6
|
Jiménez-Zucchet N, Alejandro-Zayas T, Alvarado-Macedo CA, Arreola-Illescas MR, Benítez-Araiza L, Bustamante-Tello L, Cruz-Martínes D, Falcón-Robles N, Garduño-González L, López-Romahn MC, Martínez-Taylor AM, Mingramm-Murillo A, Ortíz C, Rivera-Guzmán AL, Sabater-Durán R, Sánchez-Jiménez A, Sánchez-Okrucky R, Staggs L, Torres-Salcedo R, Vences-Fernández M, Rivera-Marchand B, Mignucci-Giannoni AA. Baseline urinalysis values in common bottlenose dolphins under human care in the Caribbean. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:426-433. [PMID: 30943877 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719839110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinalysis is a rapid, simple, inexpensive, and reliable test that documents urine abnormalities reflecting various types of renal, hormonal, or metabolic diseases. Urinalysis could assist proper monitoring of the health of dolphins under human care; however, normal baseline values for dolphin urinalysis have not been reported, to our knowledge. We sampled urine from 193 common bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops truncatus), living under human care in 24 Caribbean dolphinariums, by voluntary free-catch and analyzed the urine for chemical and microscopic variables using multi-agent dry reagent chemistry dipstick test strips, dedicated pH reagent strips, and unstained sediment slides. Most urine was clear, pale yellow to dark yellow, and had a fishy odor. Dipstick glucose, bilirubin, ketones, and nitrites were negative in all dolphins. The urine pH was acidic ( x¯ ± SD; 5.88 ± 0.58) and specific gravity (SG) was 1.035 ± 0.008. Most animals had 0-2 red blood cells and white blood cells per 40× field, and were negative for proteins. On microscopic sediment, 42.7% of samples had few-to-many squamous epithelial cells; hyaline and epithelial casts were observed only rarely. Crystals were observed in 36.6% of the samples; most were calcium oxalate dihydrate (48.2%) and amorphous urates (42.4%). The values obtained in our study can be used as a reference for health monitoring of dolphins in dolphinariums, and to monitor renal conditions and function in dolphins being rehabilitated or under human care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Jiménez-Zucchet
- Puerto Rico Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico (Jiménez-Zucchet, Alejandro-Zayas, Rivera-Guzmán, Rivera-Marchand, Mignucci-Giannoni).,Dolphin Discovery Group, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (Alvarado-Macedo, Arreola-Illescas, Benítez-Araiza, Bustamante-Tello, Cruz-Martínes, Falcón-Robles, Garduño-González, Martínez-Taylor, Mingramm-Murillo, Ortiz, Sabater-Durán, Sánchez-Jiménez, Sánchez-Okrucky, Staggs, Vences-Fernández).,Delphinus, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (López-Romahn, Torres-Salcedo). Current address: Sea World of Florida, Orlando, FL (Staggs)
| | - Tamara Alejandro-Zayas
- Puerto Rico Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico (Jiménez-Zucchet, Alejandro-Zayas, Rivera-Guzmán, Rivera-Marchand, Mignucci-Giannoni).,Dolphin Discovery Group, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (Alvarado-Macedo, Arreola-Illescas, Benítez-Araiza, Bustamante-Tello, Cruz-Martínes, Falcón-Robles, Garduño-González, Martínez-Taylor, Mingramm-Murillo, Ortiz, Sabater-Durán, Sánchez-Jiménez, Sánchez-Okrucky, Staggs, Vences-Fernández).,Delphinus, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (López-Romahn, Torres-Salcedo). Current address: Sea World of Florida, Orlando, FL (Staggs)
| | - Christian A Alvarado-Macedo
- Puerto Rico Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico (Jiménez-Zucchet, Alejandro-Zayas, Rivera-Guzmán, Rivera-Marchand, Mignucci-Giannoni).,Dolphin Discovery Group, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (Alvarado-Macedo, Arreola-Illescas, Benítez-Araiza, Bustamante-Tello, Cruz-Martínes, Falcón-Robles, Garduño-González, Martínez-Taylor, Mingramm-Murillo, Ortiz, Sabater-Durán, Sánchez-Jiménez, Sánchez-Okrucky, Staggs, Vences-Fernández).,Delphinus, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (López-Romahn, Torres-Salcedo). Current address: Sea World of Florida, Orlando, FL (Staggs)
