1
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de Santana WMOS, Surur AK, Momesso VM, Lopes PM, Santilli CV, Fontana CR. Nanocarriers for photodynamic-gene therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 43:103644. [PMID: 37270046 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of nanotechnology in medicine has important potential applications, including in anticancer strategies. Nanomedicine has made it possible to overcome the limitations of conventional monotherapies, in addition to improving therapeutic results by means of synergistic or cumulative effects. A highlight is the combination of gene therapy (GT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), which are alternative anticancer approaches that have attracted attention in the last decade. In this review, strategies involving the combination of PDT and GT will be discussed, together with the role of nanocarriers (nonviral vectors) in this synergistic therapeutic approach, including aspects related to the design of nanomaterials, responsiveness, the interaction of the nanomaterial with the biological environment, and anticancer performance in studies in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Koberstain Surur
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Medeiros Momesso
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Pedro Monteiro Lopes
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Celso V Santilli
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-900, Brazil
| | - Carla Raquel Fontana
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-903, Brazil.
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2
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Caverzán MD, Oliveda PM, Beaugé L, Palacios RE, Chesta CA, Ibarra LE. Metronomic Photodynamic Therapy with Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles in Glioblastoma Tumor Microenvironment. Cells 2023; 12:1541. [PMID: 37296661 PMCID: PMC10252555 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative therapies such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) that combine light, oxygen and photosensitizers (PSs) have been proposed for glioblastoma (GBM) management to overcome conventional treatment issues. An important disadvantage of PDT using a high light irradiance (fluence rate) (cPDT) is the abrupt oxygen consumption that leads to resistance to the treatment. PDT metronomic regimens (mPDT) involving administering light at a low irradiation intensity over a relatively long period of time could be an alternative to circumvent the limitations of conventional PDT protocols. The main objective of the present work was to compare the effectiveness of PDT with an advanced PS based on conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPN) developed by our group in two irradiation modalities: cPDT and mPDT. The in vitro evaluation was carried out based on cell viability, the impact on the macrophage population of the tumor microenvironment in co-culture conditions and the modulation of HIF-1α as an indirect indicator of oxygen consumption. mPDT regimens with CPNs resulted in more effective cell death, a lower activation of molecular pathways of therapeutic resistance and macrophage polarization towards an antitumoral phenotype. Additionally, mPDT was tested in a GBM heterotopic mouse model, confirming its good performance with promising tumor growth inhibition and apoptotic cell death induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Daniel Caverzán
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Tecnologías Energéticas y Materiales Avanzados (IITEMA), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC) y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Río Cuarto X5800BIA, Argentina
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto X5800BIA, Argentina
| | - Paula Martina Oliveda
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales, UNRC, Río Cuarto X5800BIA, Argentina
- Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC) y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Río Cuarto X5800BIA, Argentina
| | - Lucía Beaugé
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Tecnologías Energéticas y Materiales Avanzados (IITEMA), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC) y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Río Cuarto X5800BIA, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales, UNRC, Río Cuarto X5800BIA, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo Emiliano Palacios
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Tecnologías Energéticas y Materiales Avanzados (IITEMA), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC) y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Río Cuarto X5800BIA, Argentina
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales, UNRC, Río Cuarto X5800BIA, Argentina
| | - Carlos Alberto Chesta
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Tecnologías Energéticas y Materiales Avanzados (IITEMA), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC) y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Río Cuarto X5800BIA, Argentina
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales, UNRC, Río Cuarto X5800BIA, Argentina
| | - Luis Exequiel Ibarra
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales, UNRC, Río Cuarto X5800BIA, Argentina
- Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC) y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Río Cuarto X5800BIA, Argentina
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3
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Yang F, Xu M, Chen X, Luo Y. Spotlight on porphyrins: Classifications, mechanisms and medical applications. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114933. [PMID: 37236030 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and sonodynamic therapy (SDT) are non-invasive treatment methods with obvious inhibitory effect on tumors and have few side effects, which have been widely concerned and explored by researchers. Sensitizer is the main factor in determining the therapeutic effect of PDT and SDT. Porphyrins, a group of organic compounds widespread in nature, can be activated by light or ultrasound and produce reactive oxygen species. Therefore, porphyrins as sensitizers in PDT have been widely explored and investigated for many years. Herein, we summarize the classical porphyrin compounds and their applications and mechanisms in PDT and SDT. The application of porphyrin in clinical diagnosis and imaging is also discussed. In conclusion, porphyrins have good application prospects in disease treatment as an important part of PDT or SDT, and in clinical diagnosis and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyu Yang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Molecular Probes and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Meiqi Xu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Molecular Probes and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Neonatal, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin
| | - Yakun Luo
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Molecular Probes and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China.
