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Ding WY, Meah MN, Stables R, Cooper RM. Interventions in Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy. Can J Cardiol 2024; 40:833-842. [PMID: 38070769 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most common genetically transmitted cardiomyopathy that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Despite contemporary treatments and interventions, the management of patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy remains poorly defined compared with other branches of cardiology. In this review, we discuss established and novel therapeutic interventions in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with a focus on percutaneous and surgical strategies including surgical myectomy, mitral valve repair or replacement, percutaneous alcohol septal ablation, pacemaker and cardioverter-defibrillator implantation, septal embolization, radiofrequency endocardial catheter ablation, and percutaneous intramyocardial septal radiofrequency ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wern Yew Ding
- Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed N Meah
- Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Rodney Stables
- Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Robert M Cooper
- Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Research Institute of Sports and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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Novo Matos J, Payne JR, Mullins J, Luis Fuentes V. Isolated discrete upper septal thickening in a non-referral cat population of senior and young cats. J Vet Cardiol 2023; 50:39-50. [PMID: 37924557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES Discrete upper septal thickening (DUST) is a phenotype of elderly people. The cardiac phenotype in senior cats has been incompletely described. We aimed to characterize the echocardiographic phenotype of senior cats, specifically to determine prevalence of DUST and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). ANIMALS One hundred and forty-nine healthy, normotensive cats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prospective cross-sectional study. Senior (≥9 years) and young (<6 years) cats were recruited from non-referral population. We defined DUST as an isolated basilar septal bulge, and HCM as left ventricular wall thickness ≥6 mm. An interventricular septum ratio (basal-to-mid septal thickness ratio) was calculated. We assessed for associations between clinical and echocardiographic variables and DUST. Data are presented as mean (±SD), median (range), or frequency (percentage). RESULTS One-hundred and two senior and 47 young cats were enrolled. Aortoseptal angle (AoSA) was steeper in senior cats (137° (±14.5) vs. 145° (±12.3) in young cats, P=0.002). Eighteen cats had DUST (18/149, 12%), fourteen senior, and four young cats (P=0.4). Cats with DUST had steeper AoSA (125° (±8.3) vs. 142° (±13.7), P<0.0001) and higher interventricular septum ratio (1.4 (1.2-2.0) vs. 1.0 (0.7-1.8)). Univariable analysis showed decreased odds of DUST with greater AoSA (OR 0.9, P<0.0001), age was not associated with DUST. Twenty-nine senior cats had HCM (28.4%). DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of DUST was 12%. There was no association between age and DUST. Smaller/steeper AoSA was the main factor associated with DUST. There was a high prevalence of HCM in this senior population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Novo Matos
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - J R Payne
- Langford Vets Small Animal Referral Hospital, University of Bristol, Langford House, BS40 5DU, Langford, UK
| | - J Mullins
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - V Luis Fuentes
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
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Prevalence and Prognosis of Atenolol-Responsive Systolic Anterior Motion of the Septal Mitral Valve Leaflet in Young Cats with Severe Dynamic Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243509. [PMID: 36552429 PMCID: PMC9774653 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (DLVOTO) secondary to the systolic anterior motion of the septal mitral valve leaflet (SAM) can result either from congenital mitral valve disorders or left ventricular concentric hypertrophy of any cause, in cats commonly hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Though HCM cannot be reversed, the question remains whether atenolol can cure cats with severe DLVOTO resulting from a presumed mitral valve dysplasia. METHODS In this retrospective case series, client-owned asymptomatic cats younger than 1.5 years with echocardiographic evidence of SAM and severe DLVOTO were included. Oral atenolol therapy and recheck echocardiography after 2-3 months were recommended. The owners and referring veterinarians were called for long-term follow-up information. RESULTS Of the 28 included cats, 23 were treated with atenolol. Recheck echocardiography performed in 17 cats showed a resolution of SAM in 47%. In the long term, SAM remained absent in only 9% of the treated cats. Cardiac-related death occurred in 26% of the atenolol-treated cats. CONCLUSIONS The long term benefit of twice-daily atenolol therapy was documented in 9% of cats. Whether the cats where atenolol failed to resolve DLVOTO on long-term had HCM, or a therapy-resistant congenital primary mitral valve disorder remains unclear.
