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Szczygieł M, Kalinowska B, Szczygieł D, Krzykawska-Serda M, Fiedor L, Murzyn AA, Sopel J, Matuszak Z, Elas M. EPR Monitoring of Oxygenation Levels in Tumors After Chlorophyllide-Based Photodynamic Therapy May Allow for Early Prediction of Treatment Outcome. Mol Imaging Biol 2024; 26:411-423. [PMID: 38296885 PMCID: PMC11211189 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-023-01886-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Molecular oxygen, besides a photosensitizer and light of appropriate wavelength, is one of the three factors necessary for photodynamic therapy (PDT). In tumor tissue, PDT leads to the killing of tumor cells, destruction of endothelial cells and vasculature collapse, and the induction of strong immune responses. All these effects may influence the oxygenation levels, but it is the vasculature changes that have the main impact on pO2. The purpose of our study was to monitor changes in tumor oxygenation after PDT and explore its significance for predicting long-term treatment response. PROCEDURES Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy enables direct, quantitative, and sequential measurements of partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) in the same animal. The levels of chlorophyll derived photosensitizers in tumor tissue were determined by transdermal emission measurements. RESULTS The noninvasive monitoring of pO2 in the tumor tissue after PDT showed that the higher ΔpO2 (pO2 after PDT minus pO2 before PDT), the greater the inhibition of tumor growth. ΔpO2 also correlated with higher levels of the photosensitizers in the tumor and with the occurrence of a severe edema/erythema after PDT. CONCLUSION Monitoring of PDT-induced changes in tumor oxygenation is a valuable prognostic factor and could be also used to identify potentially resistant tumors, which is important in predicting long-term treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Szczygieł
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Barbara Kalinowska
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dariusz Szczygieł
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Leszek Fiedor
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Anna Murzyn
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Justyna Sopel
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Zenon Matuszak
- Department of Biophysics and Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics and Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Martyna Elas
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Conjugates of Tetrapyrrolic Macrocycles as Potential Anticancer Target-Oriented Photosensitizers. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2023; 381:10. [PMID: 36826755 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-023-00421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a minimally invasive treatment of tumors using photosensitizers, light, and reactive oxygen species, which can destroy cellular structures. With the development of photodynamic therapy, significant efforts have been made to create new efficient photosensitizers with improved delivery to cells, stability, and selectivity against cancer tissues. Naturally occurring tetrapyrrolic macrocycles, such as porphyrins and chlorins, are very attractive as photosensitizers, and their structural modification and conjugation with other biologically active molecules are promising approaches for creating new photosensitizers specifically targeting cancer cells. The present review aims to highlight recent developments in the design, preparation, and investigation of complex conjugates of tetrapyrrolic macrocycles, which can potentially be used as sensitizers for target-oriented photodynamic therapy of cancer. In this review, we discuss the structure, photodynamic effect, and anticancer activity of the following conjugates of tetrapyrrolic macrocycles: (1) conjugates obtained by modifying peripheral substituents in porphyrins and chlorins; (2) conjugates of porphyrins and chlorins with lipids, carbohydrates, steroids, and peptides; (3) conjugates of porphyrins and chlorins with anticancer drugs and some other biologically active molecules; (4) metal-containing conjugates. The question of how the conjugate structure affects its specificity, internalization, localization, and photoinduced toxicity within cancer cells is the focus of this review.
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Szafraniec MJ. Interactions of chlorophyll-derived photosensitizers with human serum albumin are determined by the central metal ion. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:479-492. [PMID: 34844514 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.2007794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Two structurally similar derivatives of chlorophyll a, chlorophyllide a (Chlide) and zinc-pheophorbide a (Zn-Pheide), differing only in central metal ion (Mg2+ or Zn2+, respectively) substituting the tetrapyrrole ring, were investigated with regard to their binding to human serum albumin (HSA). Chlide and Zn-Pheide are very promising photosensitizers with potential application in photodynamic therapy, therefore it is desirable to investigate their interactions with serum proteins. The studies included absorption and steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy, as well as molecular docking. It was found that both investigated compounds form complexes with HSA. Experimental data revealed two classes of binding sites for each compound. The affinities (Ka) for the first class were in the range of 105 and 106 M-1 for Chlide and Zn-Pheide, respectively, while the second class was characterized by the affinities of the order of 104 M-1 for both derivatives. Molecular docking simulations together with displacement studies revealed that the primary binding site of the studied compounds is the heme site, localized in the subdomain IB, however the best characterized binding sites of HSA, namely the Sudlow's sites I and II are also involved. The interactions between the derivatives of chlorophyll and HSA were found to be predominantly hydrophobic and to a lesser extent hydrogen bonding. Our results demonstrate that the centrally bound metal ion determines both the affinity and mode of binding to HSA, which may be a feature differentiating these compounds in terms of their pharmacokinetics.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena J Szafraniec
- Łukasiewicz Research Network - PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, Wrocław, Poland
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Clark NF, Taylor-Robinson AW, Heimann K. Could chlorophyllins improve the safety profile of beta-d-N4-hydroxycytidine versus N-hydroxycytidine, the active ingredient of the SARS-CoV-2 antiviral molnupiravir? Ther Adv Drug Saf 2022; 13:20420986221107753. [PMID: 35898799 PMCID: PMC9309465 DOI: 10.1177/20420986221107753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Could natural plant pigment (chlorophyll) derivatives (chlorophyllins) improve the
safety of the antiviral Molnupiravir, used to treat COVID-19 disease?
