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Rakasevic D, Marinkovic J, Rakonjac B, Arce M, Joksimovic E, Markovic J, Kulic M, Hadzi-Mihailovic M, Markovic A. Evaluation of photodynamic therapy efficacy vs. conventional antifungal therapy in patients with poor-fitting dentures suffering from denture stomatitis. A prospective clinical study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 45:103913. [PMID: 38049045 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-term use of antifungal therapy in denture stomatitis (DS) treatment could be accompanied by antifungal-resistant strain onset, leading to compromised therapeutic procedure and disease reappearance. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has shown the ability to eradicate oral infections and resistance strains. This prospective clinical study aimed to assess the PDT's effectiveness compared to the conventional treatment on clinical and microbiological parameters in patients with DS without denture wear during the treatment and follow-ups. METHODS Forty-two patients diagnosed with DS were randomly assigned to one-session single PDT application (test group) or conventional antifungal therapy (control group). Clinical and microbiological parameters were assessed and analyzed before and at 3rd, 15th, and 30th day following the treatments. Microbiological samples were analyzed by a Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The data was statistically analyzed. RESULTS Prior to the treatment, Candida species, including C. albicans (100%), C. glabrata (33%), C. tropicalis (31%), C. krusei (31%) were isolated in all patients. Both treatment procedures demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in C. albicans at all follow-up time intervals (p < 0.05). However, PDT displayed a statistically significant reduction in C. krusei compared to the conventional treatment at all follow-up periods (p < 0.05). Clinical parameters improved considerably in the test group compared to the control group at the 3rd and 15th day of follow-up. CONCLUSION One-session single PDT application demonstrated significant improvement in both clinical and microbiological outcomes in a short-term period, resulting in complete Candida spp. eradication compared to conventional antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Rakasevic
- Implant and Research Centre, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jelena Marinkovic
- Institute for Nuclear Science, Vinca, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan Rakonjac
- Institute for Microbiology, Medical Military Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marion Arce
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Chile
| | - Ena Joksimovic
- Department of Prosthodontic, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovana Markovic
- Implant and Research Centre, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milan Kulic
- University Hospital Center "Dr. Dragisa Misovic-Dedinje", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milos Hadzi-Mihailovic
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksa Markovic
- Implant and Research Centre, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
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Gonçalves JMLA, Monteiro CM, Machado GB, Pavani C. The combination of methylene blue and sodium dodecyl sulfate enhances the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy of Candida albicans at lower light parameters. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 42:103583. [PMID: 37094609 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growth of resistant microorganisms has been a challenge for health systems. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) has gained attention due to its effects on resistant strains. Recently, it was shown that the association of methylene blue (MB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is an effective strategy to increase the effect of aPDT; however, it is unknown which are the best light parameters (such as irradiance and radiant exposure, RE), to reach the most effective protocols. This work aimed to evaluate the light parameters, irradiance, and radiant exposure, in aPDT with MB when conveyed in water compared to MB associated with SDS. METHODS Tests were carried out to quantify the colony-forming units (CFU) of ATCC 10231 strain of Candida albicans when using MB in different media and with different light parameters: Control (water), SDS (0.25%), MB (20 mg/mL), and the MB/SDS at irradiances of 3.7; 11.2; 18.6, and 26.1 mW/cm2 and varied irradiation times to reach radiant exposures of 4.4; 17.8; 26.7, and 44 J/cm². RESULTS The results showed that aPDT with MB/SDS had a higher antimicrobial effect than MB when conveyed in water. Furthermore, for the highest irradiance studied (26.1 mW/cm2), CFU decreases exponentially with increasing RE from 4.4 up to 44J/cm2. Similarly, at a fixed RE, the higher the irradiance used, the higher the antimicrobial effect was observed, except for the lowest RE studied (4.4 J/cm2). CONCLUSIONS aPDT with MB/SDS had a greater antimicrobial action at the lower light parameters when compared to MB conveyed in water. The authors suggest the use of RE above 18 J/cm2 and irradiance above 26mW/cm2 since at the mentioned parameters the increase in its value caused a greater antimicrobial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Marcelo Lacerda Alves Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biofotônica Aplicada às Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Nove de Julho - UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro 235-249, 01504-001, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina Montovam Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biofotônica Aplicada às Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Nove