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Sedky AA, Raafat MH, Hamam GG, Sedky KA, Magdy Y. Effects of tamoxifen alone and in combination with risperidone on hyperlocomotion, hippocampal structure and bone in ketamine-induced model of psychosis in rats. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSURGERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s41983-022-00470-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background and aim of the work
Protein kinase C activation with subsequent increase in oxidative stress (OXS) and reduction in brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are implicated in the pathophysiology of psychotic disorders and in osteoporosis. Accordingly PKC inhibitors such as tamoxifen could be a novel approach to psychotic illness and may reduce progression of osteoporosis. Since current antipsychotics such as risperidone have inconsistent effects on OXS and BDNF, combination with tamoxifen could be beneficial. Accordingly in this work, tamoxifen was used to investigate the impact of changes in OXS and BDNF on behavioral, hippocampus structural changes in a ketamine induced model of psychosis in rats. The impact of tamoxifen on the antipsychotic effects of risperidone and on its bone damaging effects was also determined.
Ketamine was chosen, because it is a valid model of psychosis. Hippocampus was chosen, since hippocampal overactivity is known to correlate with the severity of symptoms in psychosis. Hippocampal overactivity contributes to hyperdopaminergic state in ventral tegmental area and increase in DA release in nucleus accumbens, these are responsible for positive symptoms of schizophrenia and hyperlocomotion in rodents. Hyperlocomotion is considered a corelate of positive symptoms of psychotic illness in rodents and is considered primary outcome to assess manic-like behavior.
Methods
Rats were divided into seven groups (ten rats each (1) non-ketamine control and (2) ketamine treated groups (a ketamine control, b risperidone/ketamine, c tamoxifen/ketamine, d Risp/Tamox/ketamine risperidone, tamoxifen/risperidone) to test if TAM exhibited behavioral changes or potentiated those of risperidone); (e clomiphene/ketamine and f clomiphene/risperidone/ketamine) to verify that estrogen receptor modulators do not exhibit behavioral changes or potentiates those of risperidone. In addition, thus, the effects of tamoxifen are not due to estrogen effects but rather due to protein kinase c inhibition. Drugs were given for 4 weeks and ketamine was given daily in the last week. Effects of drugs on ketamine-induced hyperlocomotion (open field test) and hippocampus and bone biochemical (MDA, GSH, BDNF) and histological changes (Nissel granules, GFAP positive astrocytes in hippocampus were determined).
Electron microscopy scanning of the femur bone was done. Histomorphometric parameters measuring the: 1. Trabecular bone thickness and 2. The trabecular bone volume percentage.
Results
Tamoxifen reduced hyperlocomotion, and improved hippocampus structure in ketamine-treated rats, by reducing OXS (reduced malondialdehyde and increased glutathione) and increasing BDNF. These effects might be related to (PKC) inhibition, rather than estrogen modulation, since the anti-estrogenic drug clomiphene had no effect on hyperlocomotion. Tamoxifen enhanced the beneficial effects of risperidone on hippocampal OXS and BDNF, augmenting its effectiveness on hyperlocomotion and hippocampal structure. It also reduced risperidone-induced OXS and the associated bone damage.
Conclusions
PKC inhibitors, particularly tamoxifen, might be potential adjuncts to antipsychotics, by reducing OXS and increasing BDNF increasing their effectiveness while reducing their bone damaging effects.
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Özakman S, Gören MZ, Nurten A, Tekin N, Kalaycı R, Enginar N. Effects of tamoxifen and glutamate and glutamine levels in brain regions in repeated sleep deprivation-induced mania model in mice. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 394:619-629. [PMID: 33104849 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-02001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C inhibitor tamoxifen reduces symptoms of acute mania in bipolar patients and mania-like behaviors in animals. Memory impairment and altered levels of glutamate and glutamate/glutamine ratio have been reported in mania. Tamoxifen suppresses glutamate release which plays an important role in memory. The present study evaluated whether tamoxifen's activity participates in its antimanic efficacy in repeated sleep deprivation mania model. Mice were divided into control and 24-h sleep-deprived groups and were treated with vehicle or 1 mg/kg tamoxifen twice daily for 8 days. Sleep deprivation was repeated three times at intervals of 2 days. Square crossing and rearing were recorded as measures of locomotor activity. Memory and risk taking behavior were evaluated using novel object recognition and staircase tests, respectively. Glutamate and glutamine levels were measured in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Behavioral tests were conducted 24 h after the second or immediately after the third sleep deprivations. Sleep deprivation increased locomotor activity and risk taking. Glutamate and glutamine levels and glutamate/glutamine ratio in the frontal cortex and hippocampus were unaffected. Locomotor hyperactivity was prevented by tamoxifen treatment. No change in the recognition index suggested lack of memory impairment in the model. These findings confirm the relevance of repeated sleep deprivation as a mania model and tamoxifen as an antimanic agent. However, future research is needed to further address lack of memory impairment in the model and lack of glutamatergic influence on the model and antimanic effect of tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selda Özakman
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Zafer Gören
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Asiye Nurten
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nurdan Tekin
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rivaze Kalaycı
- Department of Laboratory Animals Science, Istanbul University Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nurhan Enginar
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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3
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Damri O, Asslih S, Shemesh N, Natour S, Noori O, Daraushe A, Einat H, Kara N, Las G, Agam G. Using mitochondrial respiration inhibitors to design a novel model of bipolar disorder-like phenotype with construct, face and predictive validity. