluoxetine and the concomitant increase in norfluoxetine demonstrates that decapod crustaceans metabolise fluoxetine into the more biologically active norfluoxetine. Fluoxetine levels in the haemolymph of M. cancer declined within 20 h, but showed a second peak 25 h later, suggesting remobilisation from tissues sequestering the compound. The steady state volume distribution and the total body clearance of fluoxetine were high, consistent with high diffusion of fluoxetine into the peripheral tissues and biotransformation as an important elimination pathway. Oral administration of fluoxetine prolonged its half-life in M. cancer, but bioavailability was low. These results confirm the high distribution into nervous tissue, extensive biotransformation into the highly active norfluoxetine and a half-life similar to that observed in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandrine Robert
- Normandy University, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH Environmental Stress and Aquatic Biomonitoring (SEBIO), FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, Université Le Havre Normandie, 25 Rue Philippe Lebon, F-76600, Le Havre, France
| | - Irvin R Schultz
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory - Marine Sciences Laboratory, 1529 West Sequim Bay Road, Sequim, WA 98382, USA
| | - Nicolas Hucher
- Normandie Univ., UNILEHAVRE, FR 3038 CNRS, URCOM, F-76600, Le Havre, France
| | - Tiphaine Monsinjon
- Normandy University, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH Environmental Stress and Aquatic Biomonitoring (SEBIO), FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, Université Le Havre Normandie, 25 Rue Philippe Lebon, F-76600, Le Havre, France
| | - Thomas Knigge
- Normandy University, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH Environmental Stress and Aquatic Biomonitoring (SEBIO), FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, Université Le Havre Normandie, 25 Rue Philippe Lebon, F-76600, Le Havre, France.
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11
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Hajnik T, Tóth A, Szalontai Ö, Pethő M, Détári L. Sleep loss and recovery after administration of drugs related to different arousal systems in rats. Physiol Int 2017; 103:271-289. [PMID: 28229642 DOI: 10.1556/2060.103.2016.3.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is homeostatically regulated suggesting a restorative function. Sleep deprivation is compensated by an increase in length and intensity of sleep. In this study, suppression of sleep was induced pharmacologically by drugs related to different arousal systems. All drugs caused non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep loss followed by different compensatory processes. Apomorphine caused a strong suppression of sleep followed by an intense recovery. In the case of fluoxetine and eserine, recovery of NREM sleep was completed by the end of the light phase due to the biphasic pattern demonstrated for these drugs first in the present experiments. Yohimbine caused a long-lasting suppression of NREM sleep, indicating that either the noradrenergic system has the utmost strength among the examined systems, or that restorative functions occurring normally during NREM sleep were not blocked. Arousal systems are involved in the regulation of various wakefulness-related functions, such as locomotion and food intake. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that activation of the different systems results in qualitatively different waking states which might affect subsequent sleep differently. These differences might give some insight into the homeostatic function of sleep in which the dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems may play a more important role than previously suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hajnik
- 1 Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - A Tóth
- 1 Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ö Szalontai
- 1 Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - M Pethő
- 1 Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - L Détári
- 1 Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest, Hungary
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Effects of in vitro, acute and chronic treatment with fluoxetine on the sympathetic neurotransmission of rat vas deferens. Auton Neurosci 2017; 203:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Dupuis A, Wattiez AS, Pinguet J, Richard D, Libert F, Chalus M, Aissouni Y, Sion B, Ardid D, Marin P, Eschalier A, Courteix C. Increasing spinal 5-HT 2A receptor responsiveness mediates anti-allodynic effect and potentiates fluoxetine efficacy in neuropathic rats. Evidence for GABA release. Pharmacol Res 2016; 118:93-103. [PMID: 27663259 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Antidepressants are one of the first line treatments for neuropathic pain but their use is limited by the incidence and severity of side effects of tricyclics and the weak effectiveness of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Serotonin type 2A (5-HT2A) receptors interact with PDZ proteins that regulate their functionality and SSRI efficacy to alleviate pain. We