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Oliveira AL, Medeiros ML, Gomes EDT, Mello GC, Costa SKP, Mónica FZ, Antunes E. TRPA1 channel mediates methylglyoxal-induced mouse bladder dysfunction. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1308077. [PMID: 38143915 PMCID: PMC10739337 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1308077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 channel (TRPA1) is expressed in urothelial cells and bladder nerve endings. Hyperglycemia in diabetic individuals induces accumulation of the highly reactive dicarbonyl compound methylglyoxal (MGO), which modulates TRPA1 activity. Long-term oral intake of MGO causes mouse bladder dysfunction. We hypothesized that TRPA1 takes part in the machinery that leads to MGO-induced bladder dysfunction. Therefore, we evaluated TRPA1 expression in the bladder and the effects of 1 h-intravesical infusion of the selective TRPA1 blocker HC-030031 (1 nmol/min) on MGO-induced cystometric alterations. Methods: Five-week-old female C57BL/6 mice received 0.5% MGO in their drinking water for 12 weeks, whereas control mice received tap water alone. Results: Compared to the control group, the protein levels and immunostaining for the MGO-derived hydroimidazolone isomer MG-H1 was increased in bladders of the MGO group, as observed in urothelium and detrusor smooth muscle. TRPA1 protein expression was significantly higher in bladder tissues of MGO compared to control group with TRPA1 immunostaining both lamina propria and urothelium, but not the detrusor smooth muscle. Void spot assays in conscious mice revealed an overactive bladder phenotype in MGO-treated mice characterized by increased number of voids and reduced volume per void. Filling cystometry in anaesthetized animals revealed an increased voiding frequency, reduced bladder capacity, and reduced voided volume in MGO compared to vehicle group, which were all reversed by HC-030031 infusion. Conclusion: TRPA1 activation is implicated in MGO-induced mouse overactive bladder. TRPA1 blockers may be useful to treat diabetic bladder dysfunction in individuals with high MGO levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akila L. Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus L. Medeiros
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Soraia Katia Pereira Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Z. Mónica
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edson Antunes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Dong CR, Zhang WJ, Luo HL. Association between P2X3 receptors and neuropathic pain: As a potential therapeutic target for therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:113029. [PMID: 35489283 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a common clinical symptom of various diseases, and it seriously affects the physical and mental health of patients. Owing to the complex pathological mechanism of neuropathic pain, clinical treatment of pain is challenging. Therefore, there is growing interest among researchers to explore potential therapeutic strategies for neuropathic pain. A large number of studies have shown that development of neuropathic pain is related to nerve conduction and related signaling molecules. P2X3 receptors (P2X3R) are ATP-dependent ion channels that participate in the transmission of neural information and related signaling pathways, sensitize the central nervous system, and play a key role in the development of neuropathic pain. In this paper, we summarized the structure and biological characteristics of the P2X3R gene and discussed the role of P2X3R in the nervous system. Moreover, we outlined the related pathological mechanisms of pain and described the relationship between P2X3R and chronic pain to provide valuable information for development of novel treatment strategies for pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Rong Dong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 343000, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 343000, China.