| | - María Renée Arreola-Illescas
- Puerto Rico Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico (Jiménez-Zucchet, Alejandro-Zayas, Rivera-Guzmán, Rivera-Marchand, Mignucci-Giannoni).,Dolphin Discovery Group, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (Alvarado-Macedo, Arreola-Illescas, Benítez-Araiza, Bustamante-Tello, Cruz-Martínes, Falcón-Robles, Garduño-González, Martínez-Taylor, Mingramm-Murillo, Ortiz, Sabater-Durán, Sánchez-Jiménez, Sánchez-Okrucky, Staggs, Vences-Fernández).,Delphinus, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (López-Romahn, Torres-Salcedo). Current address: Sea World of Florida, Orlando, FL (Staggs)
| | - Lissette Benítez-Araiza
- Puerto Rico Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico (Jiménez-Zucchet, Alejandro-Zayas, Rivera-Guzmán, Rivera-Marchand, Mignucci-Giannoni).,Dolphin Discovery Group, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (Alvarado-Macedo, Arreola-Illescas, Benítez-Araiza, Bustamante-Tello, Cruz-Martínes, Falcón-Robles, Garduño-González, Martínez-Taylor, Mingramm-Murillo, Ortiz, Sabater-Durán, Sánchez-Jiménez, Sánchez-Okrucky, Staggs, Vences-Fernández).,Delphinus, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (López-Romahn, Torres-Salcedo). Current address: Sea World of Florida, Orlando, FL (Staggs)
| | - Lilian Bustamante-Tello
- Puerto Rico Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico (Jiménez-Zucchet, Alejandro-Zayas, Rivera-Guzmán, Rivera-Marchand, Mignucci-Giannoni).,Dolphin Discovery Group, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (Alvarado-Macedo, Arreola-Illescas, Benítez-Araiza, Bustamante-Tello, Cruz-Martínes, Falcón-Robles, Garduño-González, Martínez-Taylor, Mingramm-Murillo, Ortiz, Sabater-Durán, Sánchez-Jiménez, Sánchez-Okrucky, Staggs, Vences-Fernández).,Delphinus, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (López-Romahn, Torres-Salcedo). Current address: Sea World of Florida, Orlando, FL (Staggs)
| | - Danilo Cruz-Martínes
- Puerto Rico Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico (Jiménez-Zucchet, Alejandro-Zayas, Rivera-Guzmán, Rivera-Marchand, Mignucci-Giannoni).,Dolphin Discovery Group, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (Alvarado-Macedo, Arreola-Illescas, Benítez-Araiza, Bustamante-Tello, Cruz-Martínes, Falcón-Robles, Garduño-González, Martínez-Taylor, Mingramm-Murillo, Ortiz, Sabater-Durán, Sánchez-Jiménez, Sánchez-Okrucky, Staggs, Vences-Fernández).,Delphinus, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (López-Romahn, Torres-Salcedo). Current address: Sea World of Florida, Orlando, FL (Staggs)
| | - Nayeli Falcón-Robles
- Puerto Rico Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico (Jiménez-Zucchet, Alejandro-Zayas, Rivera-Guzmán, Rivera-Marchand, Mignucci-Giannoni).,Dolphin Discovery Group, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (Alvarado-Macedo, Arreola-Illescas, Benítez-Araiza, Bustamante-Tello, Cruz-Martínes, Falcón-Robles, Garduño-González, Martínez-Taylor, Mingramm-Murillo, Ortiz, Sabater-Durán, Sánchez-Jiménez, Sánchez-Okrucky, Staggs, Vences-Fernández).,Delphinus, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (López-Romahn, Torres-Salcedo). Current address: Sea World of Florida, Orlando, FL (Staggs)
| | - Luz Garduño-González
- Puerto Rico Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico (Jiménez-Zucchet, Alejandro-Zayas, Rivera-Guzmán, Rivera-Marchand, Mignucci-Giannoni).,Dolphin Discovery Group, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (Alvarado-Macedo, Arreola-Illescas, Benítez-Araiza, Bustamante-Tello, Cruz-Martínes, Falcón-Robles, Garduño-González, Martínez-Taylor, Mingramm-Murillo, Ortiz, Sabater-Durán, Sánchez-Jiménez, Sánchez-Okrucky, Staggs, Vences-Fernández).,Delphinus, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (López-Romahn, Torres-Salcedo). Current address: Sea World of Florida, Orlando, FL (Staggs)