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:123. [PMID: 33579900 PMCID: PMC7881114 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01215-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We mimicked mild mitochondrial-distress robustly reported in bipolar-disorder (BD) by chronic exposure to uniquely low doses of inhibitors of mitochondrial-respiration complexes in vitro and in vivo. Exposure of the neuronal-originating SH-SY5Y cells to very low dose (10 pM) rotenone, a mitochondrial-respiration complex (Co)I inhibitor, for 72 or 96 h did not affect cell viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Yet, it induced a dual effect on mitochondrial-respiration: overshooting statistically significant several-fold increase of most oxygen-consumption-rate (OCR) parameters vs. significantly decreased all OCR parameters, respectively. Chronic low doses of 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) (CoII inhibitor) did not induce long-lasting changes in the cells' mitochondria-related parameters. Intraperitoneal administration of 0.75 mg/kg/day rotenone to male mice for 4 or 8 weeks did not affect spontaneous and motor activity, caused behaviors associated with mania and depression following 4 and 8 weeks, respectively, accompanied by relevant changes in mitochondrial basal OCR and in levels of mitochondrial-respiration proteins. Our model is among the very few BD-like animal models exhibiting construct (mild mitochondrial dysfunction), face (decreased/increased immobility time in the forced-swim test, increased/decreased consumption of sweet solution, increased/decreased time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze) and predictive (reversal of rotenone-induced behavioral changes by lithium treatment) validity. Our rotenone regime, employing doses that, to the best of our knowledge, have never been used before, differs from those inducing Parkinson's-like models by not affecting ROS-levels and cell-viability in vitro nor motor activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Damri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Psychiatry Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Mental Health Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - S Asslih
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Psychiatry Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Mental Health Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - N Shemesh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Psychiatry Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Mental Health Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - S Natour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Psychiatry Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Mental Health Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - O Noori
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Psychiatry Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Mental Health Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - A Daraushe
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Psychiatry Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Mental Health Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - H Einat
- School of Behavioral Sciences, Tel Aviv-Yaffo Academic College, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - N Kara
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Psychiatry Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Mental Health Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- School of Behavioral Sciences, Tel Aviv-Yaffo Academic College, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - G Las
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Psychiatry Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Mental Health Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - G Agam
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Psychiatry Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Mental Health Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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Mohajeri M, Martín-Jiménez C, Barreto GE, Sahebkar A. Effects of estrogens and androgens on mitochondria under normal and pathological conditions. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 176:54-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Palacios J, Yildiz A, Young AH, Taylor MJ. Tamoxifen for bipolar disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:177-184. [PMID: 30741085 DOI: 10.1177/0269881118822167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tamoxifen is an oral medication that has been proposed as a potential treatment for bipolar disorder. Tamoxifen acts to inhibit the intracellular action of protein kinase C, which is also an action of well-established treatments such as lithium and valproate. Here we aimed to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of tamoxifen in the treatment of bipolar disorder and synthesise their results using meta-analysis. METHODS RCTs were identified by searching of electronic databases and from discussion with experts in the field. Data were extracted, and meta-analyses performed in R. RESULTS Five placebo-controlled RCTs of tamoxifen in the treatment of acute mania were identified. There were no trials in the treatment of episodes of bipolar depression, or for relapse prevention. The studies of mania treatment were of between three and six weeks duration. Tamoxifen was studied either as monotherapy (two trials) or as augmentation of lithium or valproate (three trials). Change in mania scale scores favoured tamoxifen over placebo: SMD -2.14 (95% CI -3.39 to -0.89; 4 trials), as did endpoint mania scale scores SMD 1.23 (95% CI 0.60-1.87; 5 trials). Response rates were also higher: RR 4.35 (1.99-9.50; 4 trials). Acceptability was similar to placebo: RR 1.03 (0.94-1.13; 5 trials). CONCLUSIONS Tamoxifen appears to be a promising potential treatment for episodes of mania. Future studies could investigate its effects as an adjunct to dopamine antagonists for improved anti-manic efficacy, and establish its longer term effects on mood, particularly depression and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Palacios
- 1 Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ayşegül Yildiz
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Allan H Young
- 1 Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew J Taylor
- 1 Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,3 Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Shin EJ, Dang DK, Hwang YG, Tran HQ, Sharma N, Jeong JH, Jang CG, Nah SY, Nabeshima T, Yoneda Y, Cadet JL, Kim HC. Significance of protein kinase C in the neuropsychotoxicity induced by methamphetamine-like psychostimulants. Neurochem Int 2019; 124:162-170. [PMID: 30654115 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The abuse of methamphetamine (MA), an amphetamine (AMPH)-type stimulant, has been demonstrated to be associated with various neuropsychotoxicity, including memory impairment, psychiatric morbidity, and dopaminergic toxicity. Compelling evidence from preclinical studies has indicated that protein kinase C (PKC), a large family of serine/threonine protein kinases, plays an important role in MA-induced neuropsychotoxicity. PKC-mediated N-terminal phosphorylation of dopamine transporter has been identified as one of the prerequisites for MA-induced synaptic dopamine release. Consistently, it has been shown that PKC is involved in MA (or AMPH)-induced memory impairment and mania-like behaviors as well as MA drug dependence. Direct or indirect regulation of factors related to neuronal plasticity seemed to be critical for these actions of PKC. In addition, PKC-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress or impaired antioxidant defense system has been suggested to play a role in psychiatric and cognitive disturbance induced by MA (or AMPH). In MA-induced dopaminergic toxicity, particularly PKCδ has been shown to trigger oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, pro-apoptotic changes, and neuroinflammation. Importantly, PKCδ may be a key mediator in the positive feedback loop composed of these detrimental events to potentiate MA-induced dopaminergic toxicity. This review outlines the role of PKC and its individual isozymes in MA-induced neuropsychotoxicity. Better understanding on the molecular mechanism of PKCs might provide a great insight for the development of potential therapeutic or preventive candidates for MA (or AMPH)-associated neuropsychotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Duy-Khanh Dang