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Wang S, Wang Z, Zhou B, Liu Z, Mei F, Luo C, Lu X, Cui Y. Minimally invasive right infra-axillary thoracotomy for transaortic septal myectomy. J Card Surg 2022; 37:2197-2201. [PMID: 35462439 DOI: 10.1111/jocs.16546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Extended left ventricular septal myectomy remains the gold standard for the treatment of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) with refractory symptoms. On the basis of traditional modified transaortic Morrow myectomy, we innovatively performed a minimally invasive, video-assisted single-port thoracotomy through the right infra-axillary region. Our procedure can provide good visualization of the left ventricular outflow tract and hypertrophic ventricular septum for accurate resection. It also ensures optimal exposure of the mitral valve in the presence of complex mitral subvalvular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwei Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bing Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhifang Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fuyang Mei
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chentao Luo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaofeng Lu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong Cui
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Moreno Garijo J, Ibáñez C, Perdomo JM, Abel MD, Meineri M. Preintervention imaging and intraoperative management care of the hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy patient. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2021; 30:35-42. [PMID: 34558997 PMCID: PMC8941714 DOI: 10.1177/02184923211047126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With an estimated overall mortality of less than 1 percent per year, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, is the most common genetic cardiomyopathy. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography is the standard of care for assessing patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy undergoing surgical septal myectomy, allowing surgical planning, intraoperative hemodynamic monitoring, and postprocedural assessment of the repair, including detection of immediate complications. At various phases during surgical septal myectomy, the changing hemodynamic conditions may lead to worsening or improvement in left ventricle outflow tract obstruction by change in preload or afterload, systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve, or sympathetic stimulation. These characteristics represent unique challenges in the management of these patients, requiring a comprehensive understanding of the management of all the conditions required to decrease the left ventricle outflow tract gradient avoiding obstruction, which include the maintenance of sinus rhythm, adequate rate avoiding tachycardia and bradycardia, and avoidance of systemic hypotension preserving preload and afterload, with adequate vasoactive agents. The aim of this review is to summarize the perioperative assessment and management of patients undergoing hypertrophic obstructive myopathy surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobo Moreno Garijo
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, 33540Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Cristina Ibáñez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital Clínic, 16493University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan M Perdomo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital Clínic, 16493University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martin D Abel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, 156400Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Massimiliano Meineri
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, 40628Herzzentrum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Batzner A, Seggewiß H. [Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]. Herz 2020; 45:233-242. [PMID: 32185419 DOI: 10.1007/s00059-020-04899-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most common genetically determined cardiac disease with a prevalence of 0.2-0.6%. The most important pathophysiological phenomenon is dynamic obstruction predominantly of the left ventricular outflow tract in 70% of the patients. Clinical symptoms (e.g. dyspnea, angina pectoris and syncope) are extremely variable depending on changes in preload and afterload and an increased risk of sudden cardiac death particularly in younger patients. The diagnostic measures should be carried out with respect to a prognostic and symptomatic treatment with implantation of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) in cases of increased risk of sudden cardiac death. When medication treatment fails, first-line treatment consists of septal ablation and surgical myectomy as a supplementary measure, depending on the underlying morphology and experience of the surgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Batzner
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herzinsuffizienz, Am Schwarzenberg 15, Haus 15A, Würzburg, 97078, Deutschland
| | - Hubert Seggewiß
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herzinsuffizienz, Am Schwarzenberg 15, Haus 15A, Würzburg, 97078, Deutschland.