Molnupiravir, a specific SARS-CoV-2 antiviral, may cause adverse genetic changes and
thereby create potential host cell damage (through genotoxicity and DNA stressors). In our
opinion, this side effect of treatment could be reduced if the antiviral was taken as a
combined therapy with chlorophyllins. Specifically, we hypothesise that chlorophyllins
might improve the overall effectiveness of molnupiravir, typically used to treat patients
suffering from COVID-19. Chlorophyllins, antioxidants derived from natural plant
chlorophyll, are safe, effective and non-toxic antioxidants that could combat possible
genotoxic flow-on effects of molnupiravir. In addition, as they possess antiviral
properties, treatment with chlorophyllins may enhance the overall antiviral effect via a
mechanism different to molnupiravir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole F Clark
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, 5042 Australia
| | | | - Kirsten Heimann
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Szafraniec MJ, Toporkiewicz M, Gamian A. Zinc-Substituted Pheophorbide A Is a Safe and Efficient Antivascular Photodynamic Agent. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020235. [PMID: 35215347 PMCID: PMC8874758 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study focuses on the photodynamic activity of zinc-substituted pheophorbide a against human endothelial cells. Previously, zinc pheophorbide a has been shown to be a very potent photosensitizer but also a strong albumin binder. Binding to albumin significantly reduces its availability to cancer cells, which may necessitate the use of relatively high doses. Here we show that zinc pheophorbide a is very effective against vascular endothelial cells, even in its albumin-complexed form. Albumin complexation increases the lysosomal accumulation of the drug, thus enhancing its efficiency. Zinc pheophorbide a at nanomolar concentrations induces endothelial cell death via apoptosis, which in many cases is considered a desirable cell death mode because of its anti-inflammatory effect. Additionally, we demonstrate that in comparison to tumor cells, endothelial cells are much more susceptible to photodynamic treatment with the use of the investigated compound. Our findings demonstrate that zinc pheophorbide a is a very promising photosensitizer for use in vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy against solid tumors, acting as a vascular shutdown inducer. It can also possibly find application in the treatment of a range of vascular disorders. Numerous properties of zinc pheophorbide a are comparable or even more favorable than those of the well-known photosensitizer of a similar structure, palladium bacteriopheophorbide (TOOKAD®).
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena J. Szafraniec
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland;
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, 54-066 Wrocław, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Monika Toporkiewicz
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, 54-066 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland;
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Szafraniec MJ, Fiedor L. One ring is not enough to rule them all. Albumin-dependent ABCG2-mediated transport of chlorophyll-derived photosensitizers. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 167:106001. [PMID: 34517107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP, ABCG2) is a member of the ATP-binding-cassette (ABC) superfamily of membrane transporters. It is involved in the efflux of a broad range of xenobiotics of highly diverse structures. BCRP activity greatly influences drug distribution in vivo and is often associated with cancer multidrug resistance, which is observed in the case of both chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy. The set of ABCG2 substrates includes porphyrins and chlorins such as heme, hemin, protoporphyrin IX, chlorin e6, pheophorbide a, and their derivatives. Here we provide an evidence that magnesium- and zinc-substituted derivatives of pheophorbide a, which are very promising photosensitizers for use in photodynamic therapy, are also recognized and transported by ABCG2. Interestingly, despite minor structural differences, they clearly differ in the transport rate, both between each other and compared to pheophorbide a. In addition, their transport rate, like those of other structurally similar compounds, is strictly dependent on the level of serum albumin in the extracellular environment. The results that we present here are crucial for the use of metal-substituted pheophorbides in clinical practice but also provide an important insight into the mechanism of porphyrin transport by ABCG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena J Szafraniec
- Łukasiewicz Research Network - PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, Stabłowicka 147, 54-066 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Leszek Fiedor
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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Clark NF, Taylor-Robinson AW. COVID-19 Therapy: Could a Chlorophyll Derivative Promote Cellular Accumulation of Zn 2+ Ions to Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 RNA Synthesis? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1270. [PMID: 32922431 PMCID: PMC7457044 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole F. Clark
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
| | - Andrew W. Taylor-Robinson
- Infectious Diseases Research Group, School of Health, Medical & Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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8