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Gwang Hwang
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hai-Quyen Tran
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Naveen Sharma
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yukio Yoneda
- Section of Prophylactic Pharmacology, Kanazawa University Venture Business Laboratory, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- NIDA Intramural Program, Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Stacey D, Schubert KO, Clark SR, Amare AT, Milanesi E, Maj C, Leckband SG, Shekhtman T, Kelsoe JR, Gurwitz D, Baune BT. A gene co-expression module implicating the mitochondrial electron transport chain is associated with long-term response to lithium treatment in bipolar affective disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:183. [PMID: 30185780 PMCID: PMC6125294 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lithium is the first-line treatment for bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) but two-thirds of patients respond only partially or not at all. The reasons for this high variability in lithium response are not well understood. Transcriptome-wide profiling, which tests the interface between genes and the environment, represents a viable means of exploring the molecular mechanisms underlying lithium response variability. Thus, in the present study we performed co-expression network analyses of whole-blood-derived RNA-seq data from n = 50 lithium-treated BPAD patients. Lithium response was assessed using the well-validated ALDA scale, which we used to define both a continuous and a dichotomous measure. We identified a nominally significant correlation between a co-expression module comprising 46 genes and lithium response represented as a continuous (i.e., scale ranging 0-10) phenotype (cor = -0.299, p = 0.035). Forty-three of these 46 genes had reduced mRNA expression levels in better lithium responders relative to poorer responders, and the central regulators of this module were all mitochondrially-encoded (MT-ND1, MT-ATP6, MT-CYB). Accordingly, enrichment analyses indicated that genes involved in mitochondrial functioning were heavily over-represented in this module, specifically highlighting the electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) as affected processes. Disrupted ETC and OXPHOS activity have previously been implicated in the pathophysiology of BPAD. Our data adds to previous evidence suggesting that a normalisation of these processes could be central to lithium's mode of action, and could underlie a favourable therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Stacey
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - K Oliver Schubert
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Mental Health Services, Lyell McEwin Hospital, Elizabeth Vale, SA, 5112, Australia
| | - Scott R Clark
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Azmeraw T Amare
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Elena Milanesi
- Genetics Unit, IRCCS, San Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 'Victor Babes' National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carlo Maj
- Genetics Unit, IRCCS, San Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Susan G Leckband
- University of California San Diego and VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tatyana Shekhtman
- University of California San Diego and VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - John R Kelsoe
- University of California San Diego and VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - David Gurwitz
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Sbisa A, van den Buuse M, Gogos A. The effect of estrogenic compounds on psychosis-like behaviour in female rats. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193853. [PMID: 29579065 PMCID: PMC5868772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
17β-estradiol treatment has shown benefit against schizophrenia symptoms, however long-term use may be associated with negative side-effects. Selective estrogen receptor modulators, such as raloxifene and tamoxifen, have been proposed as suitable alternatives to 17β-estradiol. An isomer of 17β-estradiol, 17α-estradiol, is considered less carcinogenic, and non-feminising in males, however little is known about its potential as a treatment for schizophrenia. Moreover, the mechanism underlying the therapeutic action of estrogens remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the ability of these estrogenic compounds to attenuate psychosis-like behaviour in rats. We used two acute pharmacologically-induced assays of psychosis-like behaviour: psychotomimetic drug-induced hyperlocomotion and disruption of prepulse inhibition (PPI). Female Long Evans rats were either intact, ovariectomised (OVX), or OVX and chronically treated with 17β-estradiol, 17α-estradiol, raloxifene or tamoxifen. Only 17β-estradiol treatment attenuated locomotor hyperactivity induced by the indirect dopamine receptor agonist, methamphetamine. 17β-estradiol- and tamoxifen-treated rats showed attenuated methamphetamine- and apomorphine (dopamine D1/D2 receptor agonist)-induced disruption of PPI. Raloxifene-treated rats showed attenuated apomorphine-induced PPI disruption only. Baseline PPI was significantly reduced following OVX, and this deficit was reversed by all estrogenic compounds. Further, PPI in OVX rats was increased following administration of apomorphine. This study confirms a protective effect of 17β-estradiol in two established animal models of psychosis, while tamoxifen showed beneficial effects against PPI disruption. In contrast, 17α-estradiol and raloxifene showed little effect on dopamine receptor-mediated psychosis-like behaviours. This study highlights the utility of some estrogenic compounds to attenuate psychosis-like behaviour in rats, supporting the notion that estrogens have therapeutic potential for psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Sbisa
- Hormones in Psychiatry Laboratory, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Maarten van den Buuse
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrea Gogos
- Hormones in Psychiatry Laboratory, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Valvassori SS, Dal-Pont GC, Resende WR, Varela RB, Peterle BR, Gava FF, Mina FG, Cararo JH, Carvalho AF, Quevedo J. Lithium and Tamoxifen Modulate Behavior and Protein Kinase C Activity in the Animal Model of Mania Induced by Ouabain. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 20:877-885. [PMID: 29020306 PMCID: PMC5737643 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyx049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intracerebroventricular injection of ouabain, a specific inhibitor of the Na+/K+-adenosine-triphosphatase (Na+/K+-ATPase) enzyme, induces hyperactivity in rats in a putative animal model of mania. Several evidences have suggested that the protein kinase C signaling pathway is involved in bipolar disorder. In addition, it is known that protein kinase C inhibitors, such as lithium and tamoxifen, are effective in treating acute mania. METHODS In the present study, we investigated the effects of lithium and tamoxifen on the protein kinase C signaling pathway in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of rats submitted to the animal model of mania induced by ouabain. We showed that ouabain induced hyperlocomotion in the rats. RESULTS Ouabain increased the protein kinase C activity and the protein kinase C and MARCKS phosphorylation in frontal cortex and hippocampus of rats. Lithium and tamoxifen reversed the behavioral and protein kinase C pathway changes induced by ouabain. These findings indicate that the Na+/K+-ATPase inhibition can lead to protein kinase C alteration. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed that lithium and tamoxifen modulate changes in the behavior and protein kinase C signalling pathway alterations induced by ouabain, underlining the need for more studies of protein kinase C as a possible target for treatment of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira S Valvassori
