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Bates JE, Marples B, Hudson MM, Williams AM, Marcus K, Howell R, Paulino A, Constine LS. Biodevelopmental Considerations in Pediatric Patients With Cancer and Childhood Cancer Survivors: A PENTEC Introductory Review. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2024; 119:354-359. [PMID: 37966404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James E Bates
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Brian Marples
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Melissa M Hudson
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - AnnaLynn M Williams
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Karen Marcus
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rebecca Howell
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Arnold Paulino
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Louis S Constine
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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Angeles Vázquez López M. Childhood cancer survivors: current challenges. An Pediatr (Barc) 2024; 100:363-375. [PMID: 38724403 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2024.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Rates of childhood cancer survival in developed countries have risen to over 80-85 %. In consequence, the population of childhood cancer survivors (CCS) has grown considerably. Nevertheless, CCS present a high morbidity and mortality due to cancer or its treatment, with an increased risk of premature mortality, second primary tumors and late side effects, both physical and psychosocial, all of which decrease the quality of life. Long-term follow-up (LTFU) of CCS is recommended to prevent, detect and treat those health problems. Despite the advances achieved, the management of CCS is still not optimal. Among the areas for improvement discussed in this manuscript are: (1) Quantifying the real burden of morbimortality, by implementing new frequency measures (mean cumulative count and cumulative burden), to obtain more accurate assessments, and using simulation models, to determine individual risks; (2) Assessing the impact of risk factors for late side effects, related to the patient, tumor type, treatments, lifestyle, comorbidities, genetics and ageing; (3) Considering the impact of the international harmonisation of long-term follow-up guidelines, to generate homogeneous, evidence-based recommendations and an individualized LTFU and, (4) Challenges to LTFU implementation, considering models of care adapted to patient risk and needs, with special attention to the transition to adult-care follow-up. Finally, we comment on the situation of CCS in Spain and consider future prospects for improving the health and quality of life of this population.
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Becksfort J, Uh J, Saunders A, Byrd JA, Worrall HM, Marker M, Melendez-Suchi C, Li Y, Chang J, Raghavan K, Merchant TE, Hua CH. Setup Uncertainty of Pediatric Brain Tumor Patients Receiving Proton Therapy: A Prospective Study. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5486. [PMID: 38001746 PMCID: PMC10670653 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15225486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study quantifies setup uncertainty in brain tumor patients who received image-guided proton therapy. Patients analyzed include 165 children, adolescents, and young adults (median age at radiotherapy: 9 years (range: 10 months to 24 years); 80 anesthetized and 85 awake) enrolled in a single-institution prospective study from 2020 to 2023. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) was performed daily to calculate and correct manual setup errors, once per course after setup correction to measure residual errors, and weekly after treatments to assess intrafractional motion. Orthogonal radiographs were acquired consecutively with CBCT for paired comparisons of 40 patients. Translational and rotational errors were converted from 6 degrees of freedom to a scalar by a statistical approach that considers the distance from the target to the isocenter. The 95th percentile of setup uncertainty was reduced by daily CBCT from 10 mm (manual positioning) to 1-1.5 mm (after correction) and increased to 2 mm by the end of fractional treatment. A larger variation existed between the roll corrections reported by radiographs vs. CBCT than for pitch and yaw, while there was no statistically significant difference in translational variation. A quantile mixed regression model showed that the 95th percentile of intrafractional motion was 0.40 mm lower for anesthetized patients (p=0.0016). Considering additional uncertainty in radiation-imaging isocentricity, the commonly used total plan robustness of 3 mm against positional uncertainty would be appropriate for our study cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Becksfort
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (J.U.); (J.A.B.); (H.M.W.); (T.E.M.); (C.-h.H.)
| | - Jinsoo Uh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (J.U.); (J.A.B.); (H.M.W.); (T.E.M.); (C.-h.H.)
| | - Andrew Saunders
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (J.U.); (J.A.B.); (H.M.W.); (T.E.M.); (C.-h.H.)
| | - Julia A. Byrd
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (J.U.); (J.A.B.); (H.M.W.); (T.E.M.); (C.-h.H.)
| | - Hannah M. Worrall
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (J.U.); (J.A.B.); (H.M.W.); (T.E.M.); (C.-h.H.)