de Julho - UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro 235-249, 01504-001, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Benedito Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biofotônica Aplicada às Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Nove de Julho - UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro 235-249, 01504-001, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Christiane Pavani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biofotônica Aplicada às Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Nove de Julho - UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro 235-249, 01504-001, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Piksa M, Lian C, Samuel IC, Pawlik KJ, Samuel IDW, Matczyszyn K. The role of the light source in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1697-1722. [PMID: 36779328 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01051k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) is a promising approach to fight the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance that threatens health care, food security and agriculture. APDT uses light to excite a light-activated chemical (photosensitiser), leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Many APDT studies confirm its efficacy in vitro and in vivo against bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites. However, the development of the field is focused on exploring potential targets and developing new photosensitisers. The role of light, a crucial element for ROS production, has been neglected. What are the main parameters essential for effective photosensitiser activation? Does an optimal light radiant exposure exist? And finally, which light source is best? Many reports have described the promising antibacterial effects of APDT in vitro, however, its application in vivo, especially in clinical settings remains very limited. The restricted availability may partially be due to a lack of standard conditions or protocols, arising from the diversity of selected photosensitising agents (PS), variable testing conditions including light sources used for PS activation and methods of measuring anti-bacterial activity and their effectiveness in treating bacterial infections. We thus sought to systematically review and examine the evidence from existing studies on APDT associated with the light source used. We show how the reduction of pathogens depends on the light source applied, radiant exposure and irradiance of light used, and type of pathogen, and so critically appraise the current state of development of APDT and areas to be addressed in future studies. We anticipate that further standardisation of the experimental conditions will help the field advance, and suggest key optical and biological parameters that should be reported in all APDT studies. More in vivo and clinical studies are needed and are expected to be facilitated by advances in light sources, leading to APDT becoming a sustainable, alternative therapeutic option for bacterial and other microbial infections in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Piksa
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Science, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Cheng Lian
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK.
| | - Imogen C Samuel
- School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Krzysztof J Pawlik
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Science, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ifor D W Samuel
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK.
| | - Katarzyna Matczyszyn
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
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In vitro study on the effects of photodynamic inactivation using methyl pheophorbide a, PhotoMed, PhotoCure, and 660 nm diode laser on Candida albicans. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 38:102871. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ziental D, Mlynarczyk DT, Czarczynska-Goslinska B, Lewandowski K, Sobotta L. Photosensitizers Mediated Photodynamic Inactivation against Fungi. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11112883. [PMID: 34835655 PMCID: PMC8621466 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Superficial and systemic fungal infections are essential problems for the modern health care system. One of the challenges is the growing resistance of fungi to classic antifungals and the constantly increasing cost of therapy. These factors force the scientific world to intensify the search for alternative and more effective methods of treatment. This paper presents an overview of new fungal inactivation methods using Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (PACT). The results of research on compounds from the groups of phenothiazines, xanthanes, porphyrins, chlorins, porphyrazines, and phthalocyanines are presented. An intensive search for a photosensitizer with excellent properties is currently underway. The formulation based on the existing ones is also developed by combining them with nanoparticles and common antifungal therapy. Numerous studies indicate that fungi do not form any specific defense mechanism against PACT, which deems it a promising therapeutic alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ziental
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (D.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Dariusz T. Mlynarczyk
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Beata Czarczynska-Goslinska
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Konrad Lewandowski
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (D.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Lukasz Sobotta
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (D.Z.); (K.L.)