- Laboratory of Neuronal Signaling and Psychopharmacology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil (Dr Valvassori, Mr Dal-Pont, Dr Resende, Mr Varela, Ms Peterle, and Ms Gava); Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil (Dr Valvassori, Mr Dal-Pont, Dr Resende, Mr Varela, Ms Peterle, Ms Gava, Ms Mina, and Dr Quevedo); Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil (Dr Cararo); Translational Psychiatry Research Group and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil(Dr Carvalho); Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas (Dr Quevedo);Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and BehavioralSciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas (Dr Quevedo); Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas (Dr Quevedo).,Correspondence: S. S. Valvassori, PhD, Laboratório de Sinalização Neural e Psicofarmacologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brasil, CEP 88806-000 ()
| | - Gustavo C Dal-Pont
- Laboratory of Neuronal Signaling and Psychopharmacology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil (Dr Valvassori, Mr Dal-Pont, Dr Resende, Mr Varela, Ms Peterle, and Ms Gava); Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil (Dr Valvassori, Mr Dal-Pont, Dr Resende, Mr Varela, Ms Peterle, Ms Gava, Ms Mina, and Dr Quevedo); Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil (Dr Cararo); Translational Psychiatry Research Group and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil(Dr Carvalho); Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas (Dr Quevedo);Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and BehavioralSciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas (Dr Quevedo); Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas (Dr Quevedo)
| | - Wilson R Resende
- Laboratory of Neuronal Signaling and Psychopharmacology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil (Dr Valvassori, Mr Dal-Pont, Dr Resende, Mr Varela, Ms Peterle, and Ms Gava); Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil (Dr Valvassori, Mr Dal-Pont, Dr Resende, Mr Varela, Ms Peterle, Ms Gava, Ms Mina, and Dr Quevedo); Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil (Dr Cararo); Translational Psychiatry Research Group and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil(Dr Carvalho); Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas (Dr Quevedo);Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and BehavioralSciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas (Dr Quevedo); Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas (Dr Quevedo)
| | - Roger B Varela
- Laboratory of Neuronal Signaling and Psychopharmacology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil (Dr Valvassori, Mr Dal-Pont, Dr Resende, Mr Varela, Ms Peterle, and Ms Gava); Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil (Dr Valvassori, Mr Dal-Pont, Dr Resende, Mr Varela, Ms Peterle, Ms Gava, Ms Mina, and Dr Quevedo); Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil (Dr Cararo); Translational Psychiatry Research Group and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil(Dr Carvalho); Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas (Dr Quevedo);Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and BehavioralSciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas (Dr Quevedo); Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas (Dr Quevedo)
| | - Bruna R Peterle
- Laboratory of Neuronal Signaling and Psychopharmacology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil (Dr Valvassori, Mr Dal-Pont, Dr Resende, Mr Varela, Ms Peterle, and Ms Gava); Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil (Dr Valvassori, Mr Dal-Pont, Dr Resende, Mr Varela, Ms Peterle, Ms Gava, Ms Mina, and Dr Quevedo); Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil (Dr Cararo); Translational Psychiatry Research Group and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil(Dr Carvalho); Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas (Dr Quevedo);Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and BehavioralSciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas (Dr Quevedo); Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas (Dr Quevedo)
| | - Fernanda F Gava
- Laboratory of Neuronal Signaling and Psychopharmacology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil (Dr Valvassori, Mr Dal-Pont, Dr Resende, Mr Varela, Ms Peterle, and Ms Gava); Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil (Dr Valvassori, Mr Dal-Pont, Dr Resende, Mr Varela, Ms Peterle, Ms Gava, Ms Mina, and Dr Quevedo); Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil (Dr Cararo); Translational Psychiatry Research Group and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil(Dr Carvalho); Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas (Dr Quevedo);Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and BehavioralSciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas (Dr Quevedo); Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas (Dr Quevedo)
| | - Francielle G Mina
- Laboratory of Neuronal Signaling and Psychopharmacology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil (Dr Valvassori, Mr Dal-Pont, Dr Resende, Mr Varela, Ms Peterle, and Ms Gava); Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil (Dr Valvassori, Mr Dal-Pont, Dr Resende, Mr Varela, Ms Peterle, Ms Gava, Ms Mina, and Dr Quevedo); Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil (Dr Cararo); Translational Psychiatry Research Group and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil(Dr Carvalho); Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas (Dr Quevedo);Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and BehavioralSciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas (Dr Quevedo); Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas (Dr Quevedo)
| | - José H Cararo
- Laboratory of Neuronal Signaling and Psychopharmacology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil (Dr Valvassori, Mr Dal-Pont, Dr Resende, Mr Varela, Ms Peterle, and Ms Gava); Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil (Dr Valvassori, Mr Dal-Pont, Dr Resende, Mr Varela, Ms Peterle, Ms Gava, Ms Mina, and Dr Quevedo); Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil (Dr Cararo); Translational Psychiatry Research Group and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil(Dr Carvalho); Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas (Dr Quevedo);Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and BehavioralSciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas (Dr Quevedo); Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas (Dr Quevedo)
| | - André F Carvalho