| | - Matt Marker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (J.U.); (J.A.B.); (H.M.W.); (T.E.M.); (C.-h.H.)
| | - Christian Melendez-Suchi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (J.U.); (J.A.B.); (H.M.W.); (T.E.M.); (C.-h.H.)
| | - Yimei Li
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jenghwa Chang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Kavitha Raghavan
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
| | - Thomas E. Merchant
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (J.U.); (J.A.B.); (H.M.W.); (T.E.M.); (C.-h.H.)
| | - Chia-ho Hua
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (J.U.); (J.A.B.); (H.M.W.); (T.E.M.); (C.-h.H.)
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Meijer KM, van Dijk IWEM, Frank M, van den Hoek AD, Balgobind BV, Janssens GO, Wendling M, Maduro JH, Bryce-Atkinson A, Loginova A, Bel A. Diaphragm and abdominal organ motion during radiotherapy: a comprehensive multicenter study in 189 children. Radiat Oncol 2023; 18:119. [PMID: 37443017 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-023-02307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For accurate thoracic and abdominal radiotherapy, inter- and intrafractional geometrical uncertainties need to be considered to enable accurate margin sizes. We aim to quantify interfractional diaphragm and abdominal organ position variations, and intrafractional diaphragm motion in a large multicenter cohort of pediatric cancer patients (< 18 years). We investigated the correlation of interfractional position variations and intrafractional motion with age, and with general anesthesia (GA). METHODS In 189 children (mean age 8.1; range 0.4-17.9 years) from six institutes, interfractional position variation of both hemidiaphragms, spleen, liver, left and right kidneys was quantified using a two-step registration. CBCTs were registered to the reference CT relative to the bony anatomy, followed by organ registration. We calculated the group mean, systematic and random errors (standard deviations Σ and σ, respectively) in cranial-caudal (CC), left-right and anterior-posterior directions. Intrafractional right hemidiaphragm motion was quantified using CBCTs on which the breathing amplitude, defined as the difference between end-inspiration and end-expiration peaks, was assessed (N = 79). We investigated correlations with age (Spearman's ρ), and differences in motion between patients treated with and without GA (N = 75; all < 5.5 years). RESULTS Interfractional group means were largest in CC direction and varied widely between patients, with largest variations in the right hemidiaphragm (range -13.0-17.5 mm). Interfractional group mean of the left kidney showed a borderline significant correlation with age (p = 0.047; ρ = 0.17). Intrafractional right hemidiaphragm motion in patients ≥ 5.5 years (mean 10.3 mm) was significantly larger compared to patients < 5.5 years treated without GA (mean 8.3 mm) (p = 0.02), with smaller Σ and σ values. We found a significant correlation between breathing amplitude and age (p < 0.001; ρ = 0.43). Interfractional right hemidiaphragm position variations were significantly smaller in patients < 5.5 years treated with GA than without GA (p = 0.004), but intrafractional motion showed no significant difference. CONCLUSION In this large multicenter cohort of children undergoing thoracic and abdominal radiotherapy, we found that interfractional position variation does not depend on age, but the use of GA in patients < 5.5 years showed smaller systematic and random errors. Furthermore, our results showed that breathing amplitude increases with age. Moreover, variations between patients advocate the need for a patient-specific margin approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin M Meijer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
| | - Irma W E M van Dijk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Marije Frank
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Arnout D van den Hoek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Brian V Balgobind
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Geert O Janssens
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Wendling
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - John H Maduro
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Abigail Bryce-Atkinson
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anna Loginova
- Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Arjan Bel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
