1
|
Osgerby A, Overton TW. Approaches for high-throughput quantification of periplasmic recombinant proteins. N Biotechnol 2023; 77:149-160. [PMID: 37708933 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The Gram-negative periplasm is a convenient location for the accumulation of many recombinant proteins including biopharmaceutical products. It is the site of disulphide bond formation, required by some proteins (such as antibody fragments) for correct folding and function. It also permits simpler protein release and downstream processing than cytoplasmic accumulation. As such, targeting of recombinant proteins to the E. coli periplasm is a key strategy in biologic manufacture. However, expression and translocation of each recombinant protein requires optimisation including selection of the best signal peptide and growth and production conditions. Traditional methods require separation and analysis of protein compositions of periplasmic and cytoplasmic fractions, a time- and labour-intensive method that is difficult to parallelise. Therefore, approaches for high throughput quantification of periplasmic protein accumulation offer advantages in rapid process development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Osgerby
- School of Chemical Engineering and Institute of Microbiology and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Tim W Overton
- School of Chemical Engineering and Institute of Microbiology and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Galactitol Transport Factor GatA Relieves ATP Supply Restriction to Enhance Acid Tolerance of Escherichia coli in the Two-Stage Fermentation Production of D-Lactate. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8120665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a major contributor to the industrial production of organic acids, but its production capacity and cost are limited by its acid sensitivity. Enhancing acid resistance in E. coli is essential for improving cell performance and production value. Here, we propose a feasible strategy for improving cellular acid tolerance by reducing ATP supply restriction. Transcriptome assays of acid-tolerant evolved strains revealed that the galactitol phosphotransferase system transporter protein GatA is an acid-tolerance factor that assists E. coli in improving its resistance to a variety of organic acids. Enhanced GatA expression increased cell survival under conditions of lethal stress due to D-lactic acid, itaconic acid and succinic acid by 101.8-fold, 29.4-fold and 41.6-fold, respectively. In addition, fermentation patterns for aerobic growth and oxygen-limited production of D-lactic acid were identified, and suitable transition and induction stages were evaluated. GatA effectively compensated for the lack of cellular energy during oxygen limitation and enabled the D-lactic acid producing strain to exhibit more sustainable productivity in acidic fermentation environments with a 55.7% increase in D-lactic acid titer from 9.5 g·L−1 to 14.8 g·L−1 and reduced generation of by-product. Thus, this study developed a method to improve the acid resistance of E. coli cells by compensating for the energy gap without affecting normal cell metabolism while reducing the cost of organic acid production.
Collapse
|
3
|
Lopes C, dos Santos NV, Dupont J, Pedrolli DB, Valentini SR, Santos‐Ebinuma V, Pereira JFB. Improving the cost effectiveness of enhanced green fluorescent protein production using recombinantEscherichia coliBL21 (DE3): Decreasing the expression inducer concentration. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2019; 66:527-536. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Lopes
- Department of Bioprocesses and BiotechnologySchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araraquara Brazil
| | - Nathalia Vieira dos Santos
- Department of Bioprocesses and BiotechnologySchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araraquara Brazil
| | - Jana Dupont
- Department of Bioprocesses and BiotechnologySchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araraquara Brazil
- Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGent University Gent Belgium
| | - Danielle Biscaro Pedrolli
- Department of Bioprocesses and BiotechnologySchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araraquara Brazil
| | - Sandro Roberto Valentini
- Department of Biological SciencesSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araraquara Brazil
| | - Valéria Santos‐Ebinuma
- Department of Bioprocesses and BiotechnologySchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araraquara Brazil
| | - Jorge Fernando Brandão Pereira
- Department of Bioprocesses and BiotechnologySchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araraquara Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Glukhova KF, Marchenkov VV, Melnik TN, Melnik BS. Isoforms of green fluorescent protein differ from each other in solvent molecules 'trapped' inside this protein. