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Lázaro-Muñoz G, Pham MT, Muñoz KA, Kostick-Quenet K, Sanchez CE, Torgerson L, Robinson J, Pereira S, Outram S, Koenig BA, Starr PA, Gunduz A, Foote KD, Okun MS, Goodman W, McGuire AL, Zuk P. Post-trial access in implanted neural device research: Device maintenance, abandonment, and cost. Brain Stimul 2022; 15:1029-1036. [PMID: 35926784 PMCID: PMC9588741 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2022.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical trial participants who benefit from experimental neural devices for the treatment of debilitating and otherwise treatment-resistant conditions are generally not ensured continued access to effective therapy or maintenance of devices at the conclusion of trials. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS Post-trial obligations have been extensively examined in the context of drug trials, but there has been little empirical examination of stakeholder perspectives regarding these obligations in the rapidly growing field of neural device research. METHODS This study examined the perspectives of 44 stakeholders (i.e., 23 researchers and 21 patient-participants) involved in implantable neural device trials. RESULTS Researchers were concerned about current post-trial management, identified barriers like cost, and suggested ways to improve the system. Many patient-participants were unaware of whether they would have post-trial access, but most thought they should keep devices if beneficial, and agreed with researchers that more should be done to help them keep and maintain these neural devices. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first in-depth examination of researcher perspectives regarding continued access to experimental neural devices and only the second such examination of patient-participant perspectives. These data can help inform future ethical and policy decisions about post-trial access to implantable neurotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Lázaro-Muñoz
- Center for Bioethics, Harvard Medical School, 641 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, United States.
| | - Michelle T Pham
- Center for Bioethcis and Social Justice, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Fee Hall 965 Wilson Road Rm A-126, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States
| | - Katrina A Muñoz
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Suite 326D, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Kristin Kostick-Quenet
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Suite 326D, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Clarissa E Sanchez
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Suite 326D, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Laura Torgerson
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Suite 326D, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Jill Robinson
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Suite 326D, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Stacey Pereira
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Suite 326D, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Simon Outram
- Program in Bioethics, University of California, 490 Illinois Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, United States
| | - Barbara A Koenig
- Program in Bioethics, University of California, 490 Illinois Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, United States
| | - Philip A Starr
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, United States
| | - Aysegul Gunduz
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Florida, 3009 SW Williston Road, Gainesville, FL, 32608, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Biomedical Science Building, JG56, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
| | - Kelly D Foote
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Florida, 3009 SW Williston Road, Gainesville, FL, 32608, United States
| | - Michael S Okun
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Florida, 3009 SW Williston Road, Gainesville, FL, 32608, United States
| | - Wayne Goodman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, 1977 Butler Blvd Suite E4.100, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Amy L McGuire
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Suite 326D, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Peter Zuk
- Center for Bioethics, Harvard Medical School, 641 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, United States
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Ferreira JS, de Mello Bastos JM, Leite Junior JB, Samuels RI, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. Morphine administered post-trial induces potent morphine conditioned effects if the context is novel but not if the context is familiar. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 196:172978. [PMID: 32593788 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Morphine administered shortly after exposure to a novel environment induces potent locomotor stimulant conditioning. Environmental novelty is important as pre-exposure (PE) to a stimulus can attenuate the capacity to acquire conditioned stimulus (CS). Here, the importance of environmental novelty for the efficacy of an open-field to become a CS for elicitation of a morphine conditioned response was assessed by comparing the effects of morphine administered post-trial following a 5 min exposure to a novel environment versus a PE environment. Four groups of rats (2 vehicle and 2 morphine groups) were used. Two groups received ten daily 5 min non-drug PEs to an open-field arena and the other two groups were not pre-exposed to the environment. Subsequently, all groups received post-trial injections of either vehicle or morphine immediately after each of five daily 5 min sessions in the open-field. Importantly, on the first day of testing prior to the first post-test morphine administration, the locomotor activity of the novel and PE groups was not different. Over the 5 post-trial morphine treatments, the activity of the PE morphine group, the PE vehicle and the novel environment vehicle groups did not change and were equivalent. In contrast, in the novel environment morphine group, a conditioned hyper-activity response increased with repeated post-trial morphine treatments. For the morphine group it is suggested that the novel environment initiated a post-trial stimulus trace that occurred in temporal contiguity with the post-trial drug response and enabled the trace to become a CS for the morphine unconditioned response. In contrast, PE induced a latent inhibition effect in the PE morphine group, thus the post-trial CS trace was insufficient to become associated to the morphine response and no conditioning occurred. In addition to conventional drug induced Pavlovian delay conditioning, the findings are suggestive of drug induced Pavlovian trace conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaise Silva Ferreira
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - João Marcos de Mello Bastos
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - Joaquim Barbosa Leite Junior
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - Richard Ian Samuels
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Robert J Carey
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 800 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Marinete Pinheiro Carrera
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil.
