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Leite G, Mehravar S, Pimentel M, Mathur R, Melmed GY, Teagle V, Barlow GM, Rezaie A. Extracellular and intracellular antiviral effects of ultraviolet A against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 are variant-independent. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 47:104097. [PMID: 38677499 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Under controlled settings, narrow-band ultraviolet A (UVA) exposure exerts antiviral effects both in vivo and in vitro. The effect is thought to be mediated via direct effect on viral particles and indirectly, by modulation of metabolic pathways of host cells. We aimed to explore the extracellular and intracellular antiviral effects of UVA exposure against Alpha, Beta, and Delta variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). METHODS Vero E6 kidney normal epithelial cells and human tracheal epithelial cells were infected with Alpha, Beta, and Delta variants in a BSL-3 laboratory. To assess extracellular effects, SARS-CoV-2 variants were directly exposed to a single dose of UVA prior to infection of the host cells (Vero E6 kidney normal epithelial cells and human tracheal epithelial cells) The intracellular effects of UVA were assessed by first infecting the cells with SARS-CoV-2 variants followed by UVA treatment of infected cell monolayers. Efficacy was quantified by both plaque reduction assay and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, transcriptomic analysis was performed on exposed Vero E6 cells to assess differentially expressed genes and canonical pathways as compared to controls. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 Alpha, Beta and Delta variants are susceptible to UVA exposure prior to infection of Vero E6 cells. Importantly, the UVA-driven reduction in Delta variant load could be reproduced in human primary tracheal cells. Beta and Delta variants load also significantly decreased during Vero E6 cells intracellular experiments. UVA-driven reductions in viral loads ameliorate several host metabolic pathways, including canonical pathways related to viral infection and interferon signaling. CONCLUSION Narrow-band UVA exhibits both extracellular effects on SARS-CoV-2 viral particles and intracellular effects on infected cells with SARS-CoV-2. Efficacy appears to be variant independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Leite
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sepideh Mehravar
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mark Pimentel
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ruchi Mathur
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gil Y Melmed
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Volha Teagle
- Eurofins Biopharma Product Testing, Lancaster, PA, United States
| | - Gillian M Barlow
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ali Rezaie
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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Ultraviolet-A light increases mitochondrial anti-viral signaling protein in confluent human tracheal cells via cell-cell signaling. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 226:112357. [PMID: 34798503 PMCID: PMC8590474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) protein mediates innate antiviral responses, including responses to certain coronaviruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). We have previously shown that ultraviolet-A (UVA) therapy can prevent virus-induced cell death in human ciliated tracheal epithelial cells (HTEpC) infected with coronavirus-229E (CoV-229E), and results in increased intracellular levels of MAVS. In this study, we explored the mechanisms by which UVA light can activate MAVS, and whether local UVA light application can activate MAVS at locations distant from the light source (e.g. via cell-to-cell communication). MAVS levels were compared in HTEpC exposed to 2 mW/cm2 narrow band (NB)-UVA for 20 min and in unexposed controls at 30–40% and at 100% confluency, and in unexposed HTEpC treated with supernatants or lysates from UVA-exposed cells or from unexposed controls. MAVS was also assessed in different sections of confluent monolayer plates where only one section was exposed to NB-UVA. Our results showed that UVA increases the expression of MAVS protein. Further, cells in a confluent monolayer exposed to UVA conferred an elevation in MAVS in cells adjacent to the exposed section, and also in cells in the most distant sections which were not exposed to UVA. In this study, human ciliated tracheal epithelial cells exposed to UVA demonstrate increased MAVS protein, and also appear to transmit this influence to confluent cells not exposed to UVA, likely via cell-cell signaling.
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