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:1215-1225. [PMID: 27045905 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1174737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Green fluorescent protein (GFP) has been studied quite thoroughly, however, up to now some experimental data have not been explained explicitly. For example, under native conditions this protein can have two isoforms differing in their mobility in gel. In this case, no differences between the isoforms are revealed under denaturing conditions. In order to understand the difference in the isoforms of this protein, we have investigated GFP-cycle3 using mass spectrometry, gel electrophoresis, size exclusion chromatography, microcalorimetry, and spectroscopy methods under varying conditions. We have also designed and studied three mutant forms of this protein with substitutions of amino acid residues inside the GFP barrel. The mutations have allowed us to influence the formation of different GFP isoforms. Each of the mutant proteins has predominantly only one isoform. As a result of the performed research, it can be concluded that most likely the GFP isoforms differ in the solvent molecules 'trapped' inside the GFP barrel. In their turn, these molecules have an effect on the protein charge and consequently on its mobility at electrophoresis under native conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kseniya F Glukhova
- a Institute of Protein Research , Russian Academy of Sciences , 142290 Pushchino , Moscow Region , Russia
| | - Victor V Marchenkov
- a Institute of Protein Research , Russian Academy of Sciences , 142290 Pushchino , Moscow Region , Russia
| | - Tatiana N Melnik
- a Institute of Protein Research , Russian Academy of Sciences , 142290 Pushchino , Moscow Region , Russia
| | - Bogdan S Melnik
- a Institute of Protein Research , Russian Academy of Sciences , 142290 Pushchino , Moscow Region , Russia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Whittaker MM, Whittaker JW. Expression and purification of recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial carrier protein YGR257Cp (Mtm1p). Protein Expr Purif 2013; 93:77-86. [PMID: 24184947 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial carrier YGR257Cp (Mtm1p) is an integral membrane protein that plays an essential role in mitochondrial iron homeostasis and respiratory functions, but its carrier substrate has not previously been identified. Large amounts of pure protein are required for biochemical characterization, including substrate screening. Functional complementation of a Saccharomyces knockout by expression of TwinStrep tagged YGR257Cp demonstrates that an affinity tag does not interfere with protein function, but the expression level is very low. Heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris improves the yield but the product is heterogeneous. Expression has been screened in several Escherichia coli hosts, optimizing yield by modifying induction conditions and supplementing with rare tRNAs to overcome codon bias in the eukaryotic gene. Detection of an additional N-terminal truncation product in E. coli reveals the presence of a secondary intracistronic translation initiation site, which can be eliminated by silent mutagenesis of an alternative (Leu) initiation codon, resulting in production of a single, full-length polypeptide (∼30% of the total protein) as insoluble inclusion bodies. Purified inclusion bodies were successfully refolded and affinity purified, yielding approximately 40mg of pure, soluble product per liter of culture. Refolded YGR257Cp binds pyridoxal 5'-phosphate tightly (KD<1μM), supporting a new hypothesis that the mitochondrial carrier YGR237Cp and its homologs function as high affinity PLP transporters in mitochondria, providing the first evidence for this essential transport function in eukaryotes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei M Whittaker
- Institute for Environmental Health, Division of Environmental and Biomolecular Systems, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Velaithan V, Chin SC, Yusoff K, Illias RM, Rahim RA. Novel synthetic signal peptides for the periplasmic secretion of green fluorescent protein in Escherichia coli. ANN MICROBIOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-013-0687-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
|
7
|
Urh M, Rosenberg M. HaloTag, a Platform Technology for Protein Analysis. CURRENT CHEMICAL GENOMICS 2012; 6:72-8. [PMID: 23213345 PMCID: PMC3480824 DOI: 10.2174/1875397301206010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding protein function and interaction is central to the elucidation of biological processes. Systematic analysis of protein interactions have shown that the eukaryotic proteome is highly interconnected and that biological function frequently depends on the orchestrated action of many proteins. Perturbation of these functions or interactions can lead to various disease states and pharmacologic intervention can result in corrective therapies. The fact that proteins rarely act in isolation, but rather comprise complex machines that stably and/or transiently interact with many different partners at different times, demands the need for robust tools that allow comprehensive global analyses of these events. Here we describe a powerful protein fusion technology, the HaloTag platform, and how it enables the study of many facets of protein biology by offering a broad choice of applications. We review the development of the key aspects of the technology and it's performance in both in vitro and in vivo applications. In particular, we focus on HaloTag's multifunctional utility in protein imaging, protein isolation and display, and in the study of protein complexes and interactions. We demonstrate it's potential to help elucidate important facets of proteomic biology across complex biological systems at the biochemical, cell-based and whole animal level.
