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Leite Junior JB, de Mello Bastos JM, Dias FRC, Samuels RI, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. A partial habituation method to test for anterograde and retrograde amnestic treatment effects: Evidence that antagonism of the NMDA receptor can induce anterograde but not retrograde amnestic effects. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 404:110072. [PMID: 38307259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2024.110072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A progressive decrease in spontaneous locomotion with repeated exposure to a novel environment has been assessed using both within and between-session measures. While both are well-established and reliable measurements, neither are useful alone as methods to concurrently assess treatment effects on acquisition and retention of habituation. NEW METHOD We report a behavioral method that measures habituation by combining the within and between measurements of locomotion. We used a 30 min session divided into 6 five min blocks. In the first novel environment session activity was maximal in the first 5 min block but was reduced to a low level by the sixth block, indicative of within-session habituation. Using 8 daily sessions, we showed that this terminal block low level of activity progressed incrementally to the first block to achieve complete habituation. RESULTS/COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Within-session activity across sessions was used to identify different stages of between session habituation. It was then possible to assess drug treatment effects from partial to complete habituation, so that treatment effects on retention of the previously acquired partial habituation, expressed as a reversion to an earlier within session habituation pattern (retrograde amnesia assessment), as well as the effects on new learning by the failure in subsequent sessions to acquire complete between-session habituation (anterograde amnesia assessment). CONCLUSIONS The use of spontaneous motor activity to assess learning and memory effects provides the opportunity to assess direct treatment effects on behavior and motor activity in contrast to many learning and memory models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Barbosa Leite Junior
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - João Marcos de Mello Bastos
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flávia Regina Cruz Dias
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - Richard Ian Samuels
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Robert J Carey
- Department of Psychiatry SUNY Upstate Medical University, 800 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Marinete Pinheiro Carrera
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil.
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Context evoked morphine conditioned effects can be equivalent to morphine induced drug effects in terms of behavioral response and ERK activation in reward associated subcortical brain structures. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 214:173356. [PMID: 35181379 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Conditioned drug cues can evoke brief drug-like responses. In this report we show that using brief test sessions, contextual cues can induce conditioned hyperlocomotion and ERK responses equivalent to morphine induced responses. To assess acute unconditioned effects, rats that received morphine (MOR-1) or vehicle (VEH-1), were immediately placed onto an arena for a 5-min locomotion recording session after which ERK was measured in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc). There were no differences in locomotion between the groups. However, the MOR-1 group had strong ERK activation in VTA and NAc. To assess MOR-conditioned effects, a chronic phase was carried out according to a Pavlovian conditioning protocol. There were two MOR paired groups (MORP), one MOR unpaired (MOR-UP) group and two VEH groups. The treatments were administered over 5 daily five minute test sessions. The final conditioning test was on day 6, in which one of the MOR-P groups and one of the VEH groups received VEH (MOR-P/VEH-6 and VEH/VEH-6, respectively). The other MOR-P group and VEH group received MOR (MOR-P/MOR; VEH/MOR-6, respectively). The MOR-UP group received VEH (MOR-UP/VEH-6). Rats received the treatments immediately prior to a 5-min arena test, and after the session ERK was measured. No morphine induced locomotor stimulation was observed on day 1 but on days 2 to 5, hyperlocomotion in both MOR-P groups occurred. On test day 6, the MOR-P/VEH-6 and the MOR-P/MOR-6 groups had comparable locomotor stimulant responses and similar ERK activity in the VTA and NAc. The MOR-UP group did not differ from the VEH group. We suggest that ERK activation evoked by acute morphine served as a Pavlovian unconditioned stimulus to enable the contextual cues to acquire morphine conditioned stimulus properties and increase the incentive value of the contextual cues.
