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Bittencourt CB, Carvalho da Silva TL, Rodrigues Neto JC, Leão AP, de Aquino Ribeiro JA, Maia ADHN, de Sousa CAF, Quirino BF, Souza Júnior MT. Molecular Interplay between Non-Host Resistance, Pathogens and Basal Immunity as a Background for Fatal Yellowing in Oil Palm ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12918. [PMID: 37629099 PMCID: PMC10454536 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
An oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) bud rod disorder of unknown etiology, named Fatal Yellowing (FY) disease, is regarded as one of the top constraints with respect to the growth of the palm oil industry in Brazil. FY etiology has been a challenge embraced by several research groups in plant pathology throughout the last 50 years in Brazil, with no success in completing Koch's postulates. Most recently, the hypothesis of having an abiotic stressor as the initial cause of FY has gained ground, and oxygen deficiency (hypoxia) damaging the root system has become a candidate for stress. Here, a comprehensive, large-scale, single- and multi-omics integration analysis of the metabolome and transcriptome profiles on the leaves of oil palm plants contrasting in terms of FY symptomatology-asymptomatic and symptomatic-and collected in two distinct seasons-dry and rainy-is reported. The changes observed in the physicochemical attributes of the soil and the chemical attributes and metabolome profiles of the leaves did not allow the discrimination of plants which were asymptomatic or symptomatic for this disease, not even in the rainy season, when the soil became waterlogged. However, the multi-omics integration analysis of enzymes and metabolites differentially expressed in asymptomatic and/or symptomatic plants in the rainy season compared to the dry season allowed the identification of the metabolic pathways most affected by the changes in the environment, opening an opportunity for additional characterization of the role of hypoxia in FY symptom intensification. Finally, the initial analysis of a set of 56 proteins/genes differentially expressed in symptomatic plants compared to the asymptomatic ones, independent of the season, has presented pieces of evidence suggesting that breaks in the non-host resistance to non-adapted pathogens and the basal immunity to adapted pathogens, caused by the anaerobic conditions experienced by the plants, might be linked to the onset of this disease. This set of genes might offer the opportunity to develop biomarkers for selecting oil palm plants resistant to this disease and to help pave the way to employing strategies to keep the safety barriers raised and strong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleiton Barroso Bittencourt
- Graduate Program of Plant Biotechnology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37203-202, MG, Brazil; (C.B.B.); (T.L.C.d.S.)
| | | | - Jorge Cândido Rodrigues Neto
- The Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Agroenergy, Brasília 70770-901, DF, Brazil; (J.C.R.N.); (A.P.L.); (J.A.d.A.R.); (B.F.Q.)
| | - André Pereira Leão
- The Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Agroenergy, Brasília 70770-901, DF, Brazil; (J.C.R.N.); (A.P.L.); (J.A.d.A.R.); (B.F.Q.)
| | - José Antônio de Aquino Ribeiro
- The Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Agroenergy, Brasília 70770-901, DF, Brazil; (J.C.R.N.); (A.P.L.); (J.A.d.A.R.); (B.F.Q.)
| | | | | | - Betania Ferraz Quirino
- The Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Agroenergy, Brasília 70770-901, DF, Brazil; (J.C.R.N.); (A.P.L.); (J.A.d.A.R.); (B.F.Q.)
| | - Manoel Teixeira Souza Júnior
- Graduate Program of Plant Biotechnology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37203-202, MG, Brazil; (C.B.B.); (T.L.C.d.S.)
- The Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Agroenergy, Brasília 70770-901, DF, Brazil; (J.C.R.N.); (A.P.L.); (J.A.d.A.R.); (B.F.Q.)