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Jakubowska MA, Pyka J, Michalczyk-Wetula D, Baczyński K, Cieśla M, Susz A, Ferdek PE, Płonka BK, Fiedor L, Płonka PM. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals alterations in the redox state of endogenous copper and iron complexes in photodynamic stress-induced ischemic mouse liver. Redox Biol 2020; 34:101566. [PMID: 32464500 PMCID: PMC7251382 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Divalent copper and iron cations have been acknowledged for their catalytic roles in physiological processes critical for homeostasis maintenance. Being redox-active, these metals act as cofactors in the enzymatic reactions of electron transfer. However, under pathophysiological conditions, owing to their high redox potentials, they may exacerbate stress-induced injury. This could be particularly hazardous to the liver - the main body reservoir of these two metals. Surprisingly, the involvement of Cu and Fe in liver pathology still remains poorly understood. Hypoxic stress in the tissue may act as a stimulus that mobilizes these ions from their hepatic stores, aggravating the systemic injury. Since ischemia poses a serious complication in liver surgery (e.g. transplantation) we aimed to reveal the status of Cu and Fe via spectroscopic analysis of mouse ischemic liver tissue. Herein, we establish a novel non-surgical model of focal liver ischemia, achieved by applying light locally when a photosensitizer is administered systemically. Photodynamic treatment results in clear-cut areas of the ischemic hepatic tissue, as confirmed by ultrasound scans, mean velocity measurements, 3D modelling of vasculature and (immuno)histological analysis. For reference, we assessed the samples collected from the animals which developed transient systemic endotoxemic stress induced by a non-lethal dose of lipopolysaccharide. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra recorded in situ in the liver samples reveal a dramatic increase in the level of Cu adducts solely in the ischemic tissues. In contrast, other typical free radical components of the liver EPR spectra, such as reduced Riske clusters are not detected; these differences are not followed by changes in the blood EPR spectra. Taken together, our results suggest that local ischemic stress affects paramagnetic species containing redox-active metals. Moreover, because in our model hepatic vascular flow is impaired, these effects are only local (confined to the liver) and are not propagated systemically. Liver ischemia causes local dyshomeostasis in redox-active transition metal ions. Metal ion-reactive species interaction exacerbates injury of the hepatic tissue. Copper chelation could aid the removal of reactive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika A Jakubowska
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Janusz Pyka
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Baczyński
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maciej Cieśla
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Susz
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł E Ferdek
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Beata K Płonka
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Leszek Fiedor
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Przemysław M Płonka
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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He H, Nieminen AL, Xu P. A bioactivatable self-quenched nanogel for targeted photodynamic therapy. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:5143-5149. [PMID: 31577285 PMCID: PMC6864251 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01237k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy has attracted significant attention due to its localized treatment advantage. However, the non-specific distribution of photosensitizers and the subsequent potential toxicity caused by sunshine exposure hinder its wide adoption in cancer treatment. To minimize these unwanted effects and improve its efficacy, we developed a bioactivatable self-quenched nanogel, which remains in its inactive state in healthy tissues. Anti-EGFR Affibody decorated nanogels can effectively target head and neck cancer and release activated pheophorbide A in a reducing environment, such as in the tumor stroma and cytoplasm. Consequently, the EGFR targeted nanogel coupled with NIR irradiation alleviates tumor burden by 94.5% while not inducing systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huacheng He
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - Anna-Liisa Nieminen
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, 70 President Street, MSC 140, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Peisheng Xu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Chlorophylls B formulated in nanostructured colloidal solutions: Interaction, spectroscopic, and photophysical studies. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.10.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Campanholi KDSS, Braga G, da Silva JB, da Rocha NL, de Francisco LMB, de Oliveira ÉL, Bruschi ML, de Castro-Hoshino LV, Sato F, Hioka N, Caetano W. Biomedical Platform Development of a Chlorophyll-Based Extract for Topic Photodynamic Therapy: Mechanical and Spectroscopic Properties. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:8230-8244. [PMID: 29933698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic modality that has shown effectiveness in the inactivation of cancer cell lines and microorganisms. Treatment consists of activating the photosensitizer (PS) upon light irradiation of adequate wavelength. After reaching the excited state, the PS can handle the intersystem conversion through energy transfer to the molecular oxygen, generating reactive oxygen species. This especially applies to singlet oxygen (1O2), which is responsible for the selective destruction of the sick tissue. Photosensitizing compounds (chlorophylls and derivatives) existing in the spinach extract have applicability for PDT. This study aimed to develop and characterize the thermoresponsive bioadhesive system composed of Pluronic F127 20.0%- and Carbopol 934P 0.2% (w/w) (FC)-containing chlorophyll-based extract 0.5% (w/w) (FC-Chl). Mechanical and rheological properties, in vitro release, sol-gel transition temperature, and ex vivo permeability of the spinach extract PS components (through pig ear skin) were investigated. Furthermore, photodynamic activity of the system was accessed through uric acid and time-solved measurements. The sol-gel transition temperature obtained for the FC-Chl system was 28.8 ± 0.3 °C. Rheological and texture properties of the platform were suitable for use as a dermatological system, exhibiting easy application and good characteristics of retention in the place of administration. In vitro release studies showed the presence of two distinct mechanisms that reasonably obey the zero-order and first-order kinetics models. PS components presented skin permeability and reached a permeation depth of 830 μm (between the epidermis and dermis). The photodynamic evaluation of the FC-Chl system was effective in the degradation of uric acid. The quantum yield (ΦΔ1O2) and life time (τ1O2) of singlet oxygen showed similar values for the spinach extract and the isolated chlorophyll a species in ethanol. These results allowed for the classification of the FC-Chl platform as potentially useful for the delivery of the chlorophyll-based extract in the topic PDT, suggesting that it is worthy for in vivo evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nicola L da Rocha
- Institute of Chemistry , State University of Campinas , Campinas , São Paulo 13083-872 , Brazil
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Gheewala T, Skwor T, Munirathinam G. Photodynamic therapy using pheophorbide and 670 nm LEDs exhibits anti-cancer effects in-vitro in androgen dependent prostate cancer. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 21:130-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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13
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Isaac-Lam MF, Hammonds DM. Biotinylated Chlorin and Its Zinc and Indium Complexes: Synthesis and In Vitro Biological Evaluation for Photodynamic Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10020041. [PMID: 28420143 PMCID: PMC5490398 DOI: 10.3390/ph10020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of biotinylated chlorin photosensitizer and the corresponding zinc and indium complexes are described for potential applications in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer. Phototoxicity of the biotin-chlorin conjugate and the metallated complexes was determined in colon carcinoma CT26 cell lines known to overexpress biotin (Vit B7) receptors. Cell survival assay indicated that the biotinylated chlorin and indium complex showed increased cell growth inhibition than the zinc complex and the starting chlorin (methyl pheophorbide). Fluorescence microcopy studies revealed the generation of apoptotic cells upon light irradiation of colon cells treated with the indium complex. Targeting biotin receptors in cancer cells can improve specificity of photosensitizers for PDT applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meden F Isaac-Lam
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Purdue University Northwest, 1401 S US Hwy 421, Westville, IN 46391, USA.
| | - Dewana M Hammonds
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Purdue University Northwest, 1401 S US Hwy 421, Westville, IN 46391, USA.
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14
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Conjugation of chlorins with spermine enhances phototoxicity to cancer cells in vitro. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 168:175-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ocakoglu K, Er O, Kiyak G, Lambrecht FY, Gunduz C, Kayabasi C. 131I–Zn–Chlorophyll derivative photosensitizer for tumor imaging and photodynamic therapy. Int J Pharm 2015; 493:96-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Jakubowska M, Michalczyk-Wetula D, Pyka J, Susz A, Urbanska K, Płonka BK, Kuleta P, Łącki P, Krzykawska-Serda M, Fiedor L, Płonka PM. Nitrosylhemoglobin in photodynamically stressed human tumors growing in nude mice. Nitric Oxide 2013; 35:79-88. [PMID: 23973529 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The role of nitric oxide in human tumor biology and therapy has been the subject of extensive studies. However, there is only limited knowledge about the mechanisms of NO production and its metabolism, and about the role NO can play in modern therapeutic procedures, such as photodynamic therapy. Here, for the first time, we report the presence of nitrosylhemoglobin, a stable complex of NO, in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 tumors growing in situ in nude mice. Using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy we show that the level of nitrosylhemoglobin increases in the course of photodynamic therapy and that the phenomenon is local. Even the destruction of strongly vascularized normal liver tissue did not induce the paramagnetic signal, despite bringing about tissue necrosis. We conclude that photodynamic stress substantiates NO production and blood extravasation in situ, both processes on-going even in non-treated tumors, although at a lower intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Jakubowska
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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