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4
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Hu H, Xu D, Xu Q, Tang Y, Hong J, Hu Y, Wang J, Ni X. Reduction-responsive worm-like nanoparticles for synergistic cancer chemo-photodynamic therapy. Mater Today Bio 2023; 18:100542. [PMID: 36647538 PMCID: PMC9840183 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemo-photodynamic therapy shows great potential for cancer treatment. However, the rational integration of chemotherapeutic agents and photosensitizers to construct an intelligent nanoplatform with synergistic therapeutic effect is still a great challenge. In this work, curcumin-loaded reduction-responsive prodrug nanoparticles of new indocyanine green (Cur@IR820-ss-PEG) were developed for synergistic cancer chemo-photodynamic therapy. Cur@IR820-ss-PEG exhibit high drug loading content and special worm-like morphology, contributing to their efficient cellular uptake. Due to the presence of the disulfide bond between IR820 and PEG, Cur@IR820-ss-PEG display reduction responsive drug release behaviors. The efficient cellular uptake and reduction triggered drug release of Cur@IR820-ss-PEG lead to their enhanced in vitro cytotoxicity against 4T1cells as compared to the mixture of IR820 and curcumin (IR820/Cur) under laser irradiation. Besides, Cur@IR820-ss-PEG exhibit prolonged blood half-life time, better tumor accumulation and retention, enhanced tumor hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) suppression effect as compared to IR820/Cur. In vivo antitumor activity study, Cur@IR820-ss-PEG effectively inhibit the tumor angiogenesis, which potentiates the PDT efficacy and leads to the best in vivo antitumor effect of Cur@IR820-ss-PEG. This work provides a novel and relatively simple strategy for synergistic cancer chemo-photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Hu
- Second People's Hospital of Changzhou, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Defeng Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingbo Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Interventional Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Yuxiang Tang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,Hubei Clinical Medical Center of Cell Therapy for Neoplastic Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Hong
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,Hubei Clinical Medical Center of Cell Therapy for Neoplastic Disease, Wuhan, China,Corresponding author. Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jianhao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Xinye Ni
- Second People's Hospital of Changzhou, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China,Corresponding author.
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5
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de Keijzer MJ, de Klerk DJ, de Haan LR, van Kooten RT, Franchi LP, Dias LM, Kleijn TG, van Doorn DJ, Heger M. Inhibition of the HIF-1 Survival Pathway as a Strategy to Augment Photodynamic Therapy Efficacy. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2451:285-403. [PMID: 35505024 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2099-1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-to-minimally invasive treatment modality that utilizes photoactivatable drugs called photosensitizers to disrupt tumors with locally photoproduced reactive oxygen species (ROS). Photosensitizer activation by light results in hyperoxidative stress and subsequent tumor cell death, vascular shutdown and hypoxia, and an antitumor immune response. However, sublethally afflicted tumor cells initiate several survival mechanisms that account for decreased PDT efficacy. The hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) pathway is one of the most effective cell survival pathways that contributes to cell recovery from PDT-induced damage. Several hundred target genes of the HIF-1 heterodimeric complex collectively mediate processes that are involved in tumor cell survival directly and indirectly (e.g., vascularization, glucose metabolism, proliferation, and metastasis). The broad spectrum of biological ramifications culminating from the activation of HIF-1 target genes reflects the importance of HIF-1 in the context of therapeutic recalcitrance. This chapter elaborates on the involvement of HIF-1 in cancer biology, the hypoxic response mechanisms, and the role of HIF-1 in PDT. An overview of inhibitors that either directly or indirectly impede HIF-1-mediated survival signaling is provided. The inhibitors may be used as pharmacological adjuvants in combination with PDT to augment therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J de Keijzer
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel J de Klerk
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lianne R de Haan
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert T van Kooten
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Leonardo P Franchi
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB) 2, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
- Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences, and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, epartment of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering-Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group,University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lionel M Dias
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tony G Kleijn
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diederick J van Doorn