| | - Hong-Liang Luo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 343000, China
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3
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Zhu C, Liu N, Tian M, Ma L, Yang J, Lan X, Ma H, Niu J, Yu J. Effects of alkaloids on peripheral neuropathic pain: a review. Chin Med 2020; 15:106. [PMID: 33024448 PMCID: PMC7532100 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00387-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a debilitating pathological pain condition with a great therapeutic challenge in clinical practice. Currently used analgesics produce deleterious side effects. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate alternative medicines for neuropathic pain. Chinese herbal medicines have been widely used in treating intractable pain. Compelling evidence revealed that the bioactive alkaloids of Chinese herbal medicines stand out in developing novel drugs for neuropathic pain due to multiple targets and satisfactory efficacy. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the research of analgesic effects of 20 alkaloids components for peripheral neuropathic pain and highlight the potential underlying molecular mechanisms. We also point out the opportunities and challenges of the current studies and shed light on further in-depth pharmacological and toxicological studies of these bioactive alkaloids. In conclusion, the alkaloids hold broad prospects and have the potentials to be novel drugs for treating neuropathic pain. This review provides a theoretical basis for further applying some alkaloids in clinical trials and developing new drugs of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia China.,Ningxia Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Characteristic Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, No. 692 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia China
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia China
| | - Lin Ma
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia China
| | - Jiamei Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia China.,Ningxia Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Characteristic Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, No. 692 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia China
| | - Xiaobing Lan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia China.,Ningxia Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Characteristic Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, No. 692 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia China
| | - Hanxiang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, No. 804 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750004 Ningxia China
| | - Jianguo Niu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia China
| | - Jianqiang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia China.,Ningxia Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Characteristic Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, No. 692 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia China
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4
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P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors activation induces articular hyperalgesia by an indirect sensitization of the primary afferent nociceptor in the rats' knee joint. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 879:173054. [PMID: 32145326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that endogenous adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), via P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors, plays an essential role in carrageenan-induced articular hyperalgesia model in rats' knee joint. In the present study, we used the rat knee joint incapacitation test, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), and myeloperoxidase enzyme activity assay, to test the hypothesis that the activation of P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors by their agonist induces articular hyperalgesia mediated by the inflammatory mediators bradykinin, prostaglandin, sympathomimetic amines, pro-inflammatory cytokines and by neutrophil migration. We also tested the hypothesis that the activation of P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors contributes to the articular hyperalgesia induced by the inflammatory mediators belonging to carrageenan inflammatory cascade. The non-selective P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors agonist αβ-meATP induced a dose-dependent articular hyperalgesia, which was significantly reduced by the selective antagonists for P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors (A-317491), bradykinin B1- (DALBK) or B2-receptors (bradyzide), β1-(atenolol) or β2-adrenoceptors (ICI-118,551), by the pre-treatment with cyclooxygenase inhibitor (indomethacin) or with the nonspecific selectin inhibitor (Fucoidan). αβ-meATP induced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, and CINC-1, as well as the neutrophil migration. Moreover, the co-administration of A-317491 significantly reduced the articular hyperalgesia induced by bradykinin, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and dopamine. These findings suggest that peripheral P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors activation induces articular hyperalgesia by an indirect sensitization of the primary afferent nociceptor of rats' knee joint through the release of inflammatory mediators. Further, they also indicate that the activation of these purinergic receptors by endogenous ATP mediates the bradykinin-, PGE2-, and dopamine-induced articular hyperalgesia.
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He YQ, Lang XQ, Lin L, Ji L, Yuan XY, Chen Q, Ran YM, Chen HS, Li L, Wang JM, Wang ZG, Gregersen H, Zou DW, Liang HP, Yang M. P2X3 receptor-mediated visceral hyperalgesia and neuronal sensitization following exposure to PTSD-like stress in the dorsal root ganglia of rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29. [PMID: 27781340 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often share co-morbidity with chronic pain conditions. Recent studies suggest a role of P2X3 receptors and ATP signaling in pain conditions. However, the underlying mechanisms of visceral hyperalgesia following exposure to PTSD-like stress conditions remain unclarified. METHODS The behavior and hormones relevant for PTSD were studied. Visceromotor responses (VMR) and the abdominal withdrawal reflexes (AWR) to colorectal distention (CRD) were recorded to determine P2X3-receptor-mediated alteration of hyperalgesia following single-prolonged stress (SPS) exposure. Immunofluorescence, Western blotting, and patch-clamp were used. KEY RESULTS The escape latency, adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol were increased on days 7-14. Visceromotor responses and AWR was reduced at day 1 in SPS rats but increased to higher levels than in controls after exposure to day 7. Intrathecal administration of the P2X3-receptor antagonist TNP-ATP abolished the CRD response. Based on immunofluorescence and Western blotting analysis, SPS-treated rats exhibited reduced P2X3 expression in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) after day 1 compared with controls. P2X3 expression in DRG was enhanced on day 7 after SPS and the increase of the P2X3 expression was maintained on day 14 and 21 compared with controls. The P2X3-receptor agonist α,β-me ATP (10 μM) induced a fast desensitizing inward current in DRG neurons of both control and SPS-treated rats. The average peak current densities in SPS-treated group were increased 3.6-fold. TNP-ATP (100 nM) markedly blocked all fast α,β-me ATP-induced inward currents in the DRG neurons both in control and SPS-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES The data indicate an important role of P2X3 signaling in visceral hyperalgesia following PTSD-like stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-Q He
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - X-Q Lang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - L Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - L Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - X-Y Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Ninth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Y-M Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - H-S Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - L Li
- Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - J-M Wang
- Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Z-G Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - H Gregersen
- GIOME and the Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - D-W Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - H-P Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - M Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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6
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The effect of sinomenine in diabetic neuropathic pain mediated by the P2X 3 receptor in dorsal root ganglia. Purinergic Signal 2017; 13:227-235. [PMID: 28054206 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-016-9554-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accounts for more than 90% of all cases of diabetes mellitus (DM). Diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) is a common complication of T2DM. Sinomenine is a natural bioactive component extracted from the Sinomenium acutum and has anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of sinomenine on DNP mediated by the P2X3 receptor in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). The mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) in T2DM rats were lower than those of control rats. MWT and TWL in T2DM rats treated with sinomenine were higher compared with those in T2DM rats. The expression levels of the P2X3 protein and mRNA in T2DM rat DRG were higher compared with those of the control, while those in T2DM rats treated with sinomenine were significantly lower compared with those of the T2DM rats. Sinomenine significantly inhibited P2X3 agonist ATP-activated currents in HEK293 cells transfected with the P2X3 receptor. Sinomenine decreased the phosphorylation and activation of P38MAPK in T2DM DRG. Therefore, sinomenine treatment may suppress the up-regulated expression and activation of the P2X3 receptor and relieve the hyperalgesia potentiated by the activation of P38MAPK in T2DM rats.