investigated whether an interfering peptide (TAT-2ASCV) disrupting the interaction between 5-HT2A receptors and associated PDZ proteins would improve the treatment of traumatic neuropathic allodynia. Tactile allodynia was assessed in spinal nerve ligation-induced neuropathic pain in rats using von Frey filaments after acute treatment with TAT-2ASCV and/or 5-HT2A receptor agonist, alone or in combination with repeated treatment with fluoxetine. In vivo microdialysis was performed in order to examine the involvement of GABA in TAT-2ASCV/fluoxetine treatment-associated analgesia. TAT-2ASCV (100ng, single i.t. injection) improved SNL-induced tactile allodynia by increasing 5-HT2A receptor responsiveness to endogenous 5-HT. Fluoxetine alone (10mg/kg, five i.p. injections) slightly increased tactile thresholds and its co-administration with TAT-2ASCV (100ng, single i.t. injection) further enhanced the anti-allodynic effect. This effect depends on the integrity of descending serotonergic bulbospinal pathways and spinal release of GABA. The anti-allodynic effect of fluoxetine can be enhanced by disrupting 5-HT2A receptor-PDZ protein interactions. This enhancement depends on 5-HT2A receptor activation, spinal GABA release and GABAA receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Dupuis
- INSERM, U 1107, Neuro-Dol, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Wattiez
- INSERM, U 1107, Neuro-Dol, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jérémy Pinguet
- INSERM, U 1107, Neuro-Dol, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Pharmacologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Damien Richard
- INSERM, U 1107, Neuro-Dol, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Pharmacologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frédéric Libert
- INSERM, U 1107, Neuro-Dol, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Pharmacologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Maryse Chalus
- INSERM, U 1107, Neuro-Dol, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Youssef Aissouni
- INSERM, U 1107, Neuro-Dol, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Benoit Sion
- INSERM, U 1107, Neuro-Dol, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Denis Ardid
- INSERM, U 1107, Neuro-Dol, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Philippe Marin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS, UMR 5203, INSERM U1191, Université de Montpellier, F-34094 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Alain Eschalier
- INSERM, U 1107, Neuro-Dol, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Pharmacologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christine Courteix
- INSERM, U 1107, Neuro-Dol, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Romero-Reyes J, Cárdenas M, Damián-Matsumura P, Domínguez R, Ayala ME. Inhibition of serotonin reuptake in the prepubertal rat ovary by fluoxetine and effects on ovarian functions. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 59:80-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Waller JA, Chen F, Sánchez C. Vortioxetine promotes maturation of dendritic spines in vitro: A comparative study in hippocampal cultures. Neuropharmacology 2015; 103:143-54. [PMID: 26702943 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is prevalent in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), and cognitive impairments can persist after relief of depressive symptoms. The multimodal-acting antidepressant vortioxetine is an antagonist at 5-HT3, 5-HT7, and 5-HT1D receptors, a partial agonist at 5-HT1B receptors, an agonist at 5-HT1A receptors, and an inhibitor of the serotonin (5-HT) transporter (SERT) and has pro-cognitive properties. In preclinical studies, vortioxetine enhances long-term potentiation (LTP), a cellular correlate of neuroplasticity, and enhances memory in various cognitive tasks. However, the molecular mechanisms by which vortioxetine augments LTP and memory remain unknown. Dendritic spines are specialized, actin-rich microdomains on dendritic shafts and are major sites of most excitatory synapses. Since dendritic spine remodeling is implicated in synaptic plasticity and spine size dictates the strength of synaptic transmission, we assessed if vortioxetine, relative to other antidepressants including ketamine, duloxetine, and fluoxetine, plays a role in the maintenance of dendritic spine architecture in vitro. We show that vortioxetine, ketamine, and duloxetine induce spine enlargement. However, only vortioxetine treatment increased the number of spines in contact with presynaptic terminals. In contrast, fluoxetine had no effect on spine remodeling. These findings imply that the various 5-HT receptor mechanisms of vortioxetine may play a role in its effect on spine dynamics and in increasing the proportion of potentially functional synaptic contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Waller
- External Sourcing and Scientific Excellence, Lundbeck Research USA, Paramus, NJ 07652, USA
| | - Fenghua Chen
- Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, DK-8240 Risskov, Denmark
| | - Connie Sánchez
- External Sourcing and Scientific Excellence, Lundbeck Research USA, Paramus, NJ 07652, USA.