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Hang D, Schaff HV, Nishimura RA, Lahr BD, Abel MD, Dearani JA, Ommen SR. Accuracy of Jet Direction on Doppler Echocardiography in Identifying the Etiology of Mitral Regurgitation in Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2019; 32:333-340. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Batzner A, Schäfers HJ, V. Borisov K, Seggewiß H. Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 116:47-53. [PMID: 30855006 PMCID: PMC6415619 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2019.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is caused by mutations in a number of genes. Its prevalence is 0.2% to 0.6%. METHODS This review is based on publications retrieved by a selective literature search and on the authors' clinical experi- ence. RESULTS 70% of patients with HCM suffer from the obstructive type of the condition, clinically characterized by highly dynamic and variable manifestations in the form of dyspnea, angina pectoris, and stress-dependent presyncope and syn- cope. Younger patients are at particular risk of sudden cardiac death; thus, all patients need not only symptomatic treatment, but also risk assessment, which can be difficult in individual cases. Left ventricular obstruction, which usually causes symptoms, is treated medically at first, with either a beta- blocker or verapamil. If medical treatment fails, two invasive treatments are available, surgical myectomy and percu- taneous septum ablation. Both of these require a high level of expertise. If performed successfully, they lead to sustained gradient reduction and clinical improvement. Septum ablation is associated with low perioperative and peri-interventional mortality but necessitates permanent pacemaker implantation in 10-20% of patients. CONCLUSION In the absence of evidence from randomized comparison trials, a suitable method of reducing the gradient should be determined by an HCM team in conjunction with each individual patient. Important criteria for decision-making include the anatomical findings and any accompanying illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Batzner
- Department of Cardiology, Klinikum Würzburg-Mitte, Juliusspital, Würzburg
| | - Hans-Joachim Schäfers
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg/Saar
| | | | - Hubert Seggewiß
- Department of Cardiology, Klinikum Würzburg-Mitte, Juliusspital, Würzburg
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Rigopoulos AG, Ali M, Abate E, Matiakis M, Melnyk H, Mavrogeni S, Leftheriotis D, Bigalke B, Noutsias M. Review on sudden death risk reduction after septal reduction therapies in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Heart Fail Rev 2019; 24:359-366. [DOI: 10.1007/s10741-018-09767-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a genetic disorder characterized by marked hypertrophy of the myocardium. It is frequently accompanied by dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and symptoms of dyspnea, angina, and syncope. The initial therapy for symptomatic patients with obstruction is medical therapy with β-blockers and calcium antagonists. However, there remain a subset of patients who have continued severe symptoms, which are unresponsive to medical therapy. These patients can be treated with septal reduction therapy, either surgical septal myectomy or alcohol septal ablation. When performed by experienced operators working in high-volume centers, septal myectomy is highly effective with a >90% relief of obstruction and improvement in symptoms. The perioperative mortality rate for isolated septal myectomy in most centers is <1%. Alcohol septal ablation is a less invasive treatment. In many patients, the hemodynamic and clinical results are comparable to that of septal myectomy. However, the results of alcohol septal ablation are dependent on the septal perforator artery supplying the area of the contact between the hypertrophied septum and the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve. There are some patients, particularly younger patients with severe hypertrophy, who do not uniformly experience complete relief of obstruction and symptoms. Both techniques of septal reduction therapy are highly operator dependent. The final decision as to which approach should be selected in any given patient is dependent up patient preference and the availability and experience of the operator and institution at which the patient is being treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick A Nishimura
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (R.A.N.); Medizinische Klinik 1, Leopoldina Krankenhaus, Schweinfurt, Germany (H.S.); and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Rochester, MN (H.V.S.).
| | - Hubert Seggewiss
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (R.A.N.); Medizinische Klinik 1, Leopoldina Krankenhaus, Schweinfurt, Germany (H.S.); and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Rochester, MN (H.V.S.)
| | - Hartzell V Schaff
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (R.A.N.); Medizinische Klinik 1, Leopoldina Krankenhaus, Schweinfurt, Germany (H.S.); and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Rochester, MN (H.V.S.)
