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Goeckeritz CZ, Grabb C, Grumet R, Iezzoni AF, Hollender CA. Genetic factors acting prior to dormancy in sour cherry influence bloom time the following spring. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4428-4452. [PMID: 38602443 PMCID: PMC11263489 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the process of Prunus species floral development is crucial for developing strategies to manipulate bloom time and prevent crop loss due to climate change. Here, we present a detailed examination of flower development from initiation until bloom for early- and late-blooming sour cherries (Prunus cerasus) from a population segregating for a major bloom time QTL on chromosome 4. Using a new staging system, we show floral buds from early-blooming trees were persistently more advanced than those from late-blooming siblings. A genomic DNA coverage analysis revealed the late-blooming haplotype of this QTL, k, is located on a subgenome originating from the late-blooming P. fruticosa progenitor. Transcriptome analyses identified many genes within this QTL as differentially expressed between early- and late-blooming trees during the vegetative-to-floral transition. From these, we identified candidate genes for the late bloom phenotype, including multiple transcription factors homologous to Reproductive Meristem B3 domain-containing proteins. Additionally, we determined that the basis of k in sour cherry is likely separate from candidate genes found in sweet cherry-suggesting several major regulators of bloom time are located on Prunus chromosome 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charity Z Goeckeritz
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue St., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Chloe Grabb
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue St., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Rebecca Grumet
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue St., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Amy F Iezzoni
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue St., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Courtney A Hollender
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue St., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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2
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Girardi F, Canton M, Populin F, Tijero V, Bettio G, Munné-Bosch S, Rasori A, Cardillo V, Costa G, Botton A. A gibberellin-assisted study of the transcriptional and hormonal changes occurring at floral transition in peach buds (Prunus persica L. Batsch). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:643. [PMID: 38973005 PMCID: PMC11229236 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05360-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flower load in peach is an important determinant of final fruit quality and is subjected to cost-effective agronomical practices, such as the thinning, to finely balance the sink-source relationships within the tree and drive the optimal amount of assimilates to the fruits. Floral transition in peach buds occurs as a result of the integration of specific environmental signals, such as light and temperature, into the endogenous pathways that induce the meristem to pass from vegetative to reproductive growth. The cross talk and integration of the different players, such as the genes and the hormones, are still partially unknown. In the present research, transcriptomics and hormone profiling were applied on bud samples at different developmental stages. A gibberellin treatment was used as a tool to identify the different phases of floral transition and characterize the bud sensitivity to gibberellins in terms of inhibition of floral transition. RESULTS Treatments with gibberellins showed different efficacies and pointed out a timeframe of maximum inhibition of floral transition in peach buds. Contextually, APETALA1 gene expression was shown to be a reliable marker of gibberellin efficacy in controlling this process. RNA-Seq transcriptomic analyses allowed to identify specific genes dealing with ROS, cell cycle, T6P, floral induction control and other processes, which are correlated with the bud sensitivity to gibberellins and possibly involved in bud development during its transition to the reproductive stage. Transcriptomic data integrated with the quantification of the main bioactive hormones in the bud allowed to identify the main hormonal regulators of floral transition in peach, with a pivotal role played by endogenous gibberellins and cytokinins. CONCLUSIONS The peach bud undergoes different levels of receptivity to gibberellin inhibition. The stage with maximum responsiveness corresponded to a transcriptional and hormonal crossroad, involving both flowering inhibitors and inductors. Endogenous gibberellin levels increased only at the latest developmental stage, when floral transition was already partially achieved, and the bud was less sensitive to exogenous treatments. A physiological model summarizes the main findings and suggests new research ideas to improve our knowledge about floral transition in peach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Girardi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment - DAFNAE, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'università 16, Legnaro, PD, 35020, Italy
| | - Monica Canton
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment - DAFNAE, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'università 16, Legnaro, PD, 35020, Italy
| | - Francesca Populin
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment - DAFNAE, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'università 16, Legnaro, PD, 35020, Italy
- Berry Genetics and Breeding Unit - Research and Innovation Centre (CRI), Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, 38098, Italy
| | - Verónica Tijero
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment - DAFNAE, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'università 16, Legnaro, PD, 35020, Italy
- Fruit Production Programme, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Parc Agrobiotech Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, Edifici Fruitcentre, Lleida, 25003, Spain
| | - Giorgia Bettio
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment - DAFNAE, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'università 16, Legnaro, PD, 35020, Italy
| | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08017, Spain
| | - Angela Rasori
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment - DAFNAE, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'università 16, Legnaro, PD, 35020, Italy
| | - Valerio Cardillo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment - DAFNAE, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'università 16, Legnaro, PD, 35020, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Costa
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences - DISTAL, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Alessandro Botton
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment - DAFNAE, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'università 16, Legnaro, PD, 35020, Italy.