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Mirelle Costa Monteiro H, Lima Barreto-Silva N, Elizabete dos Santos G, de Santana Santos A, Séfora Bezerra Sousa M, Amâncio-dos-Santos Â. Physical exercise versus fluoxetine: Antagonistic effects on cortical spreading depression in Wistar rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 762:49-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Howell LL, Cunningham KA. Serotonin 5-HT2 receptor interactions with dopamine function: implications for therapeutics in cocaine use disorder. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:176-97. [PMID: 25505168 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocaine exhibits prominent abuse liability, and chronic abuse can result in cocaine use disorder with significant morbidity. Major advances have been made in delineating neurobiological mechanisms of cocaine abuse; however, effective medications to treat cocaine use disorder remain to be discovered. The present review will focus on the role of serotonin (5-HT; 5-hydroxytryptamine) neurotransmission in the neuropharmacology of cocaine and related abused stimulants. Extensive research suggests that the primary contribution of 5-HT to cocaine addiction is a consequence of interactions with dopamine (DA) neurotransmission. The literature on the neurobiological and behavioral effects of cocaine is well developed, so the focus of the review will be on cocaine with inferences made about other monoamine uptake inhibitors and releasers based on mechanistic considerations. 5-HT receptors are widely expressed throughout the brain, and several different 5-HT receptor subtypes have been implicated in mediating the effects of endogenous 5-HT on DA. However, the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in particular have been implicated as likely candidates for mediating the influence of 5-HT in cocaine abuse as well as to traits (e.g., impulsivity) that contribute to the development of cocaine use disorder and relapse in humans. Lastly, new approaches are proposed to guide targeted development of serotonergic ligands for the treatment of cocaine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard L Howell
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (L.L.H.); and Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (K.A.C.)
| | - Kathryn A Cunningham
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (L.L.H.); and Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (K.A.C.)
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Devall AJ, Santos JM, Fry JP, Honour JW, Brandão ML, Lovick TA. Elevation of brain allopregnanolone rather than 5-HT release by short term, low dose fluoxetine treatment prevents the estrous cycle-linked increase in stress sensitivity in female rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:113-23. [PMID: 25498416 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Withdrawal from long-term dosing with exogenous progesterone precipitates increased anxiety-linked changes in behavior in animal models due to the abrupt decrease in brain concentration of allopregnanolone (ALLO), a neuroactive metabolite of progesterone. We show that a withdrawal-like effect also occurs during the late diestrus phase (LD) of the natural ovarian cycle in rats, when plasma progesterone and ALLO are declining but estrogen secretion maintains a stable low level. This effect at LD was prevented by short-term treatment with low dose fluoxetine. During LD, but not at other stages of the estrous cycle, exposure to anxiogenic stress induced by whole body vibration at 4 Hz for 5 min evoked a significant decrease in tail flick latency (stress-induced hyperalgesia) and a decrease in the number of Fos-positive neurons present in the periaqueductal gray (PAG). The threshold to evoke fear-like behaviors in response to electrical stimulation of the dorsal PAG was lower in the LD phase, indicating an increase in the intrinsic excitability of the PAG circuitry. All these effects were blocked by short-term administration of fluoxetine (2 × 1.75 mg kg(-1) i.p.) during LD. This dosage increased the whole brain concentration of ALLO, as determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, but was without effect on the extracellular concentration of 5-HT in the dorsal PAG, as measured by microdialysis. We suggest that fluoxetine-induced rise in brain ALLO concentration during LD offsets the sharp physiological decline, thus removing the trigger for the development of anxiogenic withdrawal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Devall
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Julia M Santos
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Laboratório de Psicobiologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Neurociências e Comportamento-INeC, Campus USP, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jonathan P Fry
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London W1E 6BT, UK
| | - John W Honour
- University College London Hospital, London NW1 2BU, UK
| | - Marcus L Brandão
- Laboratório de Psicobiologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Neurociências e Comportamento-INeC, Campus USP, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Thelma A Lovick