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11
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Hammes K, Novo Matos J, Baron Toaldo M, Glaus T. Hypovolemia induced systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve in two dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2016; 18:367-371. [PMID: 27639515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Systolic anterior (septal) motion of the mitral valve (SAM) is a common secondary phenomenon in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in people and cats. In humans, it is increasingly recognized that SAM may be found in other cardiac and non-cardiac disease states. In small animal cardiology, SAM unassociated with HCM has been described in dogs with mitral valve dysplasia and right ventricular pressure overload. In this report, we describe two cases of dogs where transient SAM was caused by hypovolemia. When SAM was present both dogs showed pseudohypertrophy and tachycardia. Important factors in the genesis of SAM in this scenario are probably hypovolemia induced changes in left ventricular geometry affecting the orientation of the mitral valve apparatus combined with elevated catecholamine levels. SAM associated with increased wall thickness is not pathognomonic of HCM; this observation is of particular clinical importance when extrapolated to species where HCM is highly prevalent, e.g., cats. An echocardiographic diagnosis should always be evaluated together with full clinical assessment of history and physical examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hammes
- Division of Cardiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J Novo Matos
- Division of Cardiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Baron Toaldo
- Division of Cardiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - T Glaus
- Division of Cardiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Silbiger JJ. Abnormalities of the Mitral Apparatus in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Echocardiographic, Pathophysiologic, and Surgical Insights. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2016; 29:622-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Minimally invasive septal myectomy for the treatment of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and intrinsic mitral valve disease. INNOVATIONS-TECHNOLOGY AND TECHNIQUES IN CARDIOTHORACIC AND VASCULAR SURGERY 2015; 10:106-13. [PMID: 25803770 DOI: 10.1097/imi.0000000000000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transaortic left ventricular septal myectomy described by Morrow is a classical procedure for the treatment of systolic anterior motion of the mitral apparatus associated with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). We aimed to review our results of transmitral septal myectomy and mitral valve repair/replacement in patients with intrinsic mitral valve disease associated with HOCM, operated on through a minimally invasive approach. METHODS Between 2005 and 2014, 19 patients [7 men (37%); mean (SD) age, 69.4 (14.5) years] were treated with minimally invasive approach for degenerative mitral regurgitation and HOCM. Preoperative peak left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradient was 66 (24) mm Hg. Severe mitral regurgitation was diagnosed in 16 cases (84%). New York Heart Association functional class III to IV heart failure was present in 13 patients (68%). RESULTS Fifteen patients (79%) underwent mitral valve replacement, and four patients (21%) underwent mitral valve repair. Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction was corrected directly in all patients via the mitral valve with septal myectomy/myotomy, avoiding aortotomy in majority of the patients. No significant prolongation of extracorporeal circulation/aortic cross-clamping times was observed (P = 0.41 and P = 0.67, respectively) when compared with a similar population without HOCM. No iatrogenic ventricular septal defect developed in treated patients. No hospital mortality occurred. Resting LVOT gradient reduced at discharge to 13 (22) mm Hg (P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS Transmitral left ventricular septal myectomy in patients with degenerative mitral valve disease is quite a simple, feasible, and effective technique and does not require aortotomy in most cases. It can be performed with low early mortality and satisfactory resolution of LVOT obstruction in a minimally invasive setting.