- Laboratory of Neuronal Signaling and Psychopharmacology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil (Dr Valvassori, Mr Dal-Pont, Dr Resende, Mr Varela, Ms Peterle, and Ms Gava); Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil (Dr Valvassori, Mr Dal-Pont, Dr Resende, Mr Varela, Ms Peterle, Ms Gava, Ms Mina, and Dr Quevedo); Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil (Dr Cararo); Translational Psychiatry Research Group and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil(Dr Carvalho); Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas (Dr Quevedo);Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and BehavioralSciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas (Dr Quevedo); Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas (Dr Quevedo)
| | - João Quevedo
- Laboratory of Neuronal Signaling and Psychopharmacology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil (Dr Valvassori, Mr Dal-Pont, Dr Resende, Mr Varela, Ms Peterle, and Ms Gava); Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil (Dr Valvassori, Mr Dal-Pont, Dr Resende, Mr Varela, Ms Peterle, Ms Gava, Ms Mina, and Dr Quevedo); Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil (Dr Cararo); Translational Psychiatry Research Group and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil(Dr Carvalho); Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas (Dr Quevedo);Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and BehavioralSciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas (Dr Quevedo); Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas (Dr Quevedo)
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10
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Mikelman S, Mardirossian N, Gnegy ME. Tamoxifen and amphetamine abuse: Are there therapeutic possibilities? J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 83-84:50-58. [PMID: 27585851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although best known as a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), tamoxifen is a drug with a wide range of activities. Tamoxifen has demonstrated some efficacy has a therapeutic for bipolar mania and is believed to exert these effects through inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC). As the symptoms of amphetamine treatment in rodents are believed to mimic the symptoms of a manic episode, many of the preclinical studies for this indication have demonstrated that tamoxifen inhibits amphetamine action. The amphetamine-induced increase in extracellular dopamine which gives rise to the 'manic' effects is due to interaction of amphetamine with the dopamine transporter. We and others have demonstrated that PKC reduces amphetamine-induced reverse transport through the dopamine transporter. In this review, we will outline the actions of tamoxifen as a SERM and further detail another known action of tamoxifen-inhibition of PKC. We will summarize the literature showing how tamoxifen affects amphetamine action. Finally, we will present our hypothesis that tamoxifen, or an analog, could be used therapeutically to reduce amphetamine abuse in addition to treating mania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mikelman
- Department of Pharmacology, 2220E MSRB III, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 28109-5632, United States
| | - Natalie Mardirossian
- Department of Pharmacology, 2220E MSRB III, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 28109-5632, United States
| | - Margaret E Gnegy
- Department of Pharmacology, 2220E MSRB III, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 28109-5632, United States.
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11
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Yildiz A, Aydin B, Gökmen N, Yurt A, Cohen B, Keskinoglu P, Öngür D, Renshaw P. Antimanic Treatment With Tamoxifen Affects Brain Chemistry: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2016; 1:125-131. [PMID: 27231722 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antimanic efficacy of a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, tamoxifen, has been tested in several clinical trials, all reporting positive results. However, mechanisms underlying the observed clinical effects requires further confirmation through studies of biological markers. METHODS We investigated the effect of tamoxifen versus placebo on brain metabolites via a proton (1H) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) study. Forty-eight adult bipolar I manic patients (mean Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) score of 37.8±5.8) were scanned at baseline and following 3 weeks of double-blind treatment. We hypothesized that manic symptom alleviation would improve the levels of markers associated with brain energy metabolism (creatine plus phosphocreatine [total creatine; tCr]) and neuronal viability (N-acetylaspartate [NAA]). RESULTS The YMRS scores decreased from 38.6±4.5 to 20.0±11.1 in the tamoxifen group and increased from 37.0±6.8 to 43.1±7.8 in the placebo group (p<0.001). 1H MRS measurements revealed a 5.5±13.8% increase in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) tCr levels in the tamoxifen group and a 5.3±13.1% decrease in tCr in the placebo group (p=0.027). A significant correlation between the YMRS score change and tCr percent change was observed in the whole group (Spearman ρ=0.341, p=0.029). Both tCr and NAA levels in the responder group were increased by 9.4±15.2% and 6.1±11.7%, whereas levels in the non-responder group were decreased by 2.1±13.2% and 6.5±10.5%, respectively (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Tamoxifen effectively treated mania while it also increased brain tCr levels, consistent with involvement of both excessive PKC activation and impaired brain energy metabolism in the development of bipolar mania. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Registry name: ClinicalTrials.gov URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00411203?term=NCT00411203&rank=1 Registration number: NCT00411203.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşegül Yildiz
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Burç Aydin
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Necati Gökmen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Yurt
- Department of Medical Physics, Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Bruce Cohen
- Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Program, Mclean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Pembe Keskinoglu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Dost Öngür
- Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Program, Mclean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Perry Renshaw
- Brain Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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12
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Lindberg D, Shan D, Ayers-Ringler J, Oliveros A, Benitez J, Prieto M, McCullumsmith R, Choi DS. Purinergic signaling and energy homeostasis in psychiatric disorders. Curr Mol Med 2016; 15:275-95. [PMID: 25950756 DOI: 10.2174/1566524015666150330163724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purinergic signaling regulates numerous vital biological processes in the central nervous system (CNS). The two principle purines, ATP and adenosine act as excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, respectively. Compared to other classical neurotransmitters, the role of purinergic signaling in psychiatric disorders is not well understood or appreciated. Because ATP exerts its main effect on energy homeostasis, neuronal function of ATP has been underestimated. Similarly, adenosine is primarily appreciated as a precursor of nucleotide synthesis during active cell growth and division. However, recent findings suggest that purinergic signaling may explain how neuronal activity is associated neuronal energy charge and energy homeostasis, especially in mental disorders. In this review, we provide an overview of the synaptic function of mitochondria and purines in neuromodulation, synaptic plasticity, and neuron-glia interactions. We summarize how mitochondrial and purinergic dysfunction contribute to mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), depression, and addiction. Finally, we discuss future implications regarding the pharmacological targeting of mitochondrial and purinergic function for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - D-S Choi