- Correspondence:
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In Vitro Effect of Photodynamic Therapy with Different Lights and Combined or Uncombined with Chlorhexidine on Candida spp. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081176. [PMID: 34452140 PMCID: PMC8398142 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidiasis is very common and complicated to treat in some cases due to increased resistance to antifungals. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a promising alternative treatment. It is based on the principle that light of a specific wavelength activates a photosensitizer molecule resulting in the generation of reactive oxygen species that are able to kill pathogens. The aim here is the in vitro photoinactivation of three strains of Candida spp., Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 and Candida krusei ATCC 6258, using aPDT with different sources of irradiation and the photosensitizer methylene blue (MB), alone or in combination with chlorhexidine (CHX). Irradiation was carried out at a fluence of 18 J/cm2 with a light-emitting diode (LED) lamp emitting in red (625 nm) or a white metal halide lamp (WMH) that emits at broad-spectrum white light (420–700 nm). After the photodynamic treatment, the antimicrobial effect is evaluated by counting colony forming units (CFU). MB-aPDT produces a 6 log10 reduction in the number of CFU/100 μL of Candida spp., and the combination with CHX enhances the effect of photoinactivation (effect achieved with lower concentration of MB). Both lamps have similar efficiencies, but the WMH lamp is slightly more efficient. This work opens the doors to a possible clinical application of the combination for resistant or persistent forms of Candida infections.
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Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen that often causes skin infections such as oral thrush, nail fungus, athlete’s foot, and diaper rash. Under particular conditions, C. albicans alters the natural balance of the host microbiota, and as a result, the skin or its accessory structures lose their function and appearance. Conventional antimycotic drugs are highly toxic to host tissues, and long-lasting drug administration induces the arising of resistant strains that make the antimycotic therapy ineffective. Among new antimicrobial approaches to combine with traditional drugs, light-based techniques are very promising. In this study, a panel of dyes was considered for photodynamic therapy (PDT) applications to control the growth of the model strain C. albicans ATCC 14053. The chosen photosensitizers (PSs) belong to the family of synthetic porphyrins, and in particular, they are diaryl-porphyrins. Among these, two monocationic PSs were shown to be particularly efficient in killing C. albicans upon irradiation with light at 410 nm, in a light-dose-dependent manner. The elicited photo-oxidative stress induced the loss of the internal cellular architecture and death. The photodynamic treatment was also successful in inhibiting the biofilm formation of clinical C. albicans strains. In conclusion, this study supports the great potential of diaryl-porphyrins in antimicrobial PDT to control the growth of yeasts on body tissues easily reachable by light sources, such as skin and oral cavity.
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Effect of photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy on Candida albicans in the presence of glucose. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 27:54-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Astuty SD, Suhariningsih, Baktir A, Astuti SD. The Efficacy of Photodynamic Inactivation of the Diode Laser in Inactivation of the Candida albicans Biofilms With Exogenous Photosensitizer of Papaya Leaf Chlorophyll. J Lasers Med Sci 2019; 10:215-224. [PMID: 31749949 DOI: 10.15171/jlms.2019.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Photodynamic inactivation has been developed to kill pathogenic microbes. In addition, some techniques have been introduced to minimize the biofilm resistance to antifungal properties in inhibiting cell growth. The principle of photodynamic inactivation different to antifungal drugs therapy which is resistant to biofilms. The presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that generating in photodynamic inactivation mechanisms can be damaging of biofilm cells and the principle of light transmission that could be penetrating in matrix layers of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) until reaching the target cells at the base layers of biofilm. The present work aims to explore the potential of chlorophyll extract of papaya leaf as an exogenous photosensitizer to kill the Candida albicans biofilms after being activated by the laser. The potential of chlorophyll photosensitizer was evaluated based on the efficacy of inactivation C. albicans biofilm cell through a cell viability test and an organic compound test. Methods: The treatment of photoinactivation was administered to 12 groups of C. albicans biofilm for four days using the 445 nm laser and the 650 nm laser. The 445 nm and 650 nm lasers activated the chlorophyll extract of the papaya leaf (0.5 mg/L) at the same energy density. The energy density variation was determined as 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 J/cm2 with the duration of exposure of each laser adjusted to the absorbance percentage of chlorophyll extract of the papaya leaf. Results: The absorbance percentage of chlorophyll extracts of the papaya leaf on wavelengths of 650 nm and 445 nm respectively were 22.26% and 60.29%, respectively. The most effective treated group was a group of the laser with the addition of chlorophyll, done by the 650 nm lasers with inactivation about 32% (P=0.001), while the 445 nm lasers only 25% (P=0.061). The maximum malondialdehyde levels by treatment of the laser 650 nm were (0.046±0.004) nmol/mg. Conclusion: The use of chlorophyll extract of the papaya leaf as a photosensitizer, resulted in the maximum spectrum of absorption at 414 nm and 668 nm, which produced a maximum reduction effect after photoinactivation up to 32% (with chlorophyll) and 25% (without chlorophyll). The utilization of chlorophyll extract of the papaya leaf would increase the antifungal effects with the activation by the diode laser in the biofilm of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Dewi Astuty