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; Instituto de Neurociências e Comportamento-INeC, Campus USP, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Fry JP, Li KY, Devall AJ, Cockcroft S, Honour JW, Lovick TA. Fluoxetine elevates allopregnanolone in female rat brain but inhibits a steroid microsomal dehydrogenase rather than activating an aldo-keto reductase. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:5870-80. [PMID: 25161074 PMCID: PMC4290723 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, elevates brain concentrations of the neuroactive progesterone metabolite allopregnanolone, an effect suggested to underlie its use in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoria. One report showed fluoxetine to activate the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) component of 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSD), which catalyses production of allopregnanolone from 5α-dihydroprogesterone. However, this action was not observed by others. The present study sought to clarify the site of action for fluoxetine in elevating brain allopregnanolone. Experimental Approach Adult male rats and female rats in dioestrus were treated with fluoxetine and their brains assayed for allopregnanolone and its precursors, progesterone and 5α-dihydroprogesterone. Subcellular fractions of rat brain were also used to investigate the actions of fluoxetine on 3α-HSD activity in both the reductive direction, producing allopregnanolone from 5α-dihydroprogesterone, and the reverse oxidative direction. Fluoxetine was also tested on these recombinant enzyme activities expressed in HEK cells. Key Results Short-term treatment with fluoxetine increased brain allopregnanolone concentrations in female, but not male, rats. Enzyme assays on native rat brain fractions and on activities expressed in HEK cells showed fluoxetine did not affect the AKR producing allopregnanolone from 5α-dihydroprogesterone but did inhibit the microsomal dehydrogenase oxidizing allopregnanolone to 5α-dihydroprogesterone. Conclusions and Implications Fluoxetine elevated allopregnanolone in female rat brain by inhibiting its oxidation to 5α-dihydroprogesterone by a microsomal dehydrogenase. This is a novel site of action for fluoxetine, with implications for the development of new agents and/or dosing regimens to raise brain allopregnanolone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Fry
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
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Fluoxetine: juvenile pharmacokinetics in a nonhuman primate model. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:4041-7. [PMID: 24700388 PMCID: PMC4176515 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3537-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine is the only psychopharmacological agent approved for use in children. While short-term studies of side effects have been performed, long-term consequences for brain development are not known. Such studies can be performed in appropriate animal models if doses modeling therapeutic use in children are known. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to identify a daily dose of fluoxetine in juvenile monkeys which would result in serum fluoxetine and norfluoxetine concentrations in the therapeutic range for children. METHODS Juvenile (2.5-year-old rhesus monkeys, n = 6) received single administration of doses of 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg day fluoxetine on a background of chronic dosing at an intermediate level to provide steady-state conditions to model therapeutic administration. Using nonlinear modeling, standard pharmacokinetic parameters were derived. Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine neurotransmitters were assayed to confirm the pharmacological effects. RESULTS Dose-dependent area under the curve (AUC) and C max values were seen, while T max and absorption/elimination half-lives were minimally influenced by dose. A dosage of 2 mg/kg day given over a 14-week period led to steady-state serum concentrations of active agent (fluoxetine + norfluoxetine) similar to those recorded from drug monitoring studies in children. Cisternal cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of serotonin increased significantly over the 14-week period, while concentrations of the serotonin metabolite (5-HIAA) were lower but not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS A dose of 2 mg/kg day fluoxetine in juvenile rhesus monkeys provides an internal dose similar to therapeutic use in children and will help establish a valuable animal model for understanding fluoxetine's therapeutic and potential adverse effects in children.
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López-Muñoz F, Alamo C. Active metabolites as antidepressant drugs: the role of norquetiapine in the mechanism of action of quetiapine in the treatment of mood disorders. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:102. [PMID: 24062697 PMCID: PMC3770982 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Active metabolites of some antipsychotic drugs exhibit pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties that may be similar to or differ from the original compound and that can be translated by a different profile of responses and interactions to clinical level. Some of these antipsychotics' active metabolites might participate in mechanisms of antidepressant activity, as m-chlorophenylpiperazine (aripiprazole), 9-OH-risperidone and norquetiapine. Norquetiapine exhibits distinct pharmacological activity from quetiapine and plays a fundamental role in its antidepressant efficacy. In this review, we analyze the differential pharmacological aspects between quetiapine and norquetiapine, both from the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic perspectives (affinity for dopaminergic, noradrenegic, and/or serotonergic receptors, etc.), as well as differential neuroprotective role. The pharmacological differences between the two drugs could explain the differential clinical effect, as well as some differences in tolerability profile and drug interactions. The available data are sufficient to arrive at the conclusion that antidepressant activity of quetiapine is mediated, at least in part, by the active metabolite norquetiapine, which selectively inhibits noradrenaline reuptake, is a partial 5-HT1A receptor agonist, and acts as an antagonist at presynaptic α2, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT7 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco López-Muñoz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Camilo José Cela University , Madrid , Spain ; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá , Madrid , Spain