| | - María Concepción López-Romahn
- Puerto Rico Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico (Jiménez-Zucchet, Alejandro-Zayas, Rivera-Guzmán, Rivera-Marchand, Mignucci-Giannoni).,Dolphin Discovery Group, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (Alvarado-Macedo, Arreola-Illescas, Benítez-Araiza, Bustamante-Tello, Cruz-Martínes, Falcón-Robles, Garduño-González, Martínez-Taylor, Mingramm-Murillo, Ortiz, Sabater-Durán, Sánchez-Jiménez, Sánchez-Okrucky, Staggs, Vences-Fernández).,Delphinus, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (López-Romahn, Torres-Salcedo). Current address: Sea World of Florida, Orlando, FL (Staggs)
| | - Ana Michelle Martínez-Taylor
- Puerto Rico Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico (Jiménez-Zucchet, Alejandro-Zayas, Rivera-Guzmán, Rivera-Marchand, Mignucci-Giannoni).,Dolphin Discovery Group, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (Alvarado-Macedo, Arreola-Illescas, Benítez-Araiza, Bustamante-Tello, Cruz-Martínes, Falcón-Robles, Garduño-González, Martínez-Taylor, Mingramm-Murillo, Ortiz, Sabater-Durán, Sánchez-Jiménez, Sánchez-Okrucky, Staggs, Vences-Fernández).,Delphinus, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (López-Romahn, Torres-Salcedo). Current address: Sea World of Florida, Orlando, FL (Staggs)
| | - Adriana Mingramm-Murillo
- Puerto Rico Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico (Jiménez-Zucchet, Alejandro-Zayas, Rivera-Guzmán, Rivera-Marchand, Mignucci-Giannoni).,Dolphin Discovery Group, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (Alvarado-Macedo, Arreola-Illescas, Benítez-Araiza, Bustamante-Tello, Cruz-Martínes, Falcón-Robles, Garduño-González, Martínez-Taylor, Mingramm-Murillo, Ortiz, Sabater-Durán, Sánchez-Jiménez, Sánchez-Okrucky, Staggs, Vences-Fernández).,Delphinus, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (López-Romahn, Torres-Salcedo). Current address: Sea World of Florida, Orlando, FL (Staggs)
| | - Carlos Ortíz
- Puerto Rico Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico (Jiménez-Zucchet, Alejandro-Zayas, Rivera-Guzmán, Rivera-Marchand, Mignucci-Giannoni).,Dolphin Discovery Group, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (Alvarado-Macedo, Arreola-Illescas, Benítez-Araiza, Bustamante-Tello, Cruz-Martínes, Falcón-Robles, Garduño-González, Martínez-Taylor, Mingramm-Murillo, Ortiz, Sabater-Durán, Sánchez-Jiménez, Sánchez-Okrucky, Staggs, Vences-Fernández).,Delphinus, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (López-Romahn, Torres-Salcedo). Current address: Sea World of Florida, Orlando, FL (Staggs)
| | - Antonio L Rivera-Guzmán
- Puerto Rico Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico (Jiménez-Zucchet, Alejandro-Zayas, Rivera-Guzmán, Rivera-Marchand, Mignucci-Giannoni).,Dolphin Discovery Group, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (Alvarado-Macedo, Arreola-Illescas, Benítez-Araiza, Bustamante-Tello, Cruz-Martínes, Falcón-Robles, Garduño-González, Martínez-Taylor, Mingramm-Murillo, Ortiz, Sabater-Durán, Sánchez-Jiménez, Sánchez-Okrucky, Staggs, Vences-Fernández).,Delphinus, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (López-Romahn, Torres-Salcedo). Current address: Sea World of Florida, Orlando, FL (Staggs)
| | - Rocío Sabater-Durán
- Puerto Rico Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico (Jiménez-Zucchet, Alejandro-Zayas, Rivera-Guzmán, Rivera-Marchand, Mignucci-Giannoni).,Dolphin Discovery Group, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (Alvarado-Macedo, Arreola-Illescas, Benítez-Araiza, Bustamante-Tello, Cruz-Martínes, Falcón-Robles, Garduño-González, Martínez-Taylor, Mingramm-Murillo, Ortiz, Sabater-Durán, Sánchez-Jiménez, Sánchez-Okrucky, Staggs, Vences-Fernández).,Delphinus, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (López-Romahn, Torres-Salcedo). Current address: Sea World of Florida, Orlando, FL (Staggs)
| | - Angélica Sánchez-Jiménez