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7
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Zhu Y, Wang S, Long H, Zhu J, Jian F, Ye N, Lai W. Effect of static magnetic field on pain level and expression of P2X3 receptors in the trigeminal ganglion in mice following experimental tooth movement. Bioelectromagnetics 2016; 38:22-30. [PMID: 27770441 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yafen Zhu
- Department of Orthodontics; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Shengguo Wang
- Department of Stomatology; Second Affiliated Hospital; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Hu Long
- Department of Orthodontics; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Jingyi Zhu
- Department of Orthodontics; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Fan Jian
- Department of Orthodontics; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Niansong Ye
- Department of Orthodontics; Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Wenli Lai
- Department of Orthodontics; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
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8
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Pinheiro FDV, Villarinho JG, Silva CR, Oliveira SM, Pinheiro KDV, Petri D, Rossato MF, Guerra GP, Trevisan G, Antonello Rubin M, Geppetti P, Ferreira J, André E. The involvement of the TRPA1 receptor in a mouse model of sympathetically maintained neuropathic pain. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 747:105-13. [PMID: 25498793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sympathetic fibres maintain some forms of neuropathic pain, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Therefore, this study investigated the possible involvement of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) and the role of the sympathetic nervous system (involved in sympathetically maintained neuropathic pain) in a model of neuropathic pain induced by sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI) in mice. Systemic injection of the selective TRPA1 antagonist HC-030031 reversed the mechanical and cold allodynia that was induced by sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI). Nerve injury also sensitised mice to nociception, which was induced by the intraplantar injection of a low dose of the TRPA1 agonist allyl isothiocyanate without changing TRPA1 immunoreactivity in the injected paw. Furthermore, chemical sympathectomy produced by guanethidine largely prevented CCI-induced mechanical and cold allodynia. CCI also induced a norepinephrine-triggered nociception that was inhibited by an α-adrenoceptor antagonist, norepinephrine transporter block and monoamine oxidase inhibition. Finally, the peripheral injection of HC-030031 also largely reduced CCI-induced norepinephrine nociception and mechanical or cold allodynia. Taken together, the present findings reveal a critical role of TRPA1 in mechanical and cold hypersensitivity and norepinephrine hypersensitivity following nerve injury. Finally, our results suggest that TRPA1 antagonism may be useful to treat patients who present sympathetically maintained neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francielle de Vargas Pinheiro
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Jardel Gomes Villarinho
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Cássia Regina Silva
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sara Marchesan Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Kelly de Vargas Pinheiro
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Delia Petri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mateus Fortes Rossato
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Petri Guerra
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Trevisan
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of the Extreme South of Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Maribel Antonello Rubin
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Pierangelo Geppetti
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Juliano Ferreira
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina,Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Eunice André
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Changshui X, Bo FSY, Shuangmei L, Huangui X, Yun GGL, Hong X, Xiaoli T, Qicheng Z, Chaoran Z, Bing W, Lichao P, Miaomiao S, Qin W, Shangdong L. Puerarin inhibits acute nociceptive responses via the P2X3 receptor in rat dorsal root ganglia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.5897/ajpp2013.3977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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