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3
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Goeckeritz CZ, Rhoades KE, Childs KL, Iezzoni AF, VanBuren R, Hollender CA. Genome of tetraploid sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) 'Montmorency' identifies three distinct ancestral Prunus genomes. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad097. [PMID: 37426879 PMCID: PMC10323630 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) is a valuable fruit crop in the Rosaceae family and a hybrid between progenitors closely related to extant Prunus fruticosa (ground cherry) and Prunus avium (sweet cherry). Here we report a chromosome-scale genome assembly for sour cherry cultivar Montmorency, the predominant cultivar grown in the USA. We also generated a draft assembly of P. fruticosa to use alongside a published P. avium sequence for syntelog-based subgenome assignments for 'Montmorency' and provide compelling evidence P. fruticosa is also an allotetraploid. Using hierarchal k-mer clustering and phylogenomics, we show 'Montmorency' is trigenomic, containing two distinct subgenomes inherited from a P. fruticosa-like ancestor (A and A') and two copies of the same subgenome inherited from a P. avium-like ancestor (BB). The genome composition of 'Montmorency' is AA'BB and little-to-no recombination has occurred between progenitor subgenomes (A/A' and B). In Prunus, two known classes of genes are important to breeding strategies: the self-incompatibility loci (S-alleles), which determine compatible crosses, successful fertilization, and fruit set, and the Dormancy Associated MADS-box genes (DAMs), which strongly affect dormancy transitions and flowering time. The S-alleles and DAMs in 'Montmorency' and P. fruticosa were manually annotated and support subgenome assignments. Lastly, the hybridization event 'Montmorency' is descended from was estimated to have occurred less than 1.61 million years ago, making sour cherry a relatively recent allotetraploid. The 'Montmorency' genome highlights the evolutionary complexity of the genus Prunus and will inform future breeding strategies for sour cherry, comparative genomics in the Rosaceae, and questions regarding neopolyploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charity Z Goeckeritz
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue St, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Kathleen E Rhoades
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue St, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Kevin L Childs
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Amy F Iezzoni
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue St, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Robert VanBuren
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue St, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Courtney A Hollender
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue St, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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4
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Sadka A, Walker CH, Haim D, Bennett T. Just enough fruit: understanding feedback mechanisms during sexual reproductive development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:2448-2461. [PMID: 36724082 PMCID: PMC10112685 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The fruit and seed produced by a small number of crop plants provide the majority of food eaten across the world. Given the growing global population, there is a pressing need to increase yields of these crops without using more land or more chemical inputs. Many of these crops display prominent 'fruit-flowering feedbacks', in which fruit produced early in sexual reproductive development can inhibit the production of further fruit by a range of mechanisms. Understanding and overcoming these feedbacks thus presents a plausible route to increasing crop yields 'for free'. In this review, we define three key types of fruit-flowering feedback, and examine how frequent they are and their effects on reproduction in a wide range of both wild and cultivated species. We then assess how these phenomenologically distinct phenomena might arise from conserved phytohormonal signalling events, particularly the export of auxin from growing organs. Finally, we offer some thoughts on the evolutionary basis for these self-limiting sexual reproductive patterns, and whether they are also present in the cereal crops that fundamentally underpin global diets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catriona H Walker
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Dor Haim
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Institute, Rishon Le’Zion 7528809, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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5
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Yamane H, Andrés F, Bai S, Luedeling E, Or E. Editorial: Environmental and molecular control of bud dormancy and bud break in woody perennials: An integrative approach. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1104108. [PMID: 36909431 PMCID: PMC9994618 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1104108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisayo Yamane