- Doctoral Program of Mathematics and Natural Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Department of Physics of Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Suhariningsih
- Department of Physics Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Afaf Baktir
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Suryani Dyah Astuti
- Department of Physics Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Exploring the Galleria mellonella model to study antifungal photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 27:66-73. [PMID: 31100446 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) shows antimicrobial activity on yeast of the genus Candida. In aPDT, the depth at which the light penetrates the tissue is extremely important for the elaboration of the treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the action of aPDT on experimental candidiasis and the laser impact in the tissue using Galleria mellonella as the infection model. METHODS G. mellonella larvae were infected with different Candida albicans strains. After 30 min, they were treated with methylene blue-mediated aPDT and a low intensity laser (660 nm). The larvae were incubated at 37 °C for seven days and monitored daily to determine the survival curve, using the Log-rank test (Mantel Cox). To evaluate the distribution of the laser as well as its depth of action in the larva body, the Interactive 3D surface PLOT of Image J was used. The effects of aPDT on the immune system were also evaluated by the quantification of hemocytes in the hemolymph of G. mellonella after 6 h of Candida infection (ANOVA and Tukey's test). RESULTS In both the ATCC 18,804 strain and the C. albicans clinical strain 17, aPDT prolonged the survival of the infected G. mellonella larvae by a lethal fungal dose. There was a statistically significant difference between the aPDT and the control groups in the ATCC strain (P = 0.0056). The depth of laser action in the insect body without the photosensitizer was 2.5 mm and 2.4 mm from the cuticle of the larva with the photosensitizer. In the larvae, a uniform distribution of light occurred along 32% of the body length for the group without the photosensitizer and in 39.5% for the group with the photosensitizer. In the immunological analysis, the infection by C. albicans ATCC 18,804 in G. mellonella led to a reduction in the number of hemocytes in the hemolymph. The aPDT and laser treatment induced a slight increase in the number of hemocytes. CONCLUSION Both aPDT and laser treatment positively influenced the treatment of experimental candidiasis. G. mellonella larvae were a useful model for the study of light tissue penetration in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy.
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da Collina GA, Freire F, Santos TPDC, Sobrinho NG, Aquino S, Prates RA, da Silva DDFT, Tempestini Horliana ACR, Pavani C. Controlling methylene blue aggregation: a more efficient alternative to treat Candida albicans infections using photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:1355-1364. [PMID: 30183793 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00238j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Methylene Blue (MB) has been widely used in antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT), however, the mechanisms of action (Type I or Type II) are defined by its state of aggregation. In this sense, the identification of the relationships between aggregation, the mechanisms of action and the effectiveness against microorganisms, as well as the establishment of the means and the formulations that may favor the most effective mechanisms, are essential. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the in vitro aPDT efficacies against Candida albicans, by using MB in vehicles which may influence the aggregation and present an oral formulation (OF) containing MB, to be used in clinical aPDT procedures. The efficacy of MB at 20 mg L-1 was tested in a range of vehicles (water, physiological solution - NaCl 0.9%, phosphate saline buffer - PBS, sodium dodecyl sulfate 0.25% - SDS and urea 1 mol L-1) in a C. albicans planktonic culture, when using 4.68 J cm-2 of 640 ± 12 nm LED for the irradiations, as well as 5 minutes of pre-irradiation time, together with measuring the UFC mL-1. Based upon these analyses, an OF containing MB in the most effective vehicle was tested in the biofilms, as a proposal for clinical applications. When comparing some of the vehicles, sodium dodecyl sulfate was the only one that enhanced an MB aPDT efficacy in a planktonic C. albicans culture. This OF was tested in the biofilms and 50 mg L-1 MB was necessary, in order to achieve some reduction in the cell viabilities after the various treatments. The light dosimetries still need further adaptations, in order for this formulation to be used in clinical applications. The present research has indicated that the development of this formulation for the control of MB aggregations may result in more effective clinical protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Alves da Collina