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Llewellyn-Bennett R, Edwards D, Roberts N, Hainsworth AH, Bulbulia R, Bowman L. Post-trial follow-up methodology in large randomised controlled trials: a systematic review. Trials 2018; 19:298. [PMID: 29843774 PMCID: PMC5975470 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2653-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Randomised controlled clinical trials typically have a relatively brief in-trial follow-up period which can underestimate safety signals and fail to detect long-term hazards, which may take years to appear. Extended follow-up after the scheduled closure of the trial allows detection of both persistent or enhanced beneficial effects following cessation of study treatment (i.e. a legacy effect) and the emergence of possible adverse effects (e.g. development of cancer). Methods A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines to qualitatively compare post-trial follow-up methods used in large randomised controlled trials. Five bibliographic databases, including Medline and the Cochrane Library, and one trial registry were searched. All large randomised controlled trials (more than 1000 adult participants) published from March 2006 to April 2017 were evaluated. Two reviewers screened and extracted data attaining > 95% concordance of papers checked. Assessment of bias in the trials was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Results Fifty-seven thousand three hundred and fifty-two papers were identified and 65 trials which had post-trial follow-up (PTFU) were included in the analysis. The majority of trials used more than one type of follow-up. There was no evidence of an association between the retention rates of participants in the PTFU period and the type of follow-up used. Costs of PTFU varied widely with data linkage being the most economical. It was not possible to assess associations between risk of bias during the in-trial period and proportions lost to follow-up during the PTFU period. Discussion Data captured during the post-trial follow-up period can add scientific value to a trial. However, there are logistical and financial barriers to overcome. Where available, data linkage via electronic registries and records is a cost-effective method which can provide data on a range of endpoints. Systematic review registration Not applicable for PROSPERO registration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13063-018-2653-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Llewellyn-Bennett
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, Clinical Trial Service Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK.
| | - Danielle Edwards
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, Clinical Trial Service Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Nia Roberts
- Bodleian Health Care Libraries, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Atticus H Hainsworth
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Richard Bulbulia
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Louise Bowman
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Santos BG, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. The acquisition, extinction and spontaneous recovery of Pavlovian drug conditioning induced by post-trial dopaminergic stimulation/inhibition. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 156:24-29. [PMID: 28392213 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In contextual drug conditioning, the onset of the drug treatment is contiguous with the contextual cues. Evidence suggests that drug conditioning also can occur if there is a discontinuity between the onset of the drug effect and offset of the contextual cues. Here we examine whether post-trial contextual drug conditioning conforms to several Pavlovian conditioning tenets namely: acquisition, extinction and spontaneous recovery. Six groups of rats received apomorphine (0.05 or 2.0mg/kg) and vehicle immediately or after a 15min delay following a 5min non-drug exposure to an open-field during three successive days (conditioning phase). The extinction phase occurred on days 4-8, in which all post-trial treatments were vehicle injections. After 2days of non-testing, the final test was performed. The results showed that on the first test day, the activity levels of the 6 groups were statistically equivalent. On test day 2, there were marked differences in activity levels selectively between the two immediate post-trial apomorphine treatment groups. The immediate low dose apomorphine group displayed a reduction in activity and the immediate high dose group an increase in activity relative to their day 1 levels. The activity levels of both vehicle groups and both apomorphine delay groups remained equivalent to their day 1 activity levels. On test day 3, the differences in activity levels between the two immediate post-trial apomorphine groups increased but the activity levels of the vehicle groups and the 15min delay post-trial apomorphine groups remained unchanged. In the extinction phase, the conditioned activity differences between the two immediate post-trial apomorphine groups were gradually eliminated. During the final test, the activity differences between the immediate post-trial apomorphine groups were partially restored, indicative of spontaneous recovery. These findings are consistent with several basic elements of Pavlovian conditioning and are supportive of drug induced trace conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breno Garone Santos