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Self-reported physical activity behaviors of childhood cancer survivors: comparison to a general adolescent population in Korea. Support Care Cancer 2023; 31:164. [PMID: 36781555 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-023-07612-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adequate physical activity (PA) can significantly contribute to the prevention of undesirable health outcomes in childhood cancer survivors (CCS). This study aimed to identify the patterns of PA and related factors in Korean CCS. METHODS Study subjects were 184 adolescents selected from an ongoing cohort study of Korean CCS and 1,840 sex- and school grade-matched controls randomly selected from the participants of the 2019 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey. Information on PA and sedentary behaviors was collected by self-administered questionnaire. We estimated body mass index (BMI)-adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the advisable healthy behaviors of CCS compared with healthy controls using conditional logistic regression analysis. In addition, the associations of advisable healthy behaviors of CCS with sociodemographic and clinical factors were estimated using multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS CCS were less likely to be physically active than controls, but this finding was evident only in males. The ORs (95% CIs) for regular exercise, moderate intensity PA, vigorous intensity PA, and walking were 0.42 (0.27-0.65), 0.39 (0.24-0.63), 0.53 (0.33-0.84), and 0.64 (0.42-0.98), respectively, in male CCS compared with same-sex controls. Compared with same-sex controls, male CCS were 4.60 times and female survivors were 15.19 times more likely to sleep longer than 8 h a day. Among CCS, males were 2.92 times and 3.07 times more likely to perform moderate intensity PA and muscle-strengthening exercise, respectively, than female. Higher BMI (OR: 1.16), highest family income (OR: 3.98), and a caregiver who performed regular exercise (OR: 2.08) were positively associated with vigorous intensity PA of CCS. With increasing time after treatment completion, the probability of engaging in sedentary activity for less than 6 h per day decreased (OR = 0.89, 95% CI 0.79-1.00). CONCLUSION Korean adolescent CCS were physically inactive compared with control adolescents. Several sociodemographic factors such as sex, family income, caregiver PA, and obesity level were associated with PA behaviors of CCS. IMPLICATIONS Strategic effort would be needed to increase physical activity of childhood cancer survivors in adolescent period with consideration of various sociodemographic factors found in this study.
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Wickert R, Tessonnier T, Deng M, Adeberg S, Seidensaal K, Hoeltgen L, Debus J, Herfarth K, Harrabi SB. Radiotherapy with Helium Ions Has the Potential to Improve Both Endocrine and Neurocognitive Outcome in Pediatric Patients with Ependymoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235865. [PMID: 36497348 PMCID: PMC9736041 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ependymomas are the third most-frequent pediatric brain tumors. To prevent local recurrence, the resection site should be irradiated. Compared to photon radiation treatment, proton therapy often achieves even better results regarding target coverage and organ-sparing. Due to their physical properties, helium ions could further reduce side effects, providing better protection of healthy tissue despite similar target coverage. In our in silico study, 15 pediatric ependymoma patients were considered. All patients underwent adjuvant radiotherapeutic treatment with active-scanned protons at Heidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center (HIT). Both helium ion and highly conformal IMRT plans were calculated to evaluate the potential dosimetric advantage of ion beam therapy compared to the current state-of-the-art photon-based treatments. To estimate the potential clinical benefit of helium ions, normal tissue complication probabilities (NTCP) were calculated. Target coverage was comparable in all three modalities. As expected, the integral dose absorbed by healthy brain tissue could be significantly reduced with protons by up to -48% vs. IMRT. Even compared to actively scanned protons, relative dose reductions for critical neuronal structures of up to another -39% were achieved when using helium ions. The dose distribution of helium ions is significantly superior when compared to proton therapy and IMRT due to the improved sparing of OAR. In fact, previous studies could clearly demonstrate that the dosimetric advantage of protons translates into a measurable clinical benefit for pediatric patients with brain tumors. Given the dose-response relationship of critical organs at risk combined with NTCP calculation, the results of our study provide a strong rationale that the use of helium ions has the potential to even further reduce the risk for treatment related sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricarda Wickert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Tessonnier
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Deng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Adeberg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Seidensaal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Line Hoeltgen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Debus
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Herfarth