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Ferreira JS, Leite Junior JB, de Mello Bastos JM, Samuels RI, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. A new method to study learning and memory using spontaneous locomotor activity in an open-field arena. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 366:109429. [PMID: 34852253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced locomotion with repeated exposure to a novel environment is often used as a measure of the basic adaptive learning process of habituation. While this is a well-established and reliable measure of habituation, it is not useful for the investigation of neurobiological changes before and after habituation because of the uncontrolled differential activity levels in a novel versus habituated environment. In this study we report a behavioral method that uses spontaneous locomotion to measure habituation, in which the total spontaneous locomotion in an initially novel environment does not change with repeated testing but, the ratio of central to peripheral activity does change and is indicative of habituation. The test sessions are brief (5 min) and the locomotion is measured in 2 separate zones. The peripheral zone comprises 8/9 of the test arena and the central zone 1/9 of the arena. RESULTS/COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS In contrast to methods that use between-session reductions in locomotion to assess habituation, this method employs brief test sessions in which overall activity between sessions does not change, but the distribution of locomotion in the periphery versus the central zone of the arena does change. The brevity of the test session also enables us to utilize post-trial drug treatment protocols to impact memory consolidation. CONCLUSIONS The progressive change in the central/peripheral activity ratio with repeated testing can be determined independently of total activity and provides a habituation acquisition function that permits the measurement of neurobiological changes without the complication of effects related to changes in locomotor activity per se. The present report also presents evidence that this method can be used with post-trial drug treatment protocols to study the learning and memory effects of the post-trial treatments without the use of explicit rewards and punishments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaise Silva Ferreira
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - Joaquim Barbosa Leite Junior
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - João Marcos de Mello Bastos
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - Richard Ian Samuels
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Robert J Carey
- Department of Psychiatry SUNY Upstate Medical University, 800 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Marinete Pinheiro Carrera
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil.
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Nicola C, Dubois M, Campart C, Al Sagheer T, Desrues L, Schapman D, Galas L, Lange M, Joly F, Castel H. The Prostate Cancer Therapy Enzalutamide Compared with Abiraterone Acetate/Prednisone Impacts Motivation for Exploration, Spatial Learning and Alters Dopaminergic Transmission in Aged Castrated Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143518. [PMID: 34298734 PMCID: PMC8304001 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cognitive side effects and fatigue after cancer treatment now constitute a major challenge in oncology. Abiraterone acetate plus prednisone (AAP) and enzalutamide (ENZ) are next-generation therapies improving metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patient survival, but also associated with neurological disturbances. We developed a behavioral 17 months-aged and castrated mouse model receiving AAP or ENZ for 5 days per week for six weeks. We establish that ENZ impacts locomotor and explorative behaviors, and strength capacity likely by preventing binding of central synthetized androgens to androgen receptors expressed by dopamine neurons of the Substantia Nigra and the Ventral Tegmentum. ENZ also reduces the cognitive score, associated with less neuronal activity in dorsal hippocampal areas. This demonstrates ENZ-specific consequences on motivation to exploration and cognition, being of particular importance for future management of elderly prostate cancer patients and their quality of life. Abstract Cognitive side effects after cancer treatment threatening quality of life (QoL) constitute a major challenge in oncology. Abiraterone acetate plus prednisone (AAP) and enzalutamide (ENZ) are examples of next-generation therapy (NGT) administered to metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients. NGT significantly improved mCRPC overall survival but neurological side effects such as fatigue and cognitive impairment were reported. We developed a behavioral 17 months-aged and castrated mouse model receiving per os AAP or ENZ for 5 days per week for six consecutive weeks. ENZ exposure reduced spontaneous activity and exploratory behavior associated with a decreased tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-dopaminergic activity in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the ventral tegmental area. A decrease in TH+-DA afferent fibers and Phospho-DARPP32-related dopaminergic neuronal activities in the striatum and the ventral hippocampus highlighted ENZ-induced dopaminergic regulation within the nigrostriatal and mesolimbocortical pathways. ENZ and AAP treatments did not substantially modify spatial learning and memory performances, but ENZ led to a thygmotaxis behavior impacting the cognitive score, and reduced c-fos-related activity of NeuN+-neurons in the dorsal hippocampus. The consequences of the mCRPC treatment ENZ on aged castrated mouse motivation to exploration and cognition should make reconsider management strategy of elderly prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Nicola
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239 DC2N, 76000 Rouen, France; (C.N.); (M.D.); (C.C.); (T.A.S.); (L.D.)
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), 76000 Rouen, France; (D.S.); (L.G.)