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Halpern DG, Swistel DG, Po JR, Joshi R, Winson G, Arabadjian M, Lopresto C, Kushner J, Kim B, Balaram SK, Sherrid MV. Echocardiography before and after Resect-Plicate-Release Surgical Myectomy for Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2015; 28:1318-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ntelios D, Tzimagiorgis G, Efthimiadis GK, Karvounis H. Mechanical aberrations in hypetrophic cardiomyopathy: emerging concepts. Front Physiol 2015; 6:232. [PMID: 26347658 PMCID: PMC4541419 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most common monogenic disorder in cardiology. Despite important advances in understanding disease pathogenesis, it is not clear how flaws in individual sarcomere components are responsible for the observed phenotype. The aim of this article is to provide a brief interpretative analysis of some currently proposed pathophysiological mechanisms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, with a special emphasis on alterations in the cardiac mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Ntelios
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki, Greece ; Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Tzimagiorgis
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki, Greece
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Gilmanov DS, Bevilacqua S, Solinas M, Ferrarini M, Kallushi E, Santarelli P, Farneti PA, Glauber M. Minimally Invasive Septal Myectomy for the Treatment of Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy and Intrinsic Mitral Valve Disease. INNOVATIONS-TECHNOLOGY AND TECHNIQUES IN CARDIOTHORACIC AND VASCULAR SURGERY 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/155698451501000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniyar Sh. Gilmanov
- Adult Cardiac Surgery Department, G. Monasterio Tuscany Foundation – G. Pasquinucci Heart Hospital, Massa, Italy
| | - Stefano Bevilacqua
- Adult Cardiac Surgery Department, G. Monasterio Tuscany Foundation – G. Pasquinucci Heart Hospital, Massa, Italy
| | - Marco Solinas
- Adult Cardiac Surgery Department, G. Monasterio Tuscany Foundation – G. Pasquinucci Heart Hospital, Massa, Italy
| | - Matteo Ferrarini
- Adult Cardiac Surgery Department, G. Monasterio Tuscany Foundation – G. Pasquinucci Heart Hospital, Massa, Italy
| | - Enkel Kallushi
- Adult Cardiac Surgery Department, G. Monasterio Tuscany Foundation – G. Pasquinucci Heart Hospital, Massa, Italy
| | - Philippo Santarelli
- Adult Cardiac Surgery Department, G. Monasterio Tuscany Foundation – G. Pasquinucci Heart Hospital, Massa, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Farneti
- Adult Cardiac Surgery Department, G. Monasterio Tuscany Foundation – G. Pasquinucci Heart Hospital, Massa, Italy
| | - Mattia Glauber
- Adult Cardiac Surgery Department, G. Monasterio Tuscany Foundation – G. Pasquinucci Heart Hospital, Massa, Italy
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Abstract
This article presents an overview of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and the associated clinical findings, treatment, and management for nurse practitioners. Topics include an overview of the condition, major and minor criteria for diagnosis, clinical course and pathophysiology, genetic inheritance and testing, and dysrhythmias associated with HCM.
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Symptomatic Exercise-Induced Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction without Left Ventricular Hypertrophy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2013; 26:556-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Musat D, Marineci S, Sherrid MV. Can pharmacologic gradient reduction decrease mortality in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 54:535-42. [PMID: 22687597 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacologic therapy is the first line approach to relieve symptoms in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. There are no randomized trials to evaluate their effect on prognosis. Gradient reduction by surgical septal myectomy is associated with excellent prognosis, but not all patients have symptoms severe enough to require surgery; and, guidelines recommend operation only for patients with high gradients and symptoms unresponsive to pharmacologic therapy. The combination of disopyramide and beta-blockade is effective in reducing resting gradients (though not to the extent of surgery). This review examines the question of whether pharmacologic reduction of gradient in asymptomatic patients or those with milder symptoms might decrease HCM-related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Musat
- Valley Health System, (affiliate of Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons), Ridgewood, NJ, USA
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20
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Abstract
Treatments for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are largely selected based on patient symptoms and echocardiographic findings. Moreover, all the advanced treatments for heart failure symptoms depend on such imaging for planning and monitoring response to therapy. Risk of sudden death correlates with maximum left ventricular (LV) wall thickness. Massive LV thickening of 30 mm or more is an indication for primary prevention of sudden death with an implanted defibrillator. In this review, we will underscore potential pitfalls in echocardiographic diagnosis. Also we will review, a newly appreciated pathophysiologic mechanism in obstruction dynamic systolic dysfunction due to gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark V Sherrid
- Division of Cardiology, St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1000 10th Ave, New York City, NY 10019, USA.