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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13
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Gogos A, van den Buuse M. Comparing the effects of 17β-oestradiol and the selective oestrogen receptor modulators, raloxifene and tamoxifen, on prepulse inhibition in female rats. Schizophr Res 2015; 168:634-9. [PMID: 25979306 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that oestrogen plays a protective role against the development and severity of schizophrenia. However, while oestrogen may be beneficial as a treatment in schizophrenia, its chronic use is associated with side-effects. Selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) may provide an alternative, however little is known about the mechanism underlying their effects in schizophrenia. METHODS We investigated the effect of raloxifene and tamoxifen on dopaminergic-induced disruptions of prepulse inhibition (PPI). PPI measures sensorimotor gating and PPI disruptions are considered an endophenotype for schizophrenia. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were either intact, ovariectomized (OVX), OVX and 17β-oestradiol-treated, OVX and raloxifene-treated (low or high dose), or OVX and tamoxifen-treated (low or high dose). RESULTS The dopamine D1/D2 receptor agonist, apomorphine (0, 0.1, 0.3 and 1mg/kg), caused the expected dose-dependent disruption in PPI in intact and OVX rats. This PPI disruption was prevented in OVX rats treated with 17β-oestradiol, a high dose of raloxifene or a high dose of tamoxifen. In untreated OVX rats, average PPI was 55% after saline and 34% after 1mg/kg apomorphine treatment, a reduction of 21%. However, oestradiol-treated and raloxifene-treated OVX rats showed only a 7% PPI reduction, and tamoxifen-treated OVX rats had a 4% PPI reduction caused by apomorphine treatment. Startle amplitude was not different between the groups. CONCLUSION The SERMs, raloxifene and tamoxifen, can prevent dopamine D1/D2 receptor-mediated disruptions of sensorimotor gating, similar to oestradiol. These data lend support for the use of SERMs as a treatment for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gogos
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Maarten van den Buuse
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
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14
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Queiroz AIG, de Araújo MM, da Silva Araújo T, de Souza GC, Cavalcante LM, de Jesus Souza Machado M, de Lucena DF, Quevedo J, Macêdo D. GBR 12909 administration as an animal model of bipolar mania: time course of behavioral, brain oxidative alterations and effect of mood stabilizing drugs. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:1207-15. [PMID: 26073232 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-015-9697-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the human dopamine transporter (DAT) are associated with bipolar endophenotype. Based on this, the acute inhibition of DAT using GBR12909 causes behavioral alterations that are prevented by valproate (VAL), being related to a mania-like model. Herein our first aim was to analyze behavioral and brain oxidative alterations during a 24 h period post-GBR12909 to better characterize this model. Our second aim was to determine the preventive effects of lithium (Li) or VAL 2 h post-GBR12909. For this, adult male mice received GBR12909 or saline being evaluated at 2, 4, 8, 12 or 24 h post-administration. Hyperlocomotion, levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation in brain areas were assessed at all these time-points. GBR12909 caused hyperlocomotion at 2 and 24 h. Rearing behavior increased only at 2 h. GSH levels decreased in the hippocampus and striatum at the time points of 2, 4, 8 and 12 h. Increased lipid peroxidation was detected at the time-points of 2 and 12 h in all brain areas studied. At the time-point of 2 h post-GBR12909 Li prevented the hyperlocomotion and rearing alterations, while VAL prevented only rearing alterations. Both drugs prevented pro-oxidative changes. In conclusion, we observed that the main behavioral and oxidative alterations took place at the time-period of 2 h post-GBR12909, what points to this time-period as the best for the assessment of alterations in this model. Furthermore, the present study expands the predictive validity of the model by the determination of the preventive effects of Li.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabelle G Queiroz
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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15
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Barbosa DJ, Capela JP, Feio-Azevedo R, Teixeira-Gomes A, Bastos MDL, Carvalho F. Mitochondria: key players in the neurotoxic effects of amphetamines. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1695-725. [PMID: 25743372 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1478-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Amphetamines are a class of psychotropic drugs with high abuse potential, as a result of their stimulant, euphoric, emphathogenic, entactogenic, and hallucinogenic properties. Although most amphetamines are synthetic drugs, of which methamphetamine, amphetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ("ecstasy") represent well-recognized examples, the use of natural related compounds, namely cathinone and ephedrine, has been part of the history of humankind for thousands of years. Resulting from their amphiphilic nature, these drugs can easily cross the blood-brain barrier and elicit their well-known psychotropic effects. In the field of amphetamines' research, there is a general consensus that mitochondrial-dependent pathways can provide a major understanding concerning pathological processes underlying the neurotoxicity of these drugs. These events include alterations on tricarboxylic acid cycle's enzymes functioning, inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport chain's complexes, perturbations of mitochondrial clearance mechanisms, interference with mitochondrial dynamics, as well as oxidative modifications in mitochondrial macromolecules. Additionally, other studies indicate that amphetamines-induced neuronal toxicity is closely regulated by B cell lymphoma 2 superfamily of proteins with consequent activation of caspase-mediated downstream cell death pathway. Understanding the molecular mechanisms at mitochondrial level involved in amphetamines' neurotoxicity can help in defining target pathways or molecules mediating these effects, as well as in developing putative therapeutic approaches to prevent or treat the acute- or long-lasting neuropsychiatric complications seen in human abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel José Barbosa
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal. .,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal.