- Puerto Rico Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico (Jiménez-Zucchet, Alejandro-Zayas, Rivera-Guzmán, Rivera-Marchand, Mignucci-Giannoni).,Dolphin Discovery Group, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (Alvarado-Macedo, Arreola-Illescas, Benítez-Araiza, Bustamante-Tello, Cruz-Martínes, Falcón-Robles, Garduño-González, Martínez-Taylor, Mingramm-Murillo, Ortiz, Sabater-Durán, Sánchez-Jiménez, Sánchez-Okrucky, Staggs, Vences-Fernández).,Delphinus, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (López-Romahn, Torres-Salcedo). Current address: Sea World of Florida, Orlando, FL (Staggs)
| | - Roberto Sánchez-Okrucky
- Puerto Rico Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico (Jiménez-Zucchet, Alejandro-Zayas, Rivera-Guzmán, Rivera-Marchand, Mignucci-Giannoni).,Dolphin Discovery Group, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (Alvarado-Macedo, Arreola-Illescas, Benítez-Araiza, Bustamante-Tello, Cruz-Martínes, Falcón-Robles, Garduño-González, Martínez-Taylor, Mingramm-Murillo, Ortiz, Sabater-Durán, Sánchez-Jiménez, Sánchez-Okrucky, Staggs, Vences-Fernández).,Delphinus, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (López-Romahn, Torres-Salcedo). Current address: Sea World of Florida, Orlando, FL (Staggs)
| | - Lydia Staggs
- Puerto Rico Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico (Jiménez-Zucchet, Alejandro-Zayas, Rivera-Guzmán, Rivera-Marchand, Mignucci-Giannoni).,Dolphin Discovery Group, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (Alvarado-Macedo, Arreola-Illescas, Benítez-Araiza, Bustamante-Tello, Cruz-Martínes, Falcón-Robles, Garduño-González, Martínez-Taylor, Mingramm-Murillo, Ortiz, Sabater-Durán, Sánchez-Jiménez, Sánchez-Okrucky, Staggs, Vences-Fernández).,Delphinus, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (López-Romahn, Torres-Salcedo). Current address: Sea World of Florida, Orlando, FL (Staggs)
| | - Raúl Torres-Salcedo
- Puerto Rico Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico (Jiménez-Zucchet, Alejandro-Zayas, Rivera-Guzmán, Rivera-Marchand, Mignucci-Giannoni).,Dolphin Discovery Group, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (Alvarado-Macedo, Arreola-Illescas, Benítez-Araiza, Bustamante-Tello, Cruz-Martínes, Falcón-Robles, Garduño-González, Martínez-Taylor, Mingramm-Murillo, Ortiz, Sabater-Durán, Sánchez-Jiménez, Sánchez-Okrucky, Staggs, Vences-Fernández).,Delphinus, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (López-Romahn, Torres-Salcedo). Current address: Sea World of Florida, Orlando, FL (Staggs)
| | - María Vences-Fernández
- Puerto Rico Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico (Jiménez-Zucchet, Alejandro-Zayas, Rivera-Guzmán, Rivera-Marchand, Mignucci-Giannoni).,Dolphin Discovery Group, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (Alvarado-Macedo, Arreola-Illescas, Benítez-Araiza, Bustamante-Tello, Cruz-Martínes, Falcón-Robles, Garduño-González, Martínez-Taylor, Mingramm-Murillo, Ortiz, Sabater-Durán, Sánchez-Jiménez, Sánchez-Okrucky, Staggs, Vences-Fernández).,Delphinus, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (López-Romahn, Torres-Salcedo). Current address: Sea World of Florida, Orlando, FL (Staggs)
| | - Bert Rivera-Marchand
- Puerto Rico Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico (Jiménez-Zucchet, Alejandro-Zayas, Rivera-Guzmán, Rivera-Marchand, Mignucci-Giannoni).,Dolphin Discovery Group, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (Alvarado-Macedo, Arreola-Illescas, Benítez-Araiza, Bustamante-Tello, Cruz-Martínes, Falcón-Robles, Garduño-González, Martínez-Taylor, Mingramm-Murillo, Ortiz, Sabater-Durán, Sánchez-Jiménez, Sánchez-Okrucky, Staggs, Vences-Fernández).,Delphinus, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (López-Romahn, Torres-Salcedo). Current address: Sea World of Florida, Orlando, FL (Staggs)
| | - Antonio A Mignucci-Giannoni