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Meile L, Garrido-Arandia M, Bernasconi Z, Peter J, Schneller A, Bernasconi A, Alassimone J, McDonald BA, Sánchez-Vallet A. Natural variation in Avr3D1 from Zymoseptoria sp. contributes to quantitative gene-for-gene resistance and to host specificity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:1562-1577. [PMID: 36529883 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Successful host colonization by plant pathogens requires the circumvention of host defense responses, frequently through sequence modifications in secreted pathogen proteins known as avirulence factors (Avrs). Although Avr sequences are often polymorphic, the contribution of these polymorphisms to virulence diversity in natural pathogen populations remains largely unexplored. We used molecular genetic tools to determine how natural sequence polymorphisms of the avirulence factor Avr3D1 in the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici contributed to adaptive changes in virulence. We showed that there is a continuous distribution in the magnitude of resistance triggered by different Avr3D1 isoforms and demonstrated that natural variation in an Avr gene can lead to a quantitative resistance phenotype. We further showed that homologues of Avr3D1 in two nonpathogenic sister species of Z. tritici are recognized by some wheat cultivars, suggesting that Avr-R gene-for-gene interactions can contribute to nonhost resistance. We suggest that the mechanisms underlying host range, qualitative resistance, and quantitative resistance are not exclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Meile
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Garrido-Arandia
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Zoe Bernasconi
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Jules Peter
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Alissa Schneller
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Alessio Bernasconi
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Julien Alassimone
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Bruce A McDonald
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Sánchez-Vallet
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Wu Y, Sexton W, Yang B, Xiao S. Genetic approaches to dissect plant nonhost resistance mechanisms. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:272-283. [PMID: 36617319 PMCID: PMC9923397 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nonhost resistance (NHR) refers to the immunity of most tested genotypes of a plant species to most tested variants of a pathogen species. Thus, NHR is broad spectrum and durable in nature and constitutes a major safety barrier against invasion of a myriad of potentially pathogenic microbes in any plants including domesticated crops. Genetic study of NHR is generally more difficult compared to host resistance mainly because NHR is genetically more complicated and often lacks intraspecific polymorphisms. Nevertheless, substantial progress has been made towards the understanding of the molecular basis of NHR in the past two decades using various approaches. Not surprisingly, molecular mechanisms of NHR revealed so far encompasses pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity. In this review, we briefly discuss the inherent difficulty in genetic studies of NHR and summarize the main approaches that have been taken to identify genes contributing to NHR. We also discuss new enabling strategies for dissecting multilayered NHR in model plants with a focus on NHR against filamentous pathogens, especially biotrophic pathogens such as powdery mildew and rust fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology ResearchUniversity of Maryland College ParkRockvilleMarylandUSA
| | - William Sexton
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology ResearchUniversity of Maryland College ParkRockvilleMarylandUSA
| | - Bing Yang
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, Bond Life Sciences CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science CenterSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology ResearchUniversity of Maryland College ParkRockvilleMarylandUSA
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape ArchitectureUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA
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Chen CY, Wu ZC, Liu TY, Yu SS, Tsai JN, Tsai YC, Tsai IJ, Chung CL. Investigation of Asymptomatic Infection of Phellinus noxius in Herbaceous Plants. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:460-469. [PMID: 36256954 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-22-0281-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The white-rot fungus Phellinus noxius is known to cause brown root rot disease (BRRD) in woody trees and shrubs. To understand the pathogenicity of P. noxius in herbaceous plants, we investigated 23 herbaceous weed and turfgrass species in 32 BRRD-infested sites in Taiwan and/or tested them by artificial inoculation. In the field survey, P. noxius was isolated from seven symptomless herbaceous species (i.e., Typhonium blumei, Paspalum conjugatum, Paspalum distichum, Oplismenus compositus, Bidens pilosa, Digitaria ciliaris, and Zoysia matrella). Potted plant inoculation assays suggested that P. noxius is able to infect Artemisia princeps, O. compositus, and Z. matrella but not Axonopus compressus, Eremochloa ophiuroides, Ophiopogon japonicus, or Cynodon dactylon. A. princeps plants wilted within 2 weeks postinoculation, but inoculated O. compositus and Z. matrella were asymptomatic, and P. noxius could be isolated from only inoculated sites. The colonization of P. noxius in the cortex and vascular cylinder of roots was visualized by paraffin sectioning and trypan blue staining of juvenile seedlings grown on water agar. To evaluate the effect of replantation for the remediation of BRRD-infested sites, P. noxius-inoculated wood strips were buried in soil with or without vegetation. After 4 weeks, P. noxius could be detected only in the bare soil group. For the control of BRRD, the herbaceous hosts should be removed around the diseased trees/stumps and non-host turfgrasses (e.g., A. compressus, E. ophiuroides, O. japonicus, or C. dactylon) planted to accelerate the degradation of P. noxius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Chen