| | - João Paulo Capela
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.,FP-ENAS (Unidade de Investigação UFP em energia, Ambiente e Saúde), CEBIMED (Centro de Estudos em Biomedicina), Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Rua 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Feio-Azevedo
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Armanda Teixeira-Gomes
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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16
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Valvassori SS, Bavaresco DV, Budni J, Bobsin TS, Gonçalves CL, de Freitas KV, Streck EL, Quevedo J. Effects of tamoxifen on tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes in the brain of rats submitted to an animal model of mania induced by amphetamine. Psychiatry Res 2014; 215:483-7. [PMID: 24359811 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The neurobiological basis of bipolar disorder (BD) remains unknown; nevertheless, mitochondrial dysfunction has been identified in this disorder. Inactivation of any step in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle can impair mitochondrial ATP production. There is recent evidence indicating that PKC is an important therapeutic target for bipolar disorder. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of tamoxifen (TMX--a PKC inhibitor) on the activities of enzymes in the TCA cycle of rat brains subjected to an animal model of mania induced by amphetamine. In the reversal treatment, Wistar rats were first treated with d-AMPH or saliratsne (Sal) for 14 days. Thereafter, between days 8 and 14, the rats were administered TMX or Sal. The citrate synthase, succinate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase were evaluated in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum. The d-AMPH administration inhibited TCA cycle enzymes activity in all analyzed structures, and TMX reversed d-AMPH-induced dysfunction. In addition, we observed a negative correlation between d-AMPH-induced hyperactivity and the activity of these enzymes in the rat's brain. These findings suggested that TCA cycle enzymes inhibition can be an important link for the mitochondrial dysfunction seen in BD, and TMX exert protective effects against the d-AMPH-induced TCA cycle enzymes dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira S Valvassori
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Daniela V Bavaresco
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Josiane Budni
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Tamara S Bobsin
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Cinara L Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Karolina V de Freitas
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Emilio L Streck
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
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Armani F, Andersen ML, Galduróz JCF. Tamoxifen use for the management of mania: a review of current preclinical evidence. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:639-49. [PMID: 24441937 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3397-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Preliminary data on the efficacy of tamoxifen in reducing manic symptoms of bipolar disorder (BD) suggest that this agent may be a potential treatment for the management of this psychiatric disorder. However, the antimanic properties of tamoxifen have not been fully elucidated, hampering the development and/or use of mood-stabilising drugs that may share its same therapeutic mechanisms of action. Notably, we may gain a greater understanding of the neurobiological and therapeutic properties of tamoxifen by using suitable animal models of mania. OBJECTIVES Here, we review the preclinical studies that have evaluated the effects of tamoxifen to provide an overview of the current progress in our understanding of its antimanic actions, highlighting the critical role of protein kinase C (PKC) as a therapeutic target for the treatment of BD. CONCLUSIONS To date, this field has struggled to make significant progress, and the organisation of an explicit battery of tests is a valuable tool for assessing a number of prominent facets of BD, which may provide a greater understanding of the entire scope of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Armani
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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18
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Fenproporex increases locomotor activity and alters energy metabolism, and mood stabilizers reverse these changes: a proposal for a new animal model of mania. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:877-92. [PMID: 24126971 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8566-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fenproporex (Fen) is converted in vivo into amphetamine, which is used to induce mania-like behaviors in animals. In the present study, we intend to present a new animal model of mania. In order to prove through face, construct, and predictive validities, we evaluated behavioral parameters (locomotor activity, stereotypy activity, and fecal boli amount) and brain energy metabolism (enzymes citrate synthase; malate dehydrogenase; succinate dehydrogenase; complexes I, II, II-III, and IV of the mitochondrial respiratory chain; and creatine kinase) in rats submitted to acute and chronic administration of fenproporex, treated with lithium (Li) and valproate (VPA). The administration of Fen increased locomotor activity and decreased the activity of Krebs cycle enzymes, mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes, and creatine kinase, in most brain structures evaluated. In addition, treatment with mood stabilizers prevented and reversed this effect. Our results are consistent with the literature that demonstrates behavioral changes and mitochondrial dysfunction caused by psychostimulants. These findings suggest that chronic administration of Fen may be a potential animal model of mania.