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Adolescent fluoxetine treatment decreases the effects of neonatal immune activation on anxiety-like behavior in mice. Behav Brain Res 2013; 250:123-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Henze M, Tiniakov R, Samarel A, Holmes E, Scrogin K. Chronic fluoxetine reduces autonomic control of cardiac rhythms in rats with congestive heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 304:H444-54. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00763.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Up to 40% of patients with heart failure develop depression, and depression is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular mortality in this patient population. Consequently, increasing numbers of patients with heart failure are treated with antidepressants. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are typically the antidepressant of choice since this drug class has limited cardiovascular toxicity. However, little is known about the effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on autonomic cardiac regulation in congestive heart failure (CHF). Here, indexes of cardiac autonomic control were evaluated before and during chronic fluoxetine (FLX) treatment (20 mg·kg−1·day−1, 5 wk) in rats that developed CHF after coronary artery ligation. FLX reduced the low-frequency (LF) component of heart rate variability (HRV; P < 0.01) as well as the sympathetic contribution to LF HRV ( P < 0.01) in both CHF and sham-operated rats. Both FLX and CHF reduced high-frequency HRV ( P < 0.01). Spontaneous baroreflex gain was decreased in CHF rats 8 wk after ligation ( P < 0.01). Cross-spectral coherence between the interbeat interval and mean arterial pressure was reduced in the LF domain 3 wk after ligation in CHF rats ( P < 0.01) and was further reduced after chronic FLX treatment ( P < 0.01). Plasma catecholamines and LF blood pressure variability were not affected by FLX. Chronotropic responses to both efferent vagal nerve stimulation and isoproterenol administration were reduced in CHF rats and by FLX ( P < 0.01), whereas inotropic responses to isoproterenol were reduced only in CHF rats ( P < 0.01). These data indicate that chronic FLX reduces the responsiveness to autonomic output controlling cardiac rhythm and may further compromise autonomic regulation of cardiac function in CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Henze
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Ruslan Tiniakov
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Allen Samarel
- The Cardiovascular Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois; and
| | - Earle Holmes
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Karie Scrogin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois
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Abstract
Acute SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) treatment has been shown to attenuate the abuse-related effects of cocaine; however, SSRIs have had limited success in clinical trials for cocaine abuse, possibly due to neurobiological changes that occur during chronic administration. In order to better understand the role of serotonin (5HT) in cocaine abuse and treatment, we examined the effects of chronic treatment with the SSRI fluoxetine at clinically relevant serum concentrations on cocaine-related neurobiology and behavior. Rhesus macaques self-administering cocaine underwent a 6-week dosing regimen with fluoxetine designed to approximate serum concentrations observed in humans. Self-administration and reinstatement were monitored throughout the treatment and washout period. In vivo microdiaylsis was used to assess changes in dopaminergic and serotonergic neurochemistry. Positron emission tomography was used to assess changes in the 5HT transporter and 2A receptor binding potential (BP). Functional output of the 5HT system was assessed using prolactin levels. Cocaine-primed reinstatement and cocaine-elicited dopamine overflow were significantly suppressed following chronic fluoxetine treatment. 5HT2A receptor BP was increased in the frontal cortex following treatment while prolactin release was blunted, suggesting desensitization of the 5HT2A receptor. These effects persisted after a 6-week washout period. Measures of pre-synaptic serotonergic function and cocaine self-administration were unaffected. These data demonstrate that acute and chronic fluoxetine treatments exert different effects on cocaine-related behavior. Furthermore, chronic fluoxetine treatment causes alterations in 5HT2A receptors in the frontal cortex that may selectively disrupt cocaine-primed reinstatement. Fluoxetine may not be useful for treatment of ongoing cocaine abuse but may be useful in relapse prevention.