- Master Program for Plant Medicine, National Taiwan University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 106319, Taiwan
| | - Zong-Chi Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 106319, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Yen Liu
- Division of Forest Protection, Taiwan Forest Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taiwan No. 53, Nanhai Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei City 100051, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Shiuan Yu
- Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taiwan No. 189, Zhongzheng Rd., Wufeng Dist., Taichung City 413008, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Nong Tsai
- Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taiwan No. 189, Zhongzheng Rd., Wufeng Dist., Taichung City 413008, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chang Tsai
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 106319, Taiwan
| | - Isheng J Tsai
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd., Taipei City 115201, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Chung
- Master Program for Plant Medicine, National Taiwan University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 106319, Taiwan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 106319, Taiwan
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Nissan N, Mimee B, Cober ER, Golshani A, Smith M, Samanfar B. A Broad Review of Soybean Research on the Ongoing Race to Overcome Soybean Cyst Nematode. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:211. [PMID: 35205078 PMCID: PMC8869295 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plant pathogens greatly impact food security of the ever-growing human population. Breeding resistant crops is one of the most sustainable strategies to overcome the negative effects of these biotic stressors. In order to efficiently breed for resistant plants, the specific plant-pathogen interactions should be understood. Soybean is a short-day legume that is a staple in human food and animal feed due to its high nutritional content. Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is a major soybean stressor infecting soybean worldwide including in China, Brazil, Argentina, USA and Canada. There are many Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) conferring resistance to SCN that have been identified; however, only two are widely used: rhg1 and Rhg4. Overuse of cultivars containing these QTLs/genes can lead to SCN resistance breakdown, necessitating the use of additional strategies. In this manuscript, a literature review is conducted on research related to soybean resistance to SCN. The main goal is to provide a current understanding of the mechanisms of SCN resistance and list the areas of research that could be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Nissan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4X2, Canada; (N.N.); (E.R.C.)
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (A.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Benjamin Mimee
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 7B5, Canada;
| | - Elroy R. Cober
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4X2, Canada; (N.N.); (E.R.C.)
| | - Ashkan Golshani
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (A.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Myron Smith
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (A.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Bahram Samanfar
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4X2, Canada; (N.N.); (E.R.C.)
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (A.G.); (M.S.)
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Kambakam S, Ngaki MN, Sahu BB, Kandel DR, Singh P, Sumit R, Swaminathan S, Muliyar-Krishna R, Bhattacharyya MK. Arabidopsis non-host resistance PSS30 gene enhances broad-spectrum disease resistance in the soybean cultivar Williams 82. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:1432-1446. [PMID: 34171147 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Non-host resistance (NHR), which protects all members of a plant species from non-adapted or non-host plant pathogens, is the most common form of plant immunity. NHR provides the most durable and robust form of broad-spectrum immunity against non-adaptive pathogens pathogenic to other crop species. In a mutant screen for loss of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) NHR against the soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) pathogen Phytophthora sojae, the Phytophthora sojae-susceptible 30 (pss30) mutant was identified. The pss30 mutant is also susceptible to the soybean pathogen Fusarium virguliforme. PSS30 encodes a folate transporter, AtFOLT1, which was previously localized to chloroplasts and implicated in the transport of folate from the cytosol to plastids. We show that two Arabidopsis folate biosynthesis mutants with reduced folate levels exhibit a loss of non-host immunity against P. sojae. As compared to the wild-type Col-0 ecotype, the steady-state folate levels are reduced in the pss1, atfolt1 and two folate biosynthesis mutants, suggesting that folate is required for non-host immunity. Overexpression of AtFOLT1 enhances immunity of transgenic soybean lines against two serious soybean pathogens, the fungal pathogen F. virguliforme and the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) Heterodera glycines. Transgenic lines showing enhanced SCN resistance also showed increased levels of folate accumulation. This study thus suggests that folate contributes to non-host plant immunity and that overexpression of a non-host resistance gene could be a suitable strategy for generating broad-spectrum disease resistance in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekhar Kambakam
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011, USA
| | | | - Binod B Sahu
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011, USA
| | - Devi R Kandel
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011, USA
| | - Prashant Singh
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011, USA
| | - Rishi Sumit
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011, USA