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michal Heger
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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6
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Ibarra LE, Vilchez ML, Caverzán MD, Milla Sanabria LN. Understanding the glioblastoma tumor biology to optimize photodynamic therapy: From molecular to cellular events. J Neurosci Res 2020; 99:1024-1047. [PMID: 33370846 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has recently gained attention as an alternative treatment of malignant gliomas. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent within tumors of the central nervous system (CNS). Conventional treatments for this CNS tumor include surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Surgery is still being considered as the treatment of choice. Even so, the poor prognosis and/or recurrence of the disease after applying any of these treatments highlight the urgency of exploring new therapies and/or improving existing ones to achieve the definitive eradication of tumor masses and remaining cells. PDT is a therapeutic modality that involves the destruction of tumor cells by reactive oxygen species induced by light, which were previously treated with a photosensitizing agent. However, in recent years, its experimental application has expanded to other effects that could improve overall performance against GBM. In the current review, we revisit the main advances of PDT for GBM management and also, the recent mechanistic insights about cellular and molecular aspects related to tumoral resistance to PDT of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Exequiel Ibarra
- Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC) y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Río Cuarto, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, UNRC, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - María Laura Vilchez
- Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC) y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Río Cuarto, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, UNRC, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Matías Daniel Caverzán
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, UNRC, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Laura Natalia Milla Sanabria
- Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC) y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Río Cuarto, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, UNRC, Río Cuarto, Argentina
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7
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Caverzán MD, Beaugé L, Chesta CA, Palacios RE, Ibarra LE. Photodynamic therapy of Glioblastoma cells using doped conjugated polymer nanoparticles: An in vitro comparative study based on redox status. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 212:112045. [PMID: 33022469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Due to their superb light absorption and photostability conjugated polymer nanoparticles are promising photosensitizers (PS) for their use in Photodynamic therapy (PDT). Recently, we developed metallated porphyrin-doped conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) for PDT that efficiently eliminate tumor cells through reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated photoinduced damage of apoptotic nature. These nanoaggregates act as densely packed multi-chromophoric systems having exceptional light harvesting and (intra-particle) energy transfer capabilities which lead to efficient photosensitized formation of ROS. In general, three key components; light, PS, and oxygen; are considered in the prediction of the PDT outcome. However, recent studies led to the discovery of a profound genetic heterogeneity among glioblastoma (GBM) cells which include the adaptation to ROS. Thus, tumor heterogeneity and their associated difference in sensitivity to ROS-producing therapeutic agents must be considered in the design of PDT protocols for the prediction of its outcome. In this study, anticancer activity through ROS-mediated PDT using CPNs was compared in three GBM cell lines with different initial redox status. T98G cells were the most effective incorporating nanoparticles but also were the most resistant to CPN-PDT effect. In part, this feature could be attributed to the differential basal and PDT-induced antioxidant enzyme levels found in these cells measured by gene expression analysis. Furthermore, considering that cell-specific antioxidant enzyme status is a significant feature of GBM heterogeneity, establishing its correlation with CPN-PDT outcome might be important for designing novel and improved CPN-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Daniel Caverzán
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Lucía Beaugé
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carlos Alberto Chesta
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Tecnologías Energéticas y Materiales Avanzados (IITEMA), UNRC y Consejo Nacional de, Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina.; Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo Emiliano Palacios
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Tecnologías Energéticas y Materiales Avanzados (IITEMA), UNRC y Consejo Nacional de, Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina.; Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina..
| | - Luis Exequiel Ibarra
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), UNRC y CONICET, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina.