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Semi B. Harrabi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Brachytherapy for Pediatric Patients at Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus: A Model of International Cooperation for Highly Specialized Treatments. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2022; 113:602-613. [PMID: 35278672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Childhood cancer is rare, and treatment is frequently associated with long-term morbidity. Disparities in survival and long-term side effects encourage the establishment of networks to increase access to complex organ-conservative strategies, such as brachytherapy. We report our experience of an international cooperation model in childhood cancers. METHODS AND MATERIALS We examined the outcome of all children referred to our center from national or international networks to be treated according to a multimodal organ-conservative approach, including brachytherapy. RESULTS We identified 305 patients whose median age at diagnosis was 2.2 years (range, 1.4 months to 17.2 years). Among these patients, 99 (32.4%) were treated between 2015 and 2020; 172 (56.4%) were referred from national centers; and 133 (43.6%) were international patients from 31 countries (mainly Europe). Also, 263 patients were referred for primary treatment and 42 patients were referred for salvage treatment. Genitourinary tumors were the most frequent sites, with 56.4% bladder/prostate rhabdomyosarcoma and 28.5% gynecologic tumors. In addition to brachytherapy, local treatment consisted of partial tumor resection in 207 patients (67.9%), and 39 patients (13%) had additional external radiation therapy. Median follow-up was 58 months (range, 1 month to 48 years), 93 months for national patients, and 37 months for international patients (P < .0001). Five-year local control, disease-free survival, and overall survival rates were 90.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 87.3%-94.4%), 84.4% (95% CI, 80.1%-89.0%), and 93.3% (95% CI, 90.1%-96.5%), respectively. Patients referred for salvage treatment had poorer disease-free survival (P < .01). Implementation of image guided pulse-dose-rate brachytherapy was associated with better local control among patients with rhabdomyosarcoma referred for primary treatment (hazard ratio, 9.72; 95% CI, 1.24-71.0). At last follow-up, 16.7% patients had long-term severe treatment-related complications, and 2 patients (0.7%) had developed second malignancy. CONCLUSIONS This retrospective series shows the feasibility of a multinational referral network for brachytherapy allowing high patient numbers in rare pediatric cancers. High local control probability and acceptable late severe complication probability could be achieved despite very challenging situations. This cooperation model could serve as a basis for generating international reference networks for high-tech radiation such as brachytherapy to increase treatment care opportunities and cure probability.
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Dell'Oro M, Wilson P, Short M, Hua CH, Merchant TE, Bezak E. Normal tissue complication probability modeling to guide individual treatment planning in pediatric cranial proton and photon radiotherapy. Med Phys 2021; 49:742-755. [PMID: 34796509 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Proton therapy (PT) is broadly accepted as the gold standard of care for pediatric patients with cranial cancer. The superior dose distribution of PT compared to photon radiotherapy reduces normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) for organs at risk. As NTCPs for pediatric organs are not well understood, clinics generally base radiation response on adult data. However, there is evidence that radiation response strongly depends on the age and even sex of a patient. Furthermore, questions surround the influence of individual intrinsic radiosensitivity (α/β ratio) on pediatric NTCP. While the clinical pediatric NTCP data is scarce, radiobiological modeling and sensitivity analyses can be used to investigate the NTCP trends and its dependence on individual modeling parameters. The purpose of this study was to perform sensitivity analyses of NTCP models to ascertain the dependence of radiosensitivity, sex, and age of a child and predict cranial side-effects following intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). METHODS Previously, six sex-matched pediatric cranial datasets (5, 9, and 13 years old) were planned in Varian Eclipse treatment planning system (13.7). Up to 108 scanning beam IMPT plans and 108 IMRT plans were retrospectively optimized for a range of simulated target volumes and locations. In this work, dose-volume histograms were extracted and imported into BioSuite Software for radiobiological modeling. Relative-Seriality and Lyman-Kutcher-Burman models were used to calculate NTCP values for toxicity endpoints, where TD50, (based on reported adult clinical data) was varied to simulate sex dependence of NTCP. Plausible parameter ranges, based on published literature for adults, were used in modeling. In addition to sensitivity analyses, a 20% difference in TD50 was used to represent the radiosensitivity between the sexes (with females considered more radiosensitive) for ease of data comparison as a function of parameters such as α/β ratio. RESULTS IMPT plans resulted in lower NTCP compared to IMRT across all models (p < 0.0001). For medulloblastoma treatment, the risk of brainstem necrosis (> 10%) and cochlea tinnitus (> 20%) among females could potentially be underestimated considering a lower TD50 value for females. Sensitivity analyses show that the difference in NTCP between sexes was significant (p < 0.0001). Similarly, both brainstem necrosis and cochlea tinnitus NTCP varied significantly (p < 0.0001) across tested α/β as a function of TD50 values (assumption being that TD50 values are 20% lower in females). If the true