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fernando Andrés
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Songling Bai
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hanzhou, China
| | - Eike Luedeling
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Etti Or
- Department of fruit tree sciences, Volcani Center, ARO, Rishon Lezion, Israel
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6
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Belhassine F, Pallas B, Pierru-Bluy S, Martinez S, Fumey D, Costes E. A genotype-specific architectural and physiological profile is involved in the flowering regularity of apple trees. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:2306-2318. [PMID: 35951430 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In polycarpic plants, meristem fate varies within individuals in a given year. In perennials, the proportion of floral induction (FI) in meristems also varies between consecutive years and among genotypes of a given species. Previous studies have suggested that FI of meristems could be determined by the within-plant competition for carbohydrates and by hormone signaling as key components of the flowering pathway. At the genotypic level, variability in FI was also associated with variability in architectural traits. However, the part of genotype-dependent variability in FI that can be explained by either tree architecture or tree physiology is still not fully understood. This study aimed at deciphering the respective effect of architectural and physiological traits on FI variability within apple trees by comparing six genotypes with contrasted architectures. Shoot type demography as well as the flowering and fruit production patterns were followed over 6 years and characterized by different indexes. Architectural morphotypes were then defined based on architectural traits using a clustering approach. For two successive years, non-structural starch content in leaf, stem and meristems, and hormonal contents (gibberellins, cytokinins, auxin and abscisic acid) in meristems were quantified and correlated to FI within-tree proportions. Based on a multi-step regression analysis, cytokinins and gibberellins content in meristem, starch content in leaves and the proportion of long shoots in tree annual growth were shown to contribute to FI. Although the predictive linear model of FI was common to all genotypes, each of the explicative variables had a different weight in FI determination, depending on the genotype. Our results therefore suggest both a common determination model and a genotype-specific architectural and physiological profile linked to its flowering behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fares Belhassine
- AGAP Institut, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, TA A-108/01 Avenue d'Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- ITK, 34830, Clapiers, France
| | - Benoît Pallas
- AGAP Institut, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, TA A-108/01 Avenue d'Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Sylvie Pierru-Bluy
- AGAP Institut, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, TA A-108/01 Avenue d'Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Sébastien Martinez
- AGAP Institut, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, TA A-108/01 Avenue d'Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | - Evelyne Costes
- AGAP Institut, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, TA A-108/01 Avenue d'Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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7
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Canton M, Forestan C, Marconi G, Carrera E, Bonghi C, Varotto S. Evidence of chromatin and transcriptional dynamics for cold development in peach flower bud. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:974-988. [PMID: 35860865 PMCID: PMC9804738 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In temperate zones, fruit trees regulate their annual growth cycle to seasonal environmental changes. During the cold season, growth is limited by both environmental and genetic factors. After the exposure to low temperature and fulfillment of chilling requirements, mild temperatures promote the growth and flowering. However, an insufficient chilling exposure may lead to nonuniform blooming, with a negative impact on fruit set. To gain insights into flower development in the fruit tree buds, peach is an interesting model, the flower and vegetative bud being distinct organs. To understand how flower bud development is regulated, we integrated cytological observations and epigenetic and chromatin genome-wide data with transcriptional changes to identify the main regulatory factors involved in flower development during chilling accumulation. We demonstrated that growth cessation does not occur in peach flower buds during chilling accumulation, but that there are changes in transcript abundance of key genes of hormone metabolism and flower bud development, distribution of histone modifications (H3K4me3 and H3K27me3) and DNA methylation. Altogether, our findings indicate that during the cold season the flower bud is in a nondormant state and that the chilling experience allows flower differentiation to be completed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Canton