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8
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Leroy HA, Vermandel M, Vignion-Dewalle AS, Leroux B, Maurage CA, Duhamel A, Mordon S, Reyns N. Interstitial photodynamic therapy and glioblastoma: Light fractionation in a preclinical model. Lasers Surg Med 2016; 49:506-515. [PMID: 28012197 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma is a high-grade cerebral tumor with local recurrence and poor outcome. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a localized treatment based on the light activation of a photosensitizer (PS) in the presence of oxygen, which results in the formation of cytotoxic species. The delivery of fractionated light may enhance treatment efficacy by reoxygenating tissues. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficiency of two light-fractionation schemes using immunohistological data. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human U87 cells were grafted into the right putamen of 39 nude rats. After PS precursor intake (5-ALA), an optic fiber was introduced into the tumor. The rats were randomly divided into three groups: without light, with light split into 2 fractions and with light split into 5 fractions. Treatment effects were assessed using brain immunohistology. RESULTS Fractionated treatments induced intratumoral necrosis (P < 0.001) and peritumoral edema (P = 0.009) associated with a macrophagic infiltration (P = 0.006). The ratio of apoptotic cells was higher in the 5-fraction group than in either the sham (P = 0.024) or 2-fraction group (P = 0.01). Peripheral vascularization increased after treatment (P = 0.017), and these likely new vessels were more frequently observed in the 5-fraction group (P = 0.028). CONCLUSION Interstitial PDT with fractionated light resulted in specific tumoral lesions. The 5-fraction scheme induced more apoptosis but led to greater peripheral neovascularization. Lasers Surg. Med. 49:506-515, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri-Arthur Leroy
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189 - ONCO-THAI - Image Assisted Laser Therapy for Oncology, F-59000, Lille, France.,Department of Neurosurgery, CHU Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Maximilien Vermandel
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189 - ONCO-THAI - Image Assisted Laser Therapy for Oncology, F-59000, Lille, France.,Department of Neurosurgery, CHU Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Vignion-Dewalle
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189 - ONCO-THAI - Image Assisted Laser Therapy for Oncology, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Bertrand Leroux
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189 - ONCO-THAI - Image Assisted Laser Therapy for Oncology, F-59000, Lille, France
| | | | - Alain Duhamel
- Department of Biostatistics, CHU Lille, EA2694, Université de Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Serge Mordon
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189 - ONCO-THAI - Image Assisted Laser Therapy for Oncology, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Reyns
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189 - ONCO-THAI - Image Assisted Laser Therapy for Oncology, F-59000, Lille, France.,Department of Neurosurgery, CHU Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
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9
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Li BO, Meng C, Zhang X, Cong D, Gao X, Gao W, Ju D, Hu S. Effect of photodynamic therapy combined with torasemide on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter 1 in rat peritumoral edema and glioma. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:2084-2090. [PMID: 26998126 PMCID: PMC4774439 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritumoral edema is a key stage in the infiltration and recurrence of glioma. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) increases the extent of peritumoral edema, which leads to a decrease in the effectiveness of PDT in treating glioma. The present study evaluated the effects of PDT combined with torasemide on the levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter (NKCC) 1 in peritumoral edema regions of rat glioma. Adult male Wistar rats were inoculated with rat glioma C6 cells, and the presence of glioma was confirmed using magnetic resonance imaging 7 days subsequent to injection. The rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n=15): Control group, the rats received no treatment; PDT group, the rats received PDT at 80 J/cm2 for 10 min; torasemide group, the rats received 5 mg/kg torasemide intraperitoneally; and PDT + torasemide group, the rats received 5 mg/kg torasemide intraperitoneally for 3 days following PDT at 80 J/cm2 for 10 min. A total of 5 rats from each group were sacrificed 21 days following injection and the peritumoral edema tissues were harvested. MMP2 and NKCC1 expression levels were detected in the tissues using immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. The mRNA expression levels of MMP2 and NKCC1 were observed using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Peritumoral edema was measured using a wet-to-dry weight (W/D) ratio, and survival times of the remaining 10 rats in each group were evaluated. Compared with the control group, tumor growth was significantly suppressed in the PDT group and the survival time was prolonged through a reduction in the expression of MMP2 (P<0.05), and an increased W/D ratio resulted in significantly increased expression of NKCC1 (P<0.05). Compared with the PDT group, the expression of NKCC1 and the W/D ratio in the PDT + torasemide group were significantly decreased (P<0.05), while no significant difference was observed in the expression levels of MMP2. In conclusion, PDT combined with torasemide prolonged the survival time of rats by inhibiting the growth of glioma through a reduction in the expression of MMP2, and by reducing peritumoral edema through a reduction in the expression levels of NKCC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- B O Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Chao Meng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Xufeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Damin Cong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Wanlong Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Donghui Ju
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Shaoshan Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
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Jin G, Feng G, Qin W, Tang BZ, Liu B, Li K. Multifunctional organic nanoparticles with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics for targeted photodynamic therapy and RNA interference therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:2752-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc07818k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We report the design of AIE fluorogen (AIEgen)-based multifunctional organic nanoparticles with surface siRNA decoration for targeted photodynamic therapy and RNA interference therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorui Jin
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- A*STAR
- Singapore
| | - Guangxue Feng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Wei Qin
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute for Advanced Study
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Life Science
- and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute for Advanced Study
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Life Science
- and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience
| | - Bin Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- A*STAR
- Singapore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- National University of Singapore
| | - Kai Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- A*STAR
- Singapore
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Nanoparticle Delivered VEGF-A siRNA Enhances Photodynamic Therapy for Head and Neck Cancer Treatment. Mol Ther 2015; 24:106-16. [PMID: 26373346 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is believed to promote hypoxic conditions to tumor cells leading to overexpression of angiogenic markers such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In this study, PDT was combined with lipid-calcium-phosphate nanoparticles (LCP NPs) to deliver VEGF-A small interfering RNA (siVEGF-A) to human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) xenograft models. VEGF-A were significantly decreased for groups treated with siVEGF-A in human oral squamous cancer cell (HOSCC), SCC4 and SAS models. Cleaved caspase-3 and in situ TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay showed more apoptotic cells and reduced Ki-67 expression for treated groups compared to phosphate buffered saline (PBS) group. Indeed, the combined therapy showed significant tumor volume decrease to ~70 and ~120% in SCC4 and SAS models as compared with untreated PBS group, respectively. In vivo toxicity study suggests no toxicity of such LCP NP delivered siVEGF-A. In summary, results suggest that PDT combined with targeted VEGF-A gene therapy could be a potential therapeutic modality to achieve enhanced therapeutic outcome for HNSCC.