- Post-Graduation Program of Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho - UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Antimicrobial and anticancer photodynamic activity of a phthalocyanine photosensitizer with N -methyl morpholiniumethoxy substituents in non-peripheral positions. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 172:67-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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13
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Maliszewska I, Lisiak B, Popko K, Matczyszyn K. Enhancement of the Efficacy of Photodynamic Inactivation of Candida albicans with the Use of Biogenic Gold Nanoparticles. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:1081-1090. [PMID: 28191638 DOI: 10.1111/php.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study reports on successful photodynamic inactivation of planktonic and biofilm cells of Candida albicans using Rose Bengal (RB) in combination with biogenic gold nanoparticles synthesized by the cell-free filtrate of Penicillium funiculosum BL1 strain. Monodispersed colloidal gold nanoparticles coated with proteins were characterized by a number of techniques including SEM-EDS, TEM, UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, as well as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to be 24 ± 3 nm spheres. A Xe lamp (output power of 20mW, delivering intensity of 53 mW cm-2 ) was used as a light source to study the effects of RB alone, the gold nanoparticles alone and the RB-gold nanoparticle mixture on the viability of C. albicans cells. The most effective reduction in the number of planktonic cells was found after 30 min of Xe lamp light irradiation (95.4 J cm-2 ) and was 4.89 log10 that is 99.99% kill for the mixture of RB with gold nanoparticles compared with 2.19 log10 or 99.37% for RB alone. The biofilm cells were more resistant to photodynamic inactivation, and the highest effective reduction in the number of cells was found after 30 min of irradiation in the presence of the RB-gold nanoparticles mixture and was 1.53 log10 , that is 97.04% kill compared with 0.6 log10 or 74.73% for RB. The probable mechanism of enhancement of RB-mediated photodynamic fungicidal efficacy against C. albicans in the presence of biogenic gold nanoparticles is discussed leading to the conclusion that this process may have a multifaceted character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Maliszewska
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Lisiak
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Popko
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Matczyszyn
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
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Lyon JP, Carvalho CR, Rezende RR, Lima CJ, Santos FV, Moreira LM. Synergism between fluconazole and methylene blue-photodynamic therapy against fluconazole-resistant Candida strains. Indian J Med Microbiol 2017; 34:506-508. [PMID: 27934831 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.195351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been proved to be effective against fungi and it may be employed as a coadjutant to conventional antifungal agents, leading to a more effective microbial control minimising side effects. This work evaluates the combined effect of PDT and fluconazole against resistant Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Candida krusei. The yeasts were submitted to methylene blue-PDT (MB-PDT) in sub-inhibitory concentrations. In the present work, MB-PDT combined with fluconazole was more efficient in the inhibition of the C. albicans and C. glabrata than each treatment alone, being possible to infer that the treatments are synergic.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Lyon
- Department of Natural Sciences, Campus Centro-Oeste D. Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, São João Del Rei, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C R Carvalho
- Department of Natural Sciences, Campus Centro-Oeste D. Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, São João Del Rei, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R R Rezende
- Department of Natural Sciences, Campus Centro-Oeste D. Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, São João Del Rei, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C J Lima
- Department of Animal Science, Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F V Santos
- Department of Natural Sciences, Campus Centro-Oeste D. Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, São João Del Rei, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L M Moreira
- Department of Animal Science, Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco, São Paulo, Brazil
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In vitro studies of different irradiation conditions for Photodynamic inactivation of Helicobacter pylori. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 141:113-8. [PMID: 25463658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (HP) infections are considered to be the main cause for chronic gastritis and gastric ulcers, whereby more than half of the world's population is nowadays infected. The increased use of antibiotics is leading to an enhanced resistance. Photodynamic inactivation of bacteria seems to be a potential alternative for antibiotic therapies. In our study we used the photosensitizer Chlorin e6 (Ce6) in combination with red light-emitting diodes to inactivate HP in vitro. Ce6 uptake is determined by spectroscopy. Furthermore diverse experiments of different concentrations in the range of 0-100 μM of the photosensitizer and exposure times up to 300 s are carried out in order to find optimal irradiation parameters (wavelength: 660 nm, power density: 9 mW/cm(2), absorbed dose: up to 2.7 J/cm(2)). The data show a significant reduction after already a few seconds of illumination, even with a low Ce6 concentration in the sub-μM-region. At a concentration of 100 μM a nearly total inactivation (6-log10-reduction) of HP was achieved within 60s of irradiation.