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Abstract
Japanese-variant or apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a specific type of HCM, first described in Japan and initially thought to carry a benign prognosis. However, current evidence suggests that these patients experience severe symptoms and are at increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias and death, especially in the presence of an apical akinetic chamber. The management of patients who do not respond to medical therapy is challenging. We describe a patient with Japanese-variant HCM, with an apical akinetic chamber and severe symptoms who failed medical therapy. The use of dual chamber pacing relieved obstruction and significantly improved the patient's symptoms.
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Joshi S, Patel UK, Yao SS, Castenada V, Isambert A, Winson G, Chaudhry FA, Sherrid MV. Standing and Exercise Doppler Echocardiography in Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: The Range of Gradients with Upright Activity. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2011; 24:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Kajimoto K, Imai T, Minami Y, Kasanuki H. Comparison of acute reduction in left ventricular outflow tract pressure gradient in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by disopyramide versus pilsicainide versus cibenzoline. Am J Cardiol 2010; 106:1307-12. [PMID: 21029829 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Negative inotropic agents are often administered to decrease the left ventricular (LV) pressure gradient in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC). Little information is available regarding comparisons of the effects on LV pressure gradient among negative inotropic agents. The present study compared the decrease in the LV pressure gradient at rest in patients with obstructive HC after treatment with pilsicainide versus treatment with disopyramide or cibenzoline. The LV pressure gradient and LV function were assessed before and after the intravenous administration of each drug. In 12 patients (group A, mean pressure gradient 90 ± 24 mm Hg), the effects of disopyramide, propranolol, and verapamil were compared. In another 12 patients (group B, mean pressure gradient 98 ± 34 mm Hg), a comparison was performed among disopyramide, cibenzoline, and pilsicainide. In group A, the percentage of reduction in the LV pressure gradient was 7.7 ± 9.9% with verapamil, 19.0 ± 20.2% with propranolol, and 58.6 ± 15.0% with disopyramide, suggesting that disopyramide was more effective than either verapamil or propranolol. In group B, the percentage of reduction in the LV pressure gradient was 55.3 ± 26.6% with disopyramide, 55.3 ± 20.6% with cibenzoline, and 54.7 ± 15.4% with pilsicainide, suggesting an equivalent effect on the LV pressure gradient for these 3 agents. In conclusion, these results indicate that the acute efficacy for the reduction of the LV pressure gradient at rest by pilsicainide (a pure sodium channel blocker) was equivalent to that of disopyramide or cibenzoline (combined sodium and calcium channel blockers). Accordingly, sodium channel blockade might be more important for reducing the LV pressure gradient at rest in patients with obstructive HC than calcium channel blockade or β blockade.
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24
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Diagnosis and treatment of congestive heart failure secondary to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a kinkajou (Potos flavus). J Zoo Wildl Med 2010; 41:342-5. [PMID: 20597231 DOI: 10.1638/2009-0142r3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An adult castrated male pet kinkajou (Potos flavus) presented with dyspnea due to congestive heart failure and was diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and suspected pulmonary arterial hypertension. Diagnosis was based on history, clinical signs, clinical pathology, radiographs, abdominal ultrasonography, abdominal fluid analysis, electrocardiography, and echocardiogram. An undetermined hepatopathy also was found at presentation and resolved after metronidazole antimicrobial treatment. Cardiopulmonary medical treatment, including a loop diuretic, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, a beta-adrenergic receptor blocker, and a bronchodilator provided improvement of the clinical signs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of antemortem diagnosis and treatment of congestive heart failure and cardiomyopathy in a member of the family Procyonidae, suggesting that HCM should be considered as a differential diagnosis in kinkajous displaying clinical signs of dyspnea and exercise intolerance.