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Tonelli DA, Pereira M, Siba IP, Martynhak BJ, Correia D, Casarotto PC, Biojone C, Guimarães FS, Joca SL, Andreatini R. The antimanic-like effect of phenytoin and carbamazepine on methylphenidate-induced hyperlocomotion: role of voltage-gated sodium channels. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2013; 27:650-5. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denise A.G. Tonelli
- Division of Biological Sciences; Department of Pharmacology; Universidade Federal do Paraná; Centro Politécnico C.P. 19031 Curitiba Paraná 81540-990 Brazil
| | - Marcela Pereira
- Division of Biological Sciences; Department of Pharmacology; Universidade Federal do Paraná; Centro Politécnico C.P. 19031 Curitiba Paraná 81540-990 Brazil
| | - Isadora P. Siba
- Division of Biological Sciences; Department of Pharmacology; Universidade Federal do Paraná; Centro Politécnico C.P. 19031 Curitiba Paraná 81540-990 Brazil
| | - Bruno J. Martynhak
- Division of Biological Sciences; Department of Pharmacology; Universidade Federal do Paraná; Centro Politécnico C.P. 19031 Curitiba Paraná 81540-990 Brazil
| | - Diego Correia
- Division of Biological Sciences; Department of Pharmacology; Universidade Federal do Paraná; Centro Politécnico C.P. 19031 Curitiba Paraná 81540-990 Brazil
| | - Plínio C. Casarotto
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; Avenida Bandeirantes 3900 Ribeirão Preto São Paulo 14049-900 Brazil
| | - Caroline Biojone
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; Avenida Bandeirantes 3900 Ribeirão Preto São Paulo 14049-900 Brazil
| | - Francisco S. Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; Avenida Bandeirantes 3900 Ribeirão Preto São Paulo 14049-900 Brazil
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA); University of São Paulo; Avenida Bandeirantes 3900 Ribeirão Preto São Paulo 14049-900 Brazil
| | - Samia L.R. Joca
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA); University of São Paulo; Avenida Bandeirantes 3900 Ribeirão Preto São Paulo 14049-900 Brazil
- Laboratory of Psychopharmacology; Department of Physics and Chemistry; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; Avenida do Café s/n, Monte Alegre Ribeirão Preto São Paulo 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Roberto Andreatini
- Division of Biological Sciences; Department of Pharmacology; Universidade Federal do Paraná; Centro Politécnico C.P. 19031 Curitiba Paraná 81540-990 Brazil
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20
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Lorenzi C, Pirovano A, Bosia M. Research Highlights: Highlights from the latest research in mood disorder pharmacogenomics. Pharmacogenomics 2013; 14:127-8. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.12.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Lorenzi
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Milan, Italy
| | - Adele Pirovano
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Bosia
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Milan, Italy
- Institute for Advanced Study, IUSS, Center for Neurolinguistics & Theoretical Syntax (NeTS), Pavia, Italy
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21
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Cechinel-Recco K, Valvassori SS, Varela RB, Resende WR, Arent CO, Vitto MF, Luz G, de Souza CT, Quevedo J. Lithium and tamoxifen modulate cellular plasticity cascades in animal model of mania. J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26:1594-604. [PMID: 23076832 DOI: 10.1177/0269881112463124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lithium (Li) is the main mood stabilizer and acts on multiple biochemical targets, leading to neuronal plasticity. Several clinical studies have shown that tamoxifen (TMX) - a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor - has been effective in treating acute mania. The present study aims to evaluate the effects of TMX on biochemical targets of Li, such as glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), PKC, PKA, CREB, BDNF and NGF, in the brain of rats subjected to an animal model of mania induced by d-amphetamine (d-AMPH). Wistar rats were treated with d-AMPH (2mg/kg, once a day) or saline (Sal; NaCl 0.9%, w/v), Li (47.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.), twice a day) or TMX (1 mg/kg i.p., twice a day) or Sal in protocols of reversion and prevention treatment. Locomotor behavior was assessed using the open-field task, and protein levels were measured by immunoblot. Li and TMX reversed and prevented d-AMPH-induced hyperactivity. Western blot showed that d-AMPH significantly increased GSK-3 and PKC levels, and decreased pGSK-3, PKA, NGF, BDNF and CREB levels in the structures analyzed. Li and TMX were able to prevent and reverse these changes induced by d-AMPH in most structures evaluated. The present study demonstrated that the PKC inhibitor modulates the alterations in the behavior, neurotrophic and apoptosis pathway induced by d-AMPH, reinforcing the need for more studies of PKC as a possible target for treatment of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelen Cechinel-Recco
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute for Translational Medicine, and Center of Excellence in Applied Neurosciences of Santa Catarina, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Brazil
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22
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Feier G, Valvassori SS, Lopes-Borges J, Varela RB, Bavaresco DV, Scaini G, Morais MO, Andersen ML, Streck EL, Quevedo J. Behavioral changes and brain energy metabolism dysfunction in rats treated with methamphetamine or dextroamphetamine. Neurosci Lett 2012; 530:75-9. [PMID: 23022501 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated that AMPHs produce long-term damage to the brain dopaminergic, serotoninergic and glutamatergic regions. Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus and striatum appear to be involved in the toxicity and behavioral changes induced by AMPHs. A single dose of AMPH causes mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in rat brain. The goal of the present study was thus to investigate the potency of two amphetamines, dextroamphetamine (d-AMPH) and methamphetamine (m-AMPH), on the behavior and energetic dysfunction in the brain of rats. d-AMPH and m-AMPH increased the crossing and rearing behaviors. The numbers of visits to the center were increased by d-AMPH and m-AMPH only at 2mg/kg. Likewise, at a high dose (2 mg/kg), the injection of m-AMPH increased the amount of sniffing. The AMPHs significantly decreased the activities of Krebs cycle enzymes (citrate synthase and succinate dehydrogenase) and mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes (I-IV); nevertheless, this effect varied depending on the brain region evaluated. In summary, this study demonstrated that at high doses, m-AMPH, increased stereotyped (sniffing) behavior in rats, but d-AMPH did not. However, this study shows that d-AMPH and m-AMPH seem to have similar effects on the brains energetic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Feier
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM) and Center of Excellence in Applied Neurosciences of Santa Catarina (NENASC), Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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23
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Pereira M, Martynhak BJ, Baretta IP, Correia D, Siba IP, Andreatini R. Antimanic-like effect of tamoxifen is not reproduced by acute or chronic administration of medroxyprogesterone or clomiphene. Neurosci Lett 2011; 500:95-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Yao L, Zhang Y, Li Y, Sanseau P, Agarwal P. Electronic health records: Implications for drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:594-9. [PMID: 21624499 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Electronic health records (EHRs) have increased in popularity in many countries. Pushed by legal mandates, EHR systems have seen substantial progress recently, including increasing adoption of standards, improved medical vocabularies and enhancements in technical infrastructure for data sharing across healthcare providers. Although the progress is directly beneficial to patient care in a hospital or clinical setting, it can also aid drug discovery. In this article, we review three specific applications of EHRs in a drug discovery context: finding novel relationships between diseases, re-evaluating drug usage and discovering phenotype-genotype associations. We believe that in the near future EHR systems and related databases will impact significantly how we discover and develop safe and efficacious medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Yao
- Computational Biology, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
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