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Lerner N, Luizzi V, Antonovics J, Bruns E, Hood ME. Resistance Correlations Influence Infection by Foreign Pathogens. Am Nat 2021; 198:206-218. [PMID: 34260867 PMCID: PMC8283004 DOI: 10.1086/715013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AbstractReciprocal selection promotes the specificity of host-pathogen associations and resistance polymorphisms in response to disease. However, plants and animals also vary in response to pathogen species not previously encountered in nature, with potential effects on new disease emergence. Using anther smut disease, we show that resistance (measured as infection rates) to foreign pathogens can be correlated with standing variation in resistance to an endemic pathogen. In Silene vulgaris, genetic variation in resistance to its endemic anther smut pathogen correlated positively with resistance variation to an anther smut pathogen from another host, but the relationship was negative between anther smut and a necrotrophic pathogen. We present models describing the genetic basis for assessing resistance relationships between endemic and foreign pathogens and for quantifying infection probabilities on foreign pathogen introduction. We show that even when the foreign pathogen has a lower average infection ability than the endemic pathogen, infection outcomes are determined by the sign and strength of the regression of the host's genetic variation in infection rates by a foreign pathogen on variation in infection rates by an endemic pathogen as well as by resistance allele frequencies. Given that preinvasion equilibria of resistance are determined by factors including resistance costs, we show that protection against foreign pathogens afforded by positively correlated resistances can be lessened or even result in elevated infection risk at the population level, depending on local dynamics. Therefore, a pathogen's emergence potential could be influenced not only by its average infection rate but also by resistance variation resulting from prior selection imposed by endemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Lerner
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
| | - Victoria Luizzi
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
| | - Janis Antonovics
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - Emily Bruns
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Michael E. Hood
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
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Gupta N, Reddy K, Bhattacharyya D, Chakraborty✉ S. Plant responses to geminivirus infection: guardians of the plant immunity. Virol J 2021; 18:143. [PMID: 34243802 PMCID: PMC8268416 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Geminiviruses are circular, single-stranded viruses responsible for enormous crop loss worldwide. Rapid expansion of geminivirus diversity outweighs the continuous effort to control its spread. Geminiviruses channelize the host cell machinery in their favour by manipulating the gene expression, cell signalling, protein turnover, and metabolic reprogramming of plants. As a response to viral infection, plants have evolved to deploy various strategies to subvert the virus invasion and reinstate cellular homeostasis. MAIN BODY Numerous reports exploring various aspects of plant-geminivirus interaction portray the subtlety and flexibility of the host-pathogen dynamics. To leverage this pool of knowledge towards raising antiviral resistance in host plants, a comprehensive account of plant's defence response against geminiviruses is required. This review discusses the current knowledge of plant's antiviral responses exerted to geminivirus in the light of resistance mechanisms and the innate genetic factors contributing to the defence. We have revisited the defence pathways involving transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene silencing, ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation pathway, protein kinase signalling cascades, autophagy, and hypersensitive responses. In addition, geminivirus-induced phytohormonal fluctuations, the subsequent alterations in primary and secondary metabolites, and their impact on pathogenesis along with the recent advancements of CRISPR-Cas9 technique in generating the geminivirus resistance in plants have been discussed. CONCLUSIONS Considering the rapid development in the field of plant-virus interaction, this review provides a timely and comprehensive account of molecular nuances that define the course of geminivirus infection and can be exploited in generating virus-resistant plants to control global agricultural damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Gupta
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Kishorekumar Reddy
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Dhriti Bhattacharyya
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty✉
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
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Photoperiod Following Inoculation of Arabidopsis with Pyricularia oryzae (syn. Magnaporthe oryzae) Influences on the Plant-Pathogen Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22095004. [PMID: 34066846 PMCID: PMC8125946 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In plant–pathogen interactions, a proper light environment affects the establishment of defense responses in plants. In our previous experiments, we found that nonhost resistance (NHR) to Pyricularia oryzae Cav. in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. (Arabidopsis), in diurnal conditions, varies with the inoculation time. Moreover, we indicated that the circadian clock plays an important role in regulating time-of-day differences in NHR to P. oryzae in Arabidopsis. However, the involvement of photoperiod in regulating NHR was still not understood. To determine the photoperiod role, we performed the experiments in continuous light and darkness during the early Arabidopsis–P. oryzae interaction. We found that the light period after the inoculation in the evening enhanced the resistance to penetration. However, the dark period after the inoculation in the morning suppressed the penetration resistance. Furthermore, the genetic analysis indicated that jasmonic acid, reactive oxygen species, and tryptophan-derived metabolite(s) contribute to the photoperiod regulation of NHR in Arabidopsis. The present results denote that photoperiod plays an important role in regulating time-of-day differences in NHR to P. oryzae in Arabidopsis.