- Cancer and Cognition Platform, Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, 14000 Caen, France; (M.L.); (F.J.)
| | - Martine Dubois
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239 DC2N, 76000 Rouen, France; (C.N.); (M.D.); (C.C.); (T.A.S.); (L.D.)
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), 76000 Rouen, France; (D.S.); (L.G.)
- Cancer and Cognition Platform, Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, 14000 Caen, France; (M.L.); (F.J.)
| | - Cynthia Campart
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239 DC2N, 76000 Rouen, France; (C.N.); (M.D.); (C.C.); (T.A.S.); (L.D.)
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), 76000 Rouen, France; (D.S.); (L.G.)
- Cancer and Cognition Platform, Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, 14000 Caen, France; (M.L.); (F.J.)
| | - Tareq Al Sagheer
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239 DC2N, 76000 Rouen, France; (C.N.); (M.D.); (C.C.); (T.A.S.); (L.D.)
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), 76000 Rouen, France; (D.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Laurence Desrues
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239 DC2N, 76000 Rouen, France; (C.N.); (M.D.); (C.C.); (T.A.S.); (L.D.)
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), 76000 Rouen, France; (D.S.); (L.G.)
- Cancer and Cognition Platform, Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, 14000 Caen, France; (M.L.); (F.J.)
| | - Damien Schapman
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), 76000 Rouen, France; (D.S.); (L.G.)
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, PRIMACEN, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Ludovic Galas
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), 76000 Rouen, France; (D.S.); (L.G.)
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, PRIMACEN, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Marie Lange
- Cancer and Cognition Platform, Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, 14000 Caen, France; (M.L.); (F.J.)
- Centre François Baclesse, Clinical Research Department, 14000 Caen, France
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1086 ANTICIPE, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Florence Joly
- Cancer and Cognition Platform, Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, 14000 Caen, France; (M.L.); (F.J.)
- Centre François Baclesse, Clinical Research Department, 14000 Caen, France
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1086 ANTICIPE, 14000 Caen, France
- University Hospital of Caen, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Hélène Castel
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239 DC2N, 76000 Rouen, France; (C.N.); (M.D.); (C.C.); (T.A.S.); (L.D.)
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), 76000 Rouen, France; (D.S.); (L.G.)
- Cancer and Cognition Platform, Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, 14000 Caen, France; (M.L.); (F.J.)
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, DC2N, Team Astrocyte and Vascular Niche, Place Emile Blondel, CEDEX, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2-35-14-66-23
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Cárcel L, De la Casa LG. Temporal Factors Modulate Haloperidol-Induced Conditioned Catalepsy. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:713512. [PMID: 34276319 PMCID: PMC8283013 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.713512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated pairings of a neutral context and the effects of haloperidol give rise to conditioned catalepsy when the context is subsequently presented in a drug-free test. In order to confirm whether this response is based on Pavlovian processes, we conducted two experiments involving two manipulations that affect conditioning intensity in classical conditioning procedures: time of joint exposure to the conditioned and the unconditioned stimulus, and the length of the inter-stimulus interval (ISI). The results revealed that both an increase in the length of context-drug pairings during conditioning and a reduced ISI between drug administration and context exposure increased conditioned catalepsy. These results are discussed in terms of the temporal peculiarities of those procedures that involve drugs as the unconditioned stimulus along with the role of Pavlovian conditioning in context-dependent catalepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Cárcel
- Laboratory of Animal Behavior and Neuroscience, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Luis G De la Casa
- Laboratory of Animal Behavior and Neuroscience, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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De la Casa LG, Cárcel L, Marias M, Ruiz-Salas JC. Haloperidol-based conditioned increase in locomotor activity is disrupted by latent inhibition and extended interstimulus interval. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 198:173036. [PMID: 32891708 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous research have shown that repeated administration of 0.5 mg/kg of haloperidol in a given context gives rise to an increase in activity when spontaneous locomotor activity is recorded in a drug-free test conducted in such context. In order to confirm whether this type of response is based on processes of a Pavlovian nature, we conducted two experiments involving two manipulations that disrupt conditioning in typical classical conditioning procedures: preexposure of the to-be-conditioned stimulus (latent inhibition), and an increase in the length of the inter-stimulus interval. The results revealed that both manipulations were effective in reducing the conditioned increase of the locomotor response. This kind of conditioning can be explained in terms of the differential effects of low vs. high doses of haloperidol, and the temporal dynamics of conditioned response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucía Cárcel