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Lai X, Ning F, Xia X, Wang D, Tang L, Hu J, Wu J, Liu J, Li X. HMME combined with green light-emitting diode irradiation results in efficient apoptosis on human tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Lasers Med Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-015-1774-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Zhang X, Guo M, Shen L, Hu S. Combination of photodynamic therapy and temozolomide on glioma in a rat C6 glioma model. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2014; 11:603-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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14
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Liu L, Song Y, Ma L, Zang L, Tao L, Zhang Z, Han J. Growth inhibition effect of HMME-mediated PDT on hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. Lasers Med Sci 2014; 29:1715-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-014-1583-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Enhanced antitumor efficacy of an oncolytic herpes simplex virus expressing an endostatin-angiostatin fusion gene in human glioblastoma stem cell xenografts. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95872. [PMID: 24755877 PMCID: PMC3995956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have demonstrated strong potential for the therapeutic targeting of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). In this study, the use of a herpes simplex virus carrying endostatin–angiostatin (VAE) as a novel therapeutic targeting strategy for glioblastoma-derived cancer stem cells was investigated. We isolated six stable GSC-enriched cultures from 36 human glioblastoma specimens and selected one of the stable GSCs lines for establishing GSC-carrying orthotopic nude mouse models. The following results were obtained: (a) VAE rapidly proliferated in GSCs and expressed endo–angio in vitro and in vivo 48 h and 10 d after infection, respectively; (b) compared with the control gliomas treated with rHSV or Endostar, the subcutaneous gliomas derived from the GSCs showed a significant reduction in microvessel density after VAE treatment; (c) compared with the control, a significant improvement was observed in the length of the survival of mice with intracranial and subcutaneous gliomas treated with VAE; (d) MRI analysis showed that the tumor volumes of the intracranial gliomas generated by GSCs remarkably decreased after 10 d of VAE treatment compared with the controls. In conclusion, VAE demonstrated oncolytic therapeutic efficacy in animal models of human GSCs and expressed an endostatin–angiostatin fusion gene, which enhanced antitumor efficacy most likely by restricting tumor microvasculature development.