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Morphology and Pathology Animal Health, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-600, RJ, Brazil
| | - Robert J Carey
- Research and Development (151), VA Medical Center and SUNY Upstate Medical University, 800 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Marinete Pinheiro Carrera
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Morphology and Pathology Animal Health, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-600, RJ, Brazil.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical trials typically have a relatively short follow-up period, and may both underestimate potential benefits of treatments investigated, and fail to detect hazards, which can take much longer to emerge. Prolonged follow-up of trial participants after the end of the scheduled trial period can provide important information on both efficacy and safety outcomes. This protocol describes a systematic review to qualitatively compare methods of post-trial follow-up used in large randomized controlled trials. METHODS/DESIGN A systematic search of electronic databases and clinical trial registries will use a predefined search strategy. All large (more than 1000 adult participants) randomized controlled trials will be evaluated. Two reviewers will screen and extract data according to this protocol with the aim of 95% concordance of papers checked and discrepancies will be resolved by a third reviewer. Trial methods, participant retention rates and prevalence of missing data will be recorded and compared. The potential for bias will be evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool (applied to the methods used during the in-trial period) with the aim of investigating whether the quality of the post-trial follow-up methodology might be predicted by the quality of the methods used for the original trial. DISCUSSION Post-trial follow-up can provide valuable information about the long-term benefits and hazards of medical interventions. However, it can be logistically challenging and costly. The aim of this systematic review is to describe how trial participants have been followed-up post-trial in order to inform future post-trial follow-up designs. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION Not applicable for PROSPERO registration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Llewellyn-Bennett
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LF UK
| | - Louise Bowman
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LF UK
| | - Richard Bulbulia
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LF UK
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Oliveira LR, Dias FRC, Santos BG, Silva JLL, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. Post-trial dopaminergic modulation of conditioned catalepsy: A single apomorphine induced increase/decrease in dopaminergic activation immediately following a conditioned catalepsy response can reverse/enhance a haloperidol conditioned and sensitized catalepsy response. Behav Brain Res 2016; 311:87-98. [PMID: 27173428 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Haloperidol can induce catalepsy and this drug effect can be conditioned as well as sensitized to contextual cues. We used a paired/unpaired Pavlovian conditioning protocol to establish haloperidol catalepsy conditioned and sensitized responses. Groups of rats were given 10 daily catalepsy tests following administration of vehicle (n=24) or haloperidol (1.0mg/kg) either paired (n=18) or unpaired (n=18) to testing. Subsequently, testing for conditioning was conducted and conditioning and sensitization of catalepsy were observed selectively in the paired group. Immediately following a second test for catalepsy conditioning, the groups were subdivided into 4 vehicle groups, 3 unpaired haloperidol groups and 3 paired haloperidol groups and were given one of three post-trial treatments (vehicle, 0.05mg/kg or 2.0mg/kg apomorphine). One day later the conditioned catalepsy test 3 was carried out and on the next day, a haloperidol challenge test was performed. The post-trial apomorphine treatments had major effects on the paired groups upon both conditioning and the haloperidol challenge test. The low dose apomorphine post-trial treatment enhanced both the conditioned and the haloperidol sensitized catalepsy responses. The high dose apomorphine post-trial treatment eliminated conditioned catalepsy and eliminated the initial acute catalepsy response to haloperidol that was induced in the vehicle control groups. These results demonstrate the sensitivity of conditioned drug cues to modification by increases/decreases in activity of the dopamine system in the immediate post-trial interval after a conditioning trial. This demonstration that post-trial dopaminergic drug treatments can modify conditioned drug behavior has broad implications for conditioned drug effects.
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