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Mélanie Marias
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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Ferreira JS, de Mello Bastos JM, Leite Junior JB, Samuels RI, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. Morphine administered post-trial induces potent morphine conditioned effects if the context is novel but not if the context is familiar. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 196:172978. [PMID: 32593788 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Morphine administered shortly after exposure to a novel environment induces potent locomotor stimulant conditioning. Environmental novelty is important as pre-exposure (PE) to a stimulus can attenuate the capacity to acquire conditioned stimulus (CS). Here, the importance of environmental novelty for the efficacy of an open-field to become a CS for elicitation of a morphine conditioned response was assessed by comparing the effects of morphine administered post-trial following a 5 min exposure to a novel environment versus a PE environment. Four groups of rats (2 vehicle and 2 morphine groups) were used. Two groups received ten daily 5 min non-drug PEs to an open-field arena and the other two groups were not pre-exposed to the environment. Subsequently, all groups received post-trial injections of either vehicle or morphine immediately after each of five daily 5 min sessions in the open-field. Importantly, on the first day of testing prior to the first post-test morphine administration, the locomotor activity of the novel and PE groups was not different. Over the 5 post-trial morphine treatments, the activity of the PE morphine group, the PE vehicle and the novel environment vehicle groups did not change and were equivalent. In contrast, in the novel environment morphine group, a conditioned hyper-activity response increased with repeated post-trial morphine treatments. For the morphine group it is suggested that the novel environment initiated a post-trial stimulus trace that occurred in temporal contiguity with the post-trial drug response and enabled the trace to become a CS for the morphine unconditioned response. In contrast, PE induced a latent inhibition effect in the PE morphine group, thus the post-trial CS trace was insufficient to become associated to the morphine response and no conditioning occurred. In addition to conventional drug induced Pavlovian delay conditioning, the findings are suggestive of drug induced Pavlovian trace conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaise Silva Ferreira
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - João Marcos de Mello Bastos
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - Joaquim Barbosa Leite Junior
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - Richard Ian Samuels
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Robert J Carey
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 800 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Marinete Pinheiro Carrera
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil.
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Medial prefrontal cortex ERK and conditioning: Evidence for the association of increased medial prefrontal cortex ERK with the presence/absence of apomorphine conditioned behavior using a unique post-trial conditioning/extinction protocol. Behav Brain Res 2019; 365:56-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Oliveira LRD, Santos BGD, de Mello Bastos JM, Samuels RI, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. Morphine administered post-trial can induce potent conditioned morphine effects. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 179:134-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Reversal of morphine conditioned behavior by an anti-dopaminergic post-trial drug treatment during re-consolidation. Behav Brain Res 2019; 359:771-782. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Santos BG, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. Repeated pre-trial and post-trial low and high dose apomorphine treatments induce comparable inhibitory/excitatory sensitization and conditioned drug effects. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 175:108-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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De la Casa LG, Cárcel L, Ruiz-Salas JC, Vicente L, Mena A. Conditioned increase of locomotor activity induced by haloperidol. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200178. [PMID: 30281607 PMCID: PMC6169844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine antagonist drugs have profound effects on locomotor activity. In particular, the administration of the D2 antagonist haloperidol produces a state that is similar to catalepsy. In order to confirm whether the modulation of the dopaminergic activity produced by haloperidol can act as an unconditioned stimulus, we carried out two experiments in which the administration of haloperidol was repeatedly paired with the presence of distinctive contextual cues that served as a Conditioned Stimulus. Paradoxically, the results revealed a dose-dependent increase in locomotor activity following conditioning with dopamine antagonist (Experiments 1) that was susceptible of extinction when the conditioned stimulus was presented repeatedly by itself after conditioning (Experiment 2). These data are interpreted from an associative perspective, considering them as a result of a classical conditioning process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucía Cárcel
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Lucía Vicente
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Auxiliadora Mena
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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