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26
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Robertson IM, Li MX, Sykes BD. Solution structure of human cardiac troponin C in complex with the green tea polyphenol, (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:23012-23. [PMID: 19542563 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.021352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart muscle contraction is regulated by Ca(2+) binding to the thin filament protein troponin C. In cardiovascular disease, the myofilament response to Ca(2+) is often altered. Compounds that rectify this perturbation are of considerable interest as therapeutics. Plant flavonoids have been found to provide protection against a variety of human illnesses such as cancer, infection, and heart disease. (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg), the prevalent flavonoid in green tea, modulates force generation in isolated guinea pig hearts (Hotta, Y., Huang, L., Muto, T., Yajima, M., Miyazeki, K., Ishikawa, N., Fukuzawa, Y., Wakida, Y., Tushima, H., Ando, H., and Nonogaki, T. (2006) Eur. J. Pharmacol. 552, 123-130) and in skinned cardiac muscle fibers (Liou, Y. M., Kuo, S. C., and Hsieh, S. R. (2008) Pflugers Arch. 456, 787-800; and Tadano, N., Yumoto, F., Tanokura, M., Ohtsuki, I., and Morimoto, S. (2005) Biophys. J. 88, 314a). In this study we describe the solution structure of the Ca(2+)-saturated C-terminal domain of troponin C in complex with EGCg. Moreover, we show that EGCg forms a ternary complex with the C-terminal domain of troponin C and the anchoring region of troponin I. The structural evidence indicates that the binding site of EGCg on the C-terminal domain of troponin C is in the hydrophobic pocket in the absence of troponin I, akin to EMD 57033. Based on chemical shift mapping, the binding of EGCg to the C-terminal domain of troponin C in the presence of troponin I may be to a new site formed by the troponin C.troponin I complex. This interaction of EGCg with the C-terminal domain of troponin C.troponin I complex has not been shown with other cardiotonic molecules and illustrates the potential mechanism by which EGCg modulates heart contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Robertson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
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Das M. Indications for ICD and cardiac resynchronization therapy for prevention of sudden cardiac death. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2009; 7:181-95. [PMID: 19210214 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.7.2.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is used for primary and secondary prophylaxis of sudden cardiac death in high-risk patients. While several trials have demonstrated the superiority of ICD over standard medical therapy or antiarrhythmic medication in this population, a few trials have not shown survival benefit. The Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implant Trial II study revealed that ICD reduces mortality in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. The Sudden Cardiac Death-Heart Failure Trial demonstrated that the ICD prevents sudden cardiac death and all-cause mortality in high-risk patients with moderate ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy and heart failure. The ICD is also recommended for high-risk patients with inherited arrhythmia or cardiomyopathy. Cardiac resynchronization therapy reduces mortality and heart failure class as compared with optimal medical therapy in advanced heart failure. The high economic cost of widespread ICD use must also be considered. Therefore, it is prudent to identify a high-risk population who will benefit most from these devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithilesh Das
- Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA.
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Plehn G, Vormbrock J, Meissner A, Trappe HJ. Effects of exercise on the duration of diastole and on interventricular phase differences in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: relationship to cardiac output reserve. J Nucl Cardiol 2009; 16:233-43. [PMID: 19159996 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-008-9031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our study sought to characterize the effect of exercise on the duration of left ventricular (LV) diastole and interventricular dyssynchrony in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). We hypothesized that an abnormally shortened diastolic time may adversely affect cardiac performance. METHODS We studied 49 symptomatic patients with HCM during incremental exercise. Twenty-nine patients had obstructive disease (HOCM) and 20 no resting or provocable gradient (HNCM). Right heart catheterization and high temporal resolution radionuclide angiography were simultaneously performed. The loss of diastolic time per beat (LDT(RR)) was quantified using a regression equation obtained from a healthy control group (n = 30). RESULTS During rest and peak exercise, a significant shortening of the relative duration of LV diastole (35.6 +/- 5 vs. 38.0 +/- 3 s/min and 29.3 +/- 6 vs. 32.4 +/- 3 s/min; P < or = .02) and an increased interventricular phase delay were evident in patients with HOCM compared to controls. Baseline and peak exercise LDT(RR) values were inversely related to cardiac output reserve and exercise duration. In multivariate analysis, LDT(RR) at peak exercise was identified as an independent predictor of cardiac output reserve. CONCLUSIONS In HOCM, baseline abnormalities of the relative duration of LV systolic and diastolic time aggravate during exercise. The disproportionate shortening of diastolic time may significantly impair cardiac efficiency by restricting diastolic filling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Plehn
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Marienhospital Herne, University of Bochum, Hölkeskampring 40, 44625, Herne, Germany.