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Pidon H, Wendler N, Habekuβ A, Maasberg A, Ruge-Wehling B, Perovic D, Ordon F, Stein N. High-resolution mapping of Rym14 Hb, a wild relative resistance gene to barley yellow mosaic disease. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:823-833. [PMID: 33263784 PMCID: PMC7925471 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-020-03733-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We mapped the Rym14Hb resistance locus to barley yellow mosaic disease in a 2Mbp interval. The co-segregating markers will be instrumental for marker-assisted selection in barley breeding. Barley yellow mosaic disease is caused by Barley yellow mosaic virus and Barley mild mosaic virus and leads to severe yield losses in barley (Hordeum vulgare) in Central Europe and East-Asia. Several resistance loci are used in barley breeding. However, cases of resistance-breaking viral strains are known, raising concerns about the durability of those genes. Rym14Hb is a dominant major resistance gene on chromosome 6HS, originating from barley's secondary genepool wild relative Hordeum bulbosum. As such, the resistance mechanism may represent a case of non-host resistance, which could enhance its durability. A susceptible barley variety and a resistant H. bulbosum introgression line were crossed to produce a large F2 mapping population (n = 7500), to compensate for a ten-fold reduction in recombination rate compared to intraspecific barley crosses. After high-throughput genotyping, the Rym14Hb locus was assigned to a 2Mbp telomeric interval on chromosome 6HS. The co-segregating markers developed in this study can be used for marker-assisted introgression of this locus into barley elite germplasm with a minimum of linkage drag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Pidon
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstr. 3, 06466, Seeland, Germany.
| | - Neele Wendler
- KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA, Grimsehlstr. 31, 37574, Einbeck, Germany
| | - Antje Habekuβ
- Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Erwin-Baur-Straße 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Anja Maasberg
- KWS LOCHOW GMBH, Ferdinand-von-Lochow-Straße 5, 29303, Bergen, Germany
| | - Brigitte Ruge-Wehling
- Institute for Breeding Research On Agricultural Crops, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Groß Lüsewitz, Rudolf-Schick-Platz 3a, 18190, Sanitz, Germany
| | - Dragan Perovic
- Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Erwin-Baur-Straße 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Frank Ordon
- Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Erwin-Baur-Straße 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Nils Stein
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstr. 3, 06466, Seeland, Germany.
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Georg-August University, Von Siebold Straße 8, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
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11
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Ludwig N, Reissmann S, Schipper K, Gonzalez C, Assmann D, Glatter T, Moretti M, Ma LS, Rexer KH, Snetselaar K, Kahmann R. A cell surface-exposed protein complex with an essential virulence function in Ustilago maydis. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:722-730. [PMID: 33941900 PMCID: PMC8159752 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00896-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic fungi colonizing living plant tissue secrete a cocktail of effector proteins to suppress plant immunity and reprogramme host cells. Although many of these effectors function inside host cells, delivery systems used by pathogenic bacteria to translocate effectors into host cells have not been detected in fungi. Here, we show that five unrelated effectors and two membrane proteins from Ustilago maydis, a biotrophic fungus causing smut disease in corn, form a stable protein complex. All seven genes appear co-regulated and are only expressed during colonization. Single mutants arrest in the epidermal layer, fail to suppress host defence responses and fail to induce non-host resistance, two reactions that likely depend on translocated effectors. The complex is anchored in the fungal membrane, protrudes into host cells and likely contacts channel-forming plant plasma membrane proteins. Constitutive expression of all seven complex members resulted in a surface-exposed form in cultured U. maydis cells. As orthologues of the complex-forming proteins are conserved in smut fungi, the complex may become an interesting fungicide target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Ludwig
- grid.419554.80000 0004 0491 8361Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Reissmann
- grid.419554.80000 0004 0491 8361Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schipper
- grid.419554.80000 0004 0491 8361Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany ,grid.411327.20000 0001 2176 9917Present Address: Institut für Mikrobiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carla Gonzalez
- grid.419554.80000 0004 0491 8361Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Assmann
- grid.419554.80000 0004 0491 8361Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Timo Glatter
- grid.419554.80000 0004 0491 8361Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marino Moretti
- grid.419554.80000 0004 0491 8361Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lay-Sun Ma
- grid.419554.80000 0004 0491 8361Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany ,grid.28665.3f0000 0001 2287 1366Present Address: Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Karl-Heinz Rexer
- grid.10253.350000 0004 1936 9756Department of Evolutionary Ecology of Plants, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Karen Snetselaar
- grid.262952.80000 0001 0699 5924Department of Biology, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Regine Kahmann
- grid.419554.80000 0004 0491 8361Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
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12