α/β of these pediatric tissues is higher than expected (α/β ∼ 3), the risk of tinnitus for IMRT can significantly increase (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Due to the scarcity of pediatric NTCP data available, sensitivity analyses were performed using plausible ranges based on published adult data. In the clinical scenario where, if female pediatric patients were 20% more radiosensitive (lower TD50 value), they could be up to twice as likely to experience side-effects of brainstem necrosis and cochlea tinnitus compared to males, highlighting the need for considering the sex in NTCP models. Based on our sensitivity analyses, age and sex of a pediatric patient could significantly affect the resultant NTCP from cranial radiotherapy, especially at higher α/β values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela Dell'Oro
- Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Puthenparampil Wilson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michala Short
- Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Chia-Ho Hua
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Thomas E Merchant
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Eva Bezak
- Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Ryder-Burbidge C, Diaz RL, Barr RD, Gupta S, Nathan PC, McKillop SJ, Fidler-Benaoudia MM. The Burden of Late Effects and Related Risk Factors in Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Survivors: A Scoping Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194870. [PMID: 34638350 PMCID: PMC8508204 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary It is unclear what the risk of negative health outcomes is after cancer during adolescence and young adulthood. We conducted a review to understand the risk of second cancers, chronic conditions, and death in adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer survivors and found factors that increase the risk. In total, 652 studies were identified, of which 106 were included in the review: 23 for second cancers, 34 for chronic conditions, and 54 for deaths. The number of included studies increased over time, from four studies in 2010 to 17 in 2020. The studies found that AYA cancer survivors are at an increased risk of second cancers, chronic conditions, and deaths. In particular, the following factors increased risk: radiation exposure for second cancers; younger attained age and earlier calendar period of diagnosis for chronic conditions; and non-Hispanic Black or Hispanic, low socioeconomic status, and earlier calendar period of diagnosis for deaths. Abstract Risk factors associated with late effects in survivors of adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer are poorly understood. We conducted a systematic scoping review to identify cohort studies published in English from 2010–2020 that included: (1) cancer survivors who were AYAs (age 15–39 years) at diagnosis and (2) outcomes of subsequent malignant neoplasms (SMNs), chronic conditions, and/or late mortality (>5 years postdiagnosis). There were 652 abstracts identified and, ultimately, 106 unique studies were included, of which 23, 34, and 54 studies related to the risk of SMNs, chronic conditions, and mortality, respectively. Studies investigating late effects among survivors of any primary cancer reported that AYA cancer survivors were at higher risk of SMN, chronic conditions, and all-cause mortality compared to controls. There was an indication that the following factors increased risk: radiation exposure (n = 3) for SMNs; younger attained age (n = 4) and earlier calendar period of diagnosis (n = 3) for chronic conditions; and non-Hispanic Black or Hispanic (n = 5), low socioeconomic status (n = 3), and earlier calendar period of diagnosis (n = 4) for late mortality. More studies including the full AYA age spectrum, treatment data, and results stratified by age, sex, and cancer type are needed to advance knowledge about late effects in AYA cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Ryder-Burbidge
- Cancer Care Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Holy Cross Centre, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, 5th Floor, BOX ACB, 2210-2 St. SW, Calgary, AB T2S 3C3, Canada; (C.R.-B.); (R.L.D.)
| | - Ruth L. Diaz
- Cancer Care Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Holy Cross Centre, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, 5th Floor, BOX ACB, 2210-2 St. SW, Calgary, AB T2S 3C3, Canada; (C.R.-B.); (R.L.D.)
| | - Ronald D. Barr
- Health Sciences Centre 3A, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
| | - Sumit Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; (S.G.); (P.C.N.)
| | - Paul C. Nathan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; (S.G.); (P.C.N.)
| | - Sarah J. McKillop
- Department of Pediatrics, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, University of Alberta, 11405-87 Avenue, Edmonton, AL T6G 1C9, Canada;
| | - Miranda M. Fidler-Benaoudia
- Cancer Care Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Holy Cross Centre, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, 5th Floor, BOX ACB, 2210-2 St. SW, Calgary, AB T2S 3C3, Canada; (C.R.-B.); (R.L.D.)
- Departments of Oncology and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Correspondence:
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