- Puerto Rico Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico (Jiménez-Zucchet, Alejandro-Zayas, Rivera-Guzmán, Rivera-Marchand, Mignucci-Giannoni).,Dolphin Discovery Group, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (Alvarado-Macedo, Arreola-Illescas, Benítez-Araiza, Bustamante-Tello, Cruz-Martínes, Falcón-Robles, Garduño-González, Martínez-Taylor, Mingramm-Murillo, Ortiz, Sabater-Durán, Sánchez-Jiménez, Sánchez-Okrucky, Staggs, Vences-Fernández).,Delphinus, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (López-Romahn, Torres-Salcedo). Current address: Sea World of Florida, Orlando, FL (Staggs)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hay AD, Birnie K, Busby J, Delaney B, Downing H, Dudley J, Durbaba S, Fletcher M, Harman K, Hollingworth W, Hood K, Howe R, Lawton M, Lisles C, Little P, MacGowan A, O'Brien K, Pickles T, Rumsby K, Sterne JA, Thomas-Jones E, van der Voort J, Waldron CA, Whiting P, Wootton M, Butler CC. The Diagnosis of Urinary Tract infection in Young children (DUTY): a diagnostic prospective observational study to derive and validate a clinical algorithm for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection in children presenting to primary care with an acute illness. Health Technol Assess 2018; 20:1-294. [PMID: 27401902 DOI: 10.3310/hta20510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is not clear which young children presenting acutely unwell to primary care should be investigated for urinary tract infection (UTI) and whether or not dipstick testing should be used to inform antibiotic treatment. OBJECTIVES To develop algorithms to accurately identify pre-school children in whom urine should be obtained; assess whether or not dipstick urinalysis provides additional diagnostic information; and model algorithm cost-effectiveness. DESIGN Multicentre, prospective diagnostic cohort study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Children < 5 years old presenting to primary care with an acute illness and/or new urinary symptoms. METHODS One hundred and seven clinical characteristics (index tests) were recorded from the child's past medical history, symptoms, physical examination signs and urine dipstick test. Prior to dipstick results clinician opinion of UTI likelihood ('clinical diagnosis') and urine sampling and treatment intentions ('clinical judgement') were recorded. All index tests were measured blind to the reference standard, defined as a pure or predominant uropathogen cultured at ≥ 10(5) colony-forming units (CFU)/ml in a single research laboratory. Urine was collected by clean catch (preferred) or nappy pad. Index tests were sequentially evaluated in two groups, stratified by urine collection method: parent-reported symptoms with clinician-reported signs, and urine dipstick results. Diagnostic accuracy was quantified using area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) with 95% confidence interval (CI) and bootstrap-validated AUROC, and compared with the 'clinician diagnosis' AUROC. Decision-analytic models were used to identify optimal urine sampling strategy compared with 'clinical judgement'. RESULTS A total of 7163 children were recruited, of whom 50% were female and 49% were < 2 years old. Culture results were available for 5017 (70%); 2740 children provided clean-catch samples, 94% of whom were ≥ 2 years old, with 2.2% meeting the UTI definition. Among these, 'clinical diagnosis' correctly identified 46.6% of positive cultures, with 94.7% specificity and an AUROC of 0.77 (95% CI 0.71 to 0.83). Four symptoms, three signs and three dipstick results were independently associated with UTI with an AUROC (95% CI; bootstrap-validated AUROC) of 0.89 (0.85 to 0.95; validated 0.88) for symptoms and signs, increasing to 0.93 (0.90 to 0.97; validated 0.90) with dipstick results. Nappy pad samples were provided from the other 2277 children, of whom 82% were < 2 years old and 1.3% met the UTI definition. 'Clinical diagnosis' correctly identified 13.3% positive cultures, with 98.5% specificity and an AUROC of 0.63 (95% CI 0.53 to 0.72). Four symptoms and two dipstick results were independently associated with UTI, with an AUROC of 0.81 (0.72 to 0.90; validated 0.78) for symptoms, increasing to 0.87 (0.80 to 0.94; validated 0.82) with the dipstick findings. A high specificity threshold for the clean-catch model was more accurate and less costly than, and as effective as, clinical judgement. The additional diagnostic utility of dipstick testing was offset by its costs. The cost-effectiveness of the nappy pad model was not clear-cut. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians should prioritise the use of clean-catch sampling as symptoms and signs can cost-effectively improve the identification of UTI in young children where clean catch is possible. Dipstick testing can improve targeting of antibiotic treatment, but at a higher cost than waiting for a laboratory result. Future research is needed to distinguish pathogens from contaminants, assess the impact of the clean-catch algorithm on patient outcomes, and the cost-effectiveness of presumptive versus dipstick versus laboratory-guided antibiotic treatment. FUNDING The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alastair D Hay
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) School of Primary Care Research, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kate Birnie
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - John Busby
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Brendan Delaney
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Harriet Downing
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) School of Primary Care Research, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jan Dudley
- Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Stevo Durbaba
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, Division of Health and Social Care Research, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Margaret Fletcher
- Centre for Health and Clinical Research, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK.,South West Medicines for Children Local Research Network, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Kim Harman
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) School of Primary Care Research, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Kerenza Hood
- South East Wales Trials Unit (SEWTU), Institute for Translation, Innovation, Methodology and Engagement, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Robin Howe
- Specialist Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Unit, Public Health Wales Microbiology Cardiff, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael Lawton
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Catherine Lisles
- South East Wales Trials Unit (SEWTU), Institute for Translation, Innovation, Methodology and Engagement, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Paul Little
- Primary Care and Population Sciences Division, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Kathryn O'Brien
- Cochrane Institute of Primary Care & Public Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Timothy Pickles
- South East Wales Trials Unit (SEWTU), Institute for Translation, Innovation, Methodology and Engagement, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kate Rumsby
- Primary Care and Population Sciences Division, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jonathan Ac Sterne
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Emma Thomas-Jones
- South East Wales Trials Unit (SEWTU), Institute for Translation, Innovation, Methodology and Engagement, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Judith van der Voort
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Cherry-Ann Waldron
- South East Wales Trials Unit (SEWTU), Institute for Translation, Innovation, Methodology and Engagement, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Penny Whiting
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Mandy Wootton
- Specialist Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Unit, Public Health Wales Microbiology Cardiff, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Christopher C Butler
- Cochrane Institute of Primary Care & Public Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|