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Ramu VS, Dawane A, Lee S, Oh S, Lee H, Sun L, Senthil‐Kumar M, Mysore KS. Ribosomal protein QM/RPL10 positively regulates defence and protein translation mechanisms during nonhost disease resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1481-1494. [PMID: 32964634 PMCID: PMC7548997 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomes play an integral part in plant growth, development, and defence responses. We report here the role of ribosomal protein large (RPL) subunit QM/RPL10 in nonhost disease resistance. The RPL10-silenced Nicotiana benthamiana plants showed compromised disease resistance against nonhost pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato T1. The RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that many genes involved in defence and protein translation mechanisms were differentially affected due to silencing of NbRPL10. Arabidopsis AtRPL10 RNAi and rpl10 mutant lines showed compromised nonhost disease resistance to P. syringae pv. tomato T1 and P. syringae pv. tabaci. Overexpression of AtRPL10A in Arabidopsis resulted in reduced susceptibility against host pathogen P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000. RPL10 interacts with the RNA recognition motif protein and ribosomal proteins RPL30, RPL23, and RPS30 in the yeast two-hybrid assay. Silencing or mutants of genes encoding these RPL10-interacting proteins in N. benthamiana or Arabidopsis, respectively, also showed compromised disease resistance to nonhost pathogens. These results suggest that QM/RPL10 positively regulates the defence and translation-associated genes during nonhost pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vemanna S. Ramu
- Noble Research Institute, LLC.ArdmoreOklahomaUSA
- Labortory of Plant Functional GenomicsRegional Centre for BiotechnologyFaridabadIndia
| | - Akashata Dawane
- Labortory of Plant Functional GenomicsRegional Centre for BiotechnologyFaridabadIndia
| | - Seonghee Lee
- Noble Research Institute, LLC.ArdmoreOklahomaUSA
- Present address:
Gulf Coast Research and Education CenterInstitute of Food and Agricultural ScienceUniversity of FloridaWimaumaFloridaUSA
| | - Sunhee Oh
- Noble Research Institute, LLC.ArdmoreOklahomaUSA
| | | | - Liang Sun
- Noble Research Institute, LLC.ArdmoreOklahomaUSA
| | - Muthappa Senthil‐Kumar
- Noble Research Institute, LLC.ArdmoreOklahomaUSA
- Present address:
National Institute of Plant Genome ResearchNew DelhiIndia
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13
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Panstruga R, Moscou MJ. What is the Molecular Basis of Nonhost Resistance? MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:1253-1264. [PMID: 32808862 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-20-0161-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of the Top 10 Unanswered Questions in MPMI invited review series.Nonhost resistance is typically considered the ability of a plant species to repel all attempts of a pathogen species to colonize it and reproduce on it. Based on this common definition, nonhost resistance is presumed to be very durable and, thus, of great interest for its potential use in agriculture. Despite considerable research efforts, the molecular basis of this type of plant immunity remains nebulous. We here stress the fact that "nonhost resistance" is a phenomenological rather than a mechanistic concept that comprises more facets than typically considered. We further argue that nonhost resistance essentially relies on the very same genes and pathways as other types of plant immunity, of which some may act as bottlenecks for particular pathogens on a given plant species or under certain conditions. Thus, in our view, the frequently used term "nonhost genes" is misleading and should be avoided. Depending on the plant-pathogen combination, nonhost resistance may involve the recognition of pathogen effectors by host immune sensor proteins, which might give rise to host shifts or host range expansions due to evolutionary-conditioned gains and losses in respective armories. Thus, the extent of nonhost resistance also defines pathogen host ranges. In some instances, immune-related genes can be transferred across plant species to boost defense, resulting in augmented disease resistance. We discuss future routes for deepening our understanding of nonhost resistance and argue that the confusing term "nonhost resistance" should be used more cautiously in the light of a holistic view of plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Panstruga
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Worringer Weg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthew J Moscou
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UK, United Kingdom
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14
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Wang C. Grand Challenges in the Research of Fungal Interactions With Animals. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2020; 1:602032. [PMID: 37743880 PMCID: PMC10512243 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2020.602032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengshu Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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15
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Abstract
Plant pathogens have played an important role in weed biological control since the 1970s. So far, 36 fungal pathogens have been authorized for introduction across 18 countries for the classical biological control of weeds. Their safety record has been excellent, but questions continue to be asked about the risk that they could transfer to other plants. Quantitative data documenting their impact on the weed populations are still limited. Of the 15 bioherbicides based on living microorganisms that have ever been registered, only two were commercially available at the time of this review. The development and commercialization of bioherbicides in affluent countries are still plagued by technological hurdles and limited market potential. Not-for-profit small-scale production and distribution systems for bioherbicides in low-income countries may have potential as an inexpensive approach to controlling pervasive weeds. The types of research underpinning biological control approaches and challenges encountered are highlighted using specific examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Morin
- Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia;
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