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE) AgripolisUniversity of Padova35020LegnaroPDItaly
| | - Cristian Forestan
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL)University of Bologna40127BolognaBOItaly
| | - Gianpiero Marconi
- Department Agricultural, Food and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Perugia06121PerugiaItaly
| | - Esther Carrera
- Instituto de Biologıa Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP)Universidad Politecnica de Valencia‐Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientıficas (CSIC)ValenciaSpain
| | - Claudio Bonghi
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE) AgripolisUniversity of Padova35020LegnaroPDItaly
| | - Serena Varotto
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE) AgripolisUniversity of Padova35020LegnaroPDItaly
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8
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Li P, Zhang Q, Shi B, Liu L, Zhang X, Wang J, Yi H. Integration of genome and transcriptome reveal molecular regulation mechanism of early flowering trait in Prunus genus ( Prunus mume and Prunus persica). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1036221. [PMID: 36275593 PMCID: PMC9582937 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1036221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Flowering time is crucial for the survival and reproduction. Prunus genus belongs to the Rosaceae family and includes several hundred species of flowering trees and shrubs with important ornamental and economic values. However, the molecular mechanism underlying early flowering in Prunus genus is unclear. Here, we utilized the genome and transcriptome of P. mume and P. persica to explore the transcriptional regulation mechanism of early flowering. Comparative genomics found that genes accounting for 92.4% of the total P. mume genome and 91.2% of the total P. persica genome belonged to orthogroups. A total of 19,169 orthogroups were found between P. mume and P. persica, including 20,431 corresponding orthologues and 20,080 collinearity gene pairs. A total of 305 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with early flowering were found, among which FT, TLI65, and NAP57 were identified as hub genes in the early flowering regulation pathway. Moreover, we identified twenty-five transcription factors (TFs) from nine protein families, including MADS-box, AP2/ERF, and MYB. Our results provide insights into the underlying molecular model of flowering time regulation in Prunus genus and highlight the utility of multi-omics in deciphering the properties of the inter-genus plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- College of Landscape and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- College of Landscape and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Baosheng Shi
- College of Landscape and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Liu Liu
- College of Landscape and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaoman Zhang
- College of Landscape and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jia Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Haihui Yi
- College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
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9
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Vignati E, Lipska M, Dunwell JM, Caccamo M, Simkin AJ. Fruit Development in Sweet Cherry. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11121531. [PMID: 35736682 PMCID: PMC9227597 DOI: 10.3390/plants11121531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Fruits are an important source of vitamins, minerals and nutrients in the human diet. They also contain several compounds of nutraceutical importance that have significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory roles, which can protect the consumer from diseases, such as cancer, and cardiovascular disease as well as having roles in reducing the build-up of LDL-cholesterol in blood plasma and generally reduce the risks of disease and age-related decline in health. Cherries contain high concentrations of bioactive compounds and minerals, including calcium, phosphorous, potassium and magnesium, and it is, therefore, unsurprising that cherry consumption has a positive impact on health. This review highlights the development of sweet cherry fruit, the health benefits of cherry consumption, and the options for increasing consumer acceptance and consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Vignati
- NIAB, New Road, East Malling ME19 6BJ, UK; (E.V.); (M.L.)
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6EU, UK;
| | - Marzena Lipska
- NIAB, New Road, East Malling ME19 6BJ, UK; (E.V.); (M.L.)
| | - Jim M. Dunwell
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6EU, UK;
| | - Mario Caccamo
- NIAB, Cambridge Crop Research, Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge CB3 0LE, UK;
| | - Andrew J. Simkin
- NIAB, New Road, East Malling ME19 6BJ, UK; (E.V.); (M.L.)