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Resection-Plication-Release for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Clinical and Echocardiographic Follow-Up. Ann Thorac Surg 2008; 86:1539-44; discussion 1544-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2008.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sun M, Li Y, Li N, Liu H, Yin Y, Li D. Preliminary clinical investigation of 99mTc-methoxyisobutylisonitrile washout rate in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Nucl Med Commun 2008; 29:686-9. [PMID: 18753820 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0b013e3283009f36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in early and late washout rates of 99mTc-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (MIBI) in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and to analyze the relationships between early and late washout rates and the hypertrophic thickness of left ventricular (LV) wall. METHODS The patients who were clinically diagnosed as positive for HCM underwent 99mTc-MIBI static planar and gated single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging. Early (90 min after the intravenous injection) and late (4 h after the intravenous injection) washout rates of 99mTc-MIBI between HCM group and normal control group were compared. Linear correlation analysis was made between early and late washout rates and the hypertrophic thickness of LV wall measured by gated SPECT. RESULTS The early and late washout rates of 99mTc-MIBI in normal control group were (18.90+/-3.70) and (31.27+/-4.04)%, respectively; and the washout rates in HCM group were (27.77+/-2.60) and (42.66+/-3.30)%, respectively. Significant statistical differences were observed in the early and late washout rates of 99mTc-MIBI between HCM group and normal control group (t=-7.320 and t=-8.069, both P<0.01). Correlations between early and late washout rates and the maximal hypertrophic thickness of LV wall obtained by gated SPECT were excellent (r=0.611, P<0.05; r=0.873, P<0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION The early and late washout rates of 99mTc-MIBI in HCM group were significantly higher than those in normal control group, and both the early and late washout rates correlated well with the hypertrophic thickness of LV wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muchuan Sun
- Nuclear Medicine Department, the No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Sirak TE, Sherrid MV. Oral Disopyramide for the Acute Treatment of Severe Outflow Obstruction in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in the ICU Setting. Chest 2008; 133:1243-6. [DOI: 10.1378/chest.07-1188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Mittnacht AJC, Fanshawe M, Konstadt S. Anesthetic Considerations in the Patient With Valvular Heart Disease Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2008; 12:33-59. [DOI: 10.1177/1089253208316442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Valvular heart disease can be an important finding in patients presenting for noncardiac surgery. Valvular heart disease and resulting comorbidity, such as heart failure or atrial fibrillation, significantly increase the risk for perioperative adverse events. Appropriate preoperative assessment, adequate perioperative monitoring, and early intervention, should hemodynamic disturbances occur, may help prevent adverse events and improve patient outcome. This review article aims to guide the practitioner in the various aspects of anesthetic management in the perioperative care of patients with valvular heart disease. The pharmacological approach to optimization of patient outcome with drugs, such as βblockers and lipid-lowering medications (statins), is an evolving field, and recent developments are discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steven Konstadt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn New York
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Mittnacht AJC, Moung C, Lai WW. Massive Cardiac Hypertrophy in a Patient with Danon Disease: An Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiographic Evaluation. Anesth Analg 2007; 105:963-5. [PMID: 17898373 DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000281072.33254.4f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Das MK, Gaitonde R, Miller JM. Indications for implantable cardioverter defibrillator use for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death. Curr Cardiol Rep 2007; 9:371-80. [PMID: 17877932 DOI: 10.1007/bf02938364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is used for primary and secondary prophylaxis of sudden cardiac death in high-risk patients. Although several trials have demonstrated the superiority of ICD over standard medical therapy or antiarrhythmic medication in this population, a few trials have not shown survival benefit. This review examines the major ICD trials that provide the basis for current therapy in this rapidly changing and very important area of cardiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithilesh K Das
- Department of Medicine, Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1800 North Capitol Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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