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de Oliveira BP, Aguiar CM, Câmara AC. Photodynamic therapy in combating the causative microorganisms from endodontic infections. Eur J Dent 2014; 8:424-430. [PMID: 25202228 PMCID: PMC4144146 DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.137662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is presented as a promising antimicrobial therapy that can eliminate microorganisms present in endodontic infections. This treatment is based on the use of a nontoxic photosensitizing agent followed by irradiation of a resonant light source being capable of generating highly reactive species that are harmful to microorganisms. The purpose of this paper is to review the dental literature about the main factors that encompass the use of PDT combined with endodontic treatment for decontamination of the root canal system. A literature search was performed using the following index databases: PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge and MedLine, between 2000 and 2014, looking for studies regarding antimicrobial action of PDT and its application to endodontic therapy. It was observed that despite numerous promising results, it is still necessary to establish different parameters so that PDT can be used with maximum effectiveness in eliminating microorganisms that cause endodontic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Paloma de Oliveira
- Department of Prosthodontics and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental School, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Carlos Menezes Aguiar
- Department of Prosthodontics and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental School, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Andréa Cruz Câmara
- Department of Prosthodontics and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental School, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil
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Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Proper sterilization or disinfection of removable prostheses and surgical guides has been problematic in dental practice because of the absence of simple and low-cost techniques that do not cause damage to acrylic resins. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to study the effect of photodynamic therapy against Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans biofilms formed on acrylic resin specimens. MATERIAL AND METHODS The specimens were sterilized in ethylene oxide gas and submitted to in vitro biofilm growth. The photodynamic therapy consisted of the application of 0.05% methylene blue (P+) conjugated to irradiation with a light-emitting-diode of 630 nm and 150 mW (L+). The specimens were randomly divided into groups (n=5): negative control (P-L-); stained and irradiated at 10 J/cm(2) (P+L+ 10); stained and irradiated at 30 J/cm(2) (P+L+ 30); stained and not irradiated (P+L-); not stained and irradiated at 10 J/cm(2) (P-L+ 10); not stained and irradiated at 30 J/cm(2) (P-L+ 30); and gold standard (GS), sterilized. Afterward, the specimens were submitted to contact with culture medium agar for 10 minutes in petri plates, which were incubated for 48 hours at 37°C. The number of colony-forming units was obtained, and the data were expressed according to scores (1=0; 2=1-10; 3=11-100; 4=101-1000) and analyzed by the Friedman and Dunn tests (α=.05). RESULTS Streptococcus mutans was sensitized by (P+L-); P aeruginosa and C albicans were also sensitized by the dye but showed a slight microbial reduction with (P+L+ 30), as did S aureus (P>.05); E coli presented an initial score of 3 and achieved a bacterial reduction to score 2 with (P+L+ 30) (P=.039). CONCLUSIONS Photodynamic therapy was effective in reducing E coli counts on biofilms formed on acrylic resin specimens. The inhibition of microorganism growth tended to be directly proportional to the amount of energy provided by the light-emitting diode.
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Innovative strategies to overcome biofilm resistance. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:150653. [PMID: 23509680 PMCID: PMC3591221 DOI: 10.1155/2013/150653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We review the recent literature concerning the efficiency of antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation toward various microbial species in planktonic and biofilm cultures. The review is mainly focused on biofilm-growing microrganisms because this form of growth poses a threat to chronically infected or immunocompromised patients and is difficult to eradicate from medical devices. We discuss the biofilm formation process and mechanisms of its increased resistance to various antimicrobials. We present, based on data in the literature, strategies for overcoming the problem of biofilm resistance. Factors that have potential for use in increasing the efficiency of the killing of biofilm-forming bacteria include plant extracts, enzymes that disturb the biofilm structure, and other nonenzymatic molecules. We propose combining antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with various antimicrobial and antibiofilm approaches to obtain a synergistic effect to permit efficient microbial growth control at low photosensitizer doses.
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