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK
- Correspondence:
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10
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Herrera S, Lora J, Fadón E, Hedhly A, Alonso JM, Hormaza JI, Rodrigo J. Male Meiosis as a Biomarker for Endo- to Ecodormancy Transition in Apricot. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:842333. [PMID: 35463418 PMCID: PMC9021868 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.842333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dormancy is an adaptive strategy in plants to survive under unfavorable climatic conditions during winter. In temperate regions, most fruit trees need exposure to a certain period of low temperatures to overcome endodormancy. After endodormancy release, exposure to warm temperatures is needed to flower (ecodormancy). Chilling and heat requirements are genetically determined and, therefore, are specific for each species and cultivar. The lack of sufficient winter chilling can cause failures in flowering and fruiting, thereby compromising yield. Thus, the knowledge of the chilling and heat requirements is essential to optimize cultivar selection for different edaphoclimatic conditions. However, the lack of phenological or biological markers linked to the dormant and forcing periods makes it difficult to establish the end of endodormancy. This has led to indirect estimates that are usually not valid in different agroclimatic conditions. The increasing number of milder winters caused by climatic change and the continuous release of new cultivars emphasize the necessity of a proper biological marker linked to the endo- to ecodormancy transition for an accurate estimation of the agroclimatic requirements (AR) of each cultivar. In this work, male meiosis is evaluated as a biomarker to determine endodormancy release and to estimate both chilling and heat requirements in apricot. For this purpose, pollen development was characterized histochemically in 20 cultivars over 8 years, and the developmental stages were related to dormancy. Results were compared to three approaches that indirectly estimate the breaking of dormancy: an experimental methodology by evaluating bud growth in shoots collected periodically throughout the winter months and transferred to forcing chambers over 3 years, and two statistical approaches that relate seasonal temperatures and blooming dates in a series of 11-20 years by correlation and partial least square regression. The results disclose that male meiosis is a possible biomarker to determine the end of endodormancy and estimate AR in apricot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Herrera
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Departamento de Ciencia Vegetal, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jorge Lora
- Subtropical Fruit Crops Department, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora (IHSM La Mayora-CSIC-UMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Erica Fadón
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Departamento de Ciencia Vegetal, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Afif Hedhly
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Departamento de Ciencia Vegetal, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Manuel Alonso
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Departamento de Ciencia Vegetal, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José I. Hormaza
- Subtropical Fruit Crops Department, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora (IHSM La Mayora-CSIC-UMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Javier Rodrigo
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Departamento de Ciencia Vegetal, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
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11
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Dominguez PG, Niittylä T. Mobile forms of carbon in trees: metabolism and transport. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:458-487. [PMID: 34542151 PMCID: PMC8919412 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plants constitute 80% of the biomass on earth, and almost two-thirds of this biomass is found in wood. Wood formation is a carbon (C)-demanding process and relies on C transport from photosynthetic tissues. Thus, understanding the transport process is of major interest for understanding terrestrial biomass formation. Here, we review the molecules and mechanisms used to transport and allocate C in trees. Sucrose is the major form in which C is transported in plants, and it is found in the phloem sap of all tree species investigated so far. However, in several tree species, sucrose is accompanied by other molecules, notably polyols and the raffinose family of oligosaccharides. We describe the molecules that constitute each of these transport groups, and their distribution across different tree species. Furthermore, we detail the metabolic reactions for their synthesis, the mechanisms by which trees load and unload these compounds in and out of the vascular system, and how they are radially transported in the trunk and finally catabolized during wood formation. We also address a particular C recirculation process between phloem and xylem that occurs in trees during the annual cycle of growth and dormancy. A search of possible evolutionary drivers behind the diversity of C-carrying molecules in trees reveals no consistent differences in C transport mechanisms between angiosperm and gymnosperm trees. Furthermore, the distribution of C forms across species suggests that climate-related environmental factors will not explain the diversity of C transport forms. However, the consideration of C-transport mechanisms in relation to tree-rhizosphere coevolution deserves further attention. To conclude the review, we identify possible future lines of research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Guadalupe Dominguez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires B1686IGC, Argentina
| | - Totte Niittylä
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 90183, Sweden