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Zhang X, Cong D, Shen D, Gao X, Chen L, Hu S. The effect of bumetanide on photodynamic therapy-induced peri-tumor edema of C6 glioma xenografts. Lasers Surg Med 2014; 46:422-30. [PMID: 24700489 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin 150086 China
| | - Damin Cong
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin 150086 China
| | - Dawei Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery; Shouguang City People's Hospital; Weifang 262700 China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin 150086 China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin 150086 China
| | - Shaoshan Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin 150086 China
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Li Q, Liu Q, Wang P, Feng X, Wang H, Wang X. The effects of Ce6-mediated sono-photodynamic therapy on cell migration, apoptosis and autophagy in mouse mammary 4T1 cell line. ULTRASONICS 2014; 54:981-989. [PMID: 24321299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sono-Photodynamic therapy (SPDT) is an alternative therapy which claims to enhance the anti-cancer effects by combining sonodynamic therapy (SDT) with photodynamic therapy (PDT). In the present study, we investigated the effects of chlorin e6 (Ce6) mediated SPDT on migration, apoptosis and autophagy in mouse mammary 4T1 cancer cells, and its underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS Cell migration was determined by wound healing assay. Apoptosis was analyzed using annexin V-PE/7-ADD staining as well as Hoechst 33342 staining. Changes of mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) was evaluated by flow cytometry. Formation of acidic vesicular organelles (AVOs) during autophagy was observed with fluorescence microscope by MDC staining. Immunofluorescence assays were performed to detect the co-localization of LC3 and Lamp2. Western blotting was employed to analyze the activity of the apoptosis related proteins Caspase-3, PARP, Bax and Bcl-2, as well as the autophagy associated processing of LC3-I to LC3-II and Beclin-1 expression. RESULTS Ce6 mediated SPDT further enhanced cell migration inhibition, significantly triggered cell apoptosis, nuclear condensation and MMP drop. Cleaved Caspase-3 and PARP increased dramatically after Ce6-SPDT, accompanied by decreased Bcl-2 expression, while the expression of Bax remained stable. Additionally, AVOs formation, co-localization of LC3 and Lamp2 occurred following Ce6-SPDT and simultaneously accompanied by LC3-II processing and increased Beclin-1 expression. CONCLUSIONS Ce6-SPDT could enhance cell migration inhibition, and induce mitochondria-dependent apoptosis as well as autophagy in 4T1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; College of Life Sciences, LuDong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Quanhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaolan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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Zeng H, Sun M, Zhou C, Yin F, Wang Z, Hua Y, Cai Z. Hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether-mediated photodynamic therapy selectively kills sarcomas by inducing apoptosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77727. [PMID: 24204937 PMCID: PMC3813767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the antitumor effect and mechanism of hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether-mediated photodynamic therapy (HMME-PDT) in sarcomas. Intracellular uptake of HMME by osteosarcoma cells (LM8 and K7) was time- and dose-dependent, while this was not observed for myoblast cells (C2C12) and fibroblast cells (NIH/3T3). HMME-PDT markedly inhibited the proliferation of sarcoma cell lines (LM8, MG63, Saos-2, SW1353, TC71, and RD) (P<0.05), and the killing effect was improved with increased HMME concentration and energy intensity. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that LM8, MG63, and Saos-2 cells underwent apoptosis after treatment with HMME-PDT. Additionally, apoptosis was induced after HMME-PDT in a three-dimensional culture of osteosarcoma cells. Hoechst 33342 staining confirmed apoptosis. Cell death caused by PDT was rescued by an irreversible inhibitor (Z-VAD-FMK) of caspase. However, cell viability was not markedly decreased compared with the HMME-PDT group. Expression levels of caspase-1, caspase-3, caspase-6, caspase-9, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) proteins were markedly up-regulated in the treatment groups and increased with HMME concentration as determined by western blot analysis. In vivo, tumor volume markedly decreased at 7–16 days post-PDT. Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed widespread necrotic and infiltrative inflammatory cells in the HMME-PDT group. Immunohistochemistry analysis also showed that caspase-1, caspase-3, caspase-6, caspase-9, and PARP proteins were significantly increased in the HMME-PDT group. These results indicate that HMME-PDT has a potent killing effect on osteosarcoma cells in vitro and significantly inhibits tumor growth in vivo, which is associated with the caspase-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zeng
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai First People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengxiong Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenghao Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai First People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuoying Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai First People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingqi Hua
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai First People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- The Advanced Institute of Translational Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YH); (ZC)
| | - Zhengdong Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai First People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YH); (ZC)
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Chang L, Guo F, Lv Y, Wang Y, Huo B, Wang L, Liu W. The inhibitory effects of Endostar combined with chemotherapy on human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma xenograft in mice. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:669-73. [PMID: 23054020 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2106-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of Endostar combined with chemotherapy on human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma Eca-109 in mice. The tumor xenograft models were established and randomly assigned to 4 groups: control group, Endostar group (1.5 mg/kg day, once daily for 3 weeks), chemotherapy group (Paclitaxel 10 mg/kg day, Cisplatin 5 mg/kg day, for 1, 7, 14, 21 days), and chemotherapy + Endostar group (combination). The length and width of tumor were measured and the tumor volumes (cm(3)) were calculated every other day. Three weeks later, the mice were executed, and the tumor tissues were collected to weigh and analyse the histopathology and proliferation for tumor xenograft. The results demonstrated that the tumor volumes and weight in chemotherapy + Endostar group were significantly lower than that in other three groups. Meanwhile, the cell proliferation of tumor xenograft in combined treatment group was significantly lower than that in other three groups. It was concluded that Endostar combined with chemotherapy could obviously enhance the inhibitory effect on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma Eca-109 in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 12 Jiankang Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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