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Sawyer E, Howell L. Pharmacokinetics of fluoxetine in rhesus macaques following multiple routes of administration. Pharmacology 2011; 88:44-9. [PMID: 21757974 PMCID: PMC3595567 DOI: 10.1159/000329417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Fluoxetine (Prozac) is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor currently used to treat depression and mood disorders. It has been widely studied clinically and preclinically, yet there is limited knowledge of its pharmacokinetics in nonhuman primates. METHODS The present study characterized the pharmacokinetics of fluoxetine and its active metabolite norfluoxetine in rhesus macaques following both acute (1, 3, 5.6 and 10 mg/kg) and chronic doses (5.6 and 10 mg/kg/day) via different routes of administration (intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, and oral). Blood samples were collected at multiple time points following administration and analyzed using mass spectrometry. RESULTS Fluoxetine had a half-life of 11-16 h and norfluoxetine had a half-life of 21-29 h. Potentially functionally significant serum concentrations of norfluoxetine were present at 24 h even after a single administration of fluoxetine. Similar to observations in humans under steady state conditions, norfluoxetine accounted for the greater percentage of active drug in the blood stream. CONCLUSION A daily dose of 10 mg/kg administered orally maintained serum concentrations in the human clinical range over the course of 6 weeks. Given the long half-lives of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine observed in this study, precautions should be taken when designing preclinical studies to prevent accumulation of drug serum concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.K. Sawyer
- Neuroscience Program, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Ga., USA
| | - L.L. Howell
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Disease, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Ga., USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga., USA
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Hansen F, de Oliveira DL, Amaral FUÍ, Guedes FS, Schneider TJ, Tumelero AC, Hansel G, Schmidt KH, Giacomini ACVV, Torres FV. Effects of chronic administration of tryptophan with or without concomitant fluoxetine in depression-related and anxiety-like behaviors on adult rat. Neurosci Lett 2011; 499:59-63. [PMID: 21640158 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Depression and anxiety play an important role in decreasing quality of life worldwide. Since tryptophan is a serotonin precursor and low levels of serotonin seems to be related to depression, the effect of oral tryptophan has been investigated for possible potentiation of the action of antidepressant drugs. We investigated the effects of chronically administered tryptophan (50mg/kg/day, p.o.) with or without concomitant fluoxetine (10mg/kg/day, s.c.) on adult rats regarding depression-related and anxiety-like behaviors. Tryptophan levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured 4h after a single administration of daily dosages of chronic treatments. We found that tryptophan increased depressive-related behavior, but did not alter anxiety-like behavior. However, fluoxetine decreased depression-related behavior and was anxiogenic. Tryptophan with concomitant fluoxetine did not alter anxiety-like behavior. Moreover, our data suggests that the antidepressant effect of fluoxetine was not enhanced by concomitant administration of tryptophan, which could be associated with increased levels of tryptophan in CSF. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the related mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Fluoxetine treatment induces dose dependent alterations in depression associated behavior and neural plasticity in female mice. Neurosci Lett 2010; 484:12-6. [PMID: 20692322 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Antidepressant-induced increases in neurogenesis and neurotrophin mobilization in rodents and primates are proposed to be necessary for behavioral efficacy. The current study examines the relationship between the effects of fluoxetine treatment on behavior, cell proliferation and the neurotrophin BDNF in females. Female MRL/MpJ mice were treated acutely (5 and 10mg/kg) or chronically (2.5, 5 and 10mg/kg b.i.d.) with fluoxetine and tested in the tail suspension test (TST) and or novelty-induced hypophagia test (NIH), respectively. Mice treated chronically with fluoxetine received 4 (100mg/kg) injections of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) on the last 4 days of treatment to measure DNA synthesis. The other half of the hippocampus and the frontal cortex was removed and examined for BDNF levels. Fluoxetine treatment decreased immobility in the TST and latency to eat in the NIH test, but only the highest dose of fluoxetine significantly altered behavior in both tests. Chronic treatment with 5 and 10mg/kg of fluoxetine significantly increased cell proliferation and BDNF levels in the hippocampus. Only chronic treatment with the highest of fluoxetine increased BDNF levels in the frontal cortex. Behavioral measures in the NIH test correlated with BDNF levels in the frontal cortex but not in the hippocampus or with cell proliferation in the hippocampus. These data suggest that females require high doses of fluoxetine for behavioral efficacy regardless of elevations of neurogenesis and BDNF mobilization in the hippocampus. Elevations in BDNF levels in the frontal cortex are related to the behavioral efficacy of fluoxetine.
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Use of the dried blood spot sampling process coupled with fast gas chromatography and negative-ion chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry: application to fluoxetine, norfluoxetine, reboxetine, and paroxetine analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 396:2523-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3412-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Measurement of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of neuroactive compounds. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 37:38-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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