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Tominaga A, Ito A, Sugiura T, Yamane H. How Is Global Warming Affecting Fruit Tree Blooming? "Flowering (Dormancy) Disorder" in Japanese Pear ( Pyrus pyrifolia) as a Case Study. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:787638. [PMID: 35211129 PMCID: PMC8861528 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.787638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent climate change has resulted in warmer temperatures. Warmer temperatures from autumn to spring has negatively affected dormancy progression, cold (de)acclimation, and cold tolerance in various temperate fruit trees. In Japan, a physiological disorder known as flowering disorder, which is an erratic flowering and bud break disorder, has recently emerged as a serious problem in the production of the pome fruit tree, Japanese (Asian) pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai). Due to global warming, the annual temperature in Japan has risen markedly since the 1990s. Surveys of flowering disorder in field-grown and greenhouse-grown Japanese pear trees over several years have indicated that flowering disorder occurs in warmer years and cultivation conditions, and the risk of flowering disorder occurrence is higher at lower latitudes than at higher latitudes. Susceptibility to flowering disorder is linked to changes in the transcript levels of putative dormancy/flowering regulators such as DORMANCY-ASSOCIATED MADS-box (DAM) and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). On the basis of published studies, we conclude that autumn-winter warm temperatures cause flowering disorder through affecting cold acclimation, dormancy progression, and floral bud maturation. Additionally, warm conditions also decrease carbohydrate accumulation in shoots, leading to reduced tree vigor. We propose that all these physiological and metabolic changes due to the lack of chilling during the dormancy phase interact to cause flowering disorder in the spring. We also propose that the process of chilling exposure rather than the total amount of chilling may be important for the precise control of dormancy progression and robust blooming, which in turn suggests the necessity of re-evaluation of the characteristics of cultivar-dependent chilling requirement trait. A full understanding of the molecular and metabolic regulatory mechanisms of both dormancy completion (floral bud maturation) and dormancy break (release from the repression of bud break) will help to clarify the physiological basis of dormancy-related physiological disorder and also provide useful strategies to mitigate or overcome it under global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akiko Ito
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Sugiura
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hisayo Yamane
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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13
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Temperate Fruit Trees under Climate Change: Challenges for Dormancy and Chilling Requirements in Warm Winter Regions. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adequate chill is of great importance for successful production of deciduous fruit trees. However, temperate fruit trees grown under tropical and subtropical regions may face insufficient winter chill, which has a crucial role in dormancy and productivity. The objective of this review is to discuss the challenges for dormancy and chilling requirements of temperate fruit trees, especially in warm winter regions, under climate change conditions. After defining climate change and dormancy, the effects of climate change on various parameters of temperate fruit trees are described. Then, dormancy breaking chemicals and organic compounds, as well as some aspects of the mechanism of dormancy breaking, are demonstrated. After this, the relationships between dormancy and chilling requirements are delineated and challenging aspects of chilling requirements in climate change conditions and in warm winter environments are demonstrated. Experts have sought to develop models for estimating chilling requirements and dormancy breaking in order to improve the adaption of temperate fruit trees under tropical and subtropical environments. Some of these models and their uses are described in the final section of this review. In conclusion, global warming has led to chill deficit during winter, which may become a limiting factor in the near future for the growth of temperate fruit trees in the tropics and subtropics. With the increasing rate of climate change, improvements in some managing tools (e.g., discovering new, more effective dormancy breaking organic compounds; breeding new, climate-smart cultivars in order to solve problems associated with dormancy and chilling requirements; and improving dormancy and chilling forecasting models) have the potential to solve the challenges of dormancy and chilling requirements for temperate fruit tree production in warm winter fruit tree growing regions.
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14
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Peng Z, Wang M, Zhang L, Jiang Y, Zhao C, Shahid MQ, Bai Y, Hao J, Peng J, Gao Y, Su W, Yang X. EjRAV1/ 2 Delay Flowering Through Transcriptional Repression of EjFTs and EjSOC1s in Loquat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:816086. [PMID: 35035390 PMCID: PMC8759039 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.816086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Most species in Rosaceae usually need to undergo several years of juvenile phase before the initiation of flowering. After 4-6 years' juvenile phase, cultivated loquat (Eriobotrya japonica), a species in Rosaceae, enters the reproductive phase, blooms in the autumn and sets fruits during the winter. However, the mechanisms of the transition from a seedling to an adult tree remain obscure in loquat. The regulation networks controlling seasonal flowering are also largely unknown. Here, we report two RELATED TO ABI3 AND VP1 (RAV) homologs controlling juvenility and seasonal flowering in loquat. The expressions of EjRAV1/2 were relatively high during the juvenile or vegetative phase and low at the adult or reproductive phase. Overexpression of the two EjRAVs in Arabidopsis prolonged (about threefold) the juvenile period by repressing the expressions of flowering activator genes. Additionally, the transformed plants produced more lateral branches than the wild type plants. Molecular assays revealed that the nucleus localized EjRAVs could bind to the CAACA motif of the promoters of flower signal integrators, EjFT1/2, to repress their expression levels. These findings suggest that EjRAVs play critical roles in maintaining juvenility and repressing flower initiation in the early life cycle of loquat as well as in regulating seasonal flowering. Results from this study not only shed light on the control and maintenance of the juvenile phase, but also provided potential targets for manipulation of flowering time and accelerated breeding in loquat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Man Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Lushan Botanical Garden Jiangxi Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lushan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chongbin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Qasim Shahid
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunlu Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiangrong Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongshun Gao
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbing Su
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xianghui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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