Collapse
|
8
|
Dammeyer T, Tinnefeld P. Engineered fluorescent proteins illuminate the bacterial periplasm. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2012; 3:e201210013. [PMID: 24688673 PMCID: PMC3962181 DOI: 10.5936/csbj.201210013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial periplasm is of special interest whenever cell factories are designed and engineered. Recombinantely produced proteins are targeted to the periplasmic space of Gram negative bacteria to take advantage of the authentic N-termini, disulfide bridge formation and easy accessibility for purification with less contaminating cellular proteins. The oxidizing environment of the periplasm promotes disulfide bridge formation - a prerequisite for proper folding of many proteins into their active conformation. In contrast, the most popular reporter protein in all of cell biology, Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), remains inactive if translocated to the periplasmic space prior to folding. Here, the self-catalyzed chromophore maturation is blocked by formation of covalent oligomers via interchain disulfide bonds in the oxidizing environment. However, different protein engineering approaches addressing folding and stability of GFP resulted in improved proteins with enhanced folding properties. Recent studies describe GFP variants that are not only active if translocated in their folded form via the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway, but actively fold in the periplasm following general secretory pathway (Sec) and signal recognition particle (SRP) mediated secretion. This mini-review highlights the progress that enables new insights into bacterial export and periplasmic protein organization, as well as new biotechnological applications combining the advantages of the periplasmic production and the Aequorea-based fluorescent reporter proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thorben Dammeyer
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, NanoBioSciences, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hans Sommer Str. 10, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philip Tinnefeld
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, NanoBioSciences, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hans Sommer Str. 10, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Makino T, Skretas G, Georgiou G. Strain engineering for improved expression of recombinant proteins in bacteria. Microb Cell Fact 2011; 10:32. [PMID: 21569582 PMCID: PMC3120638 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-10-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein expression in Escherichia coli represents the most facile approach for the preparation of non-glycosylated proteins for analytical and preparative purposes. So far, the optimization of recombinant expression has largely remained a matter of trial and error and has relied upon varying parameters, such as expression vector, media composition, growth temperature and chaperone co-expression. Recently several new approaches for the genome-scale engineering of E. coli to enhance recombinant protein expression have been developed. These methodologies now enable the generation of optimized E. coli expression strains in a manner analogous to metabolic engineering for the synthesis of low-molecular-weight compounds. In this review, we provide an overview of strain engineering approaches useful for enhancing the expression of hard-to-produce proteins, including heterologous membrane proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Makino
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 78712, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Edwards AN, Fowlkes JD, Owens ET, Standaert RF, Pelletier DA, Hurst GB, Doktycz MJ, Morrell-Falvey JL. An in vivo imaging-based assay for detecting protein interactions over a wide range of binding affinities. Anal Biochem 2009; 395:166-77. [PMID: 19698693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Identifying and characterizing protein interactions are fundamental steps toward understanding and modeling biological networks. Methods that detect protein interactions in intact cells rather than buffered solutions are likely more relevant to natural systems since molecular crowding events in the cytosol can influence the diffusion and reactivity of individual proteins. One in vivo, imaging-based method relies on the colocalization of two proteins of interest fused to DivIVA, a cell division protein from Bacillus subtilis, and green fluorescent protein (GFP). We have modified this imaging-based assay to facilitate rapid cloning by constructing new vectors encoding N- and C-terminal DivIVA or GFP molecular tag fusions based on site-specific recombination technology. The sensitivity of the assay was defined using a well-characterized protein interaction system involving the eukaryotic nuclear import receptor subunit, Importin alpha (Imp alpha), and variant nuclear localization signals (NLS) representing a range of binding affinities. These data demonstrate that the modified colocalization assay is sensitive enough to detect protein interactions with K(d) values that span over four orders of magnitude (1 nM to 15 microM). Lastly, this assay was used to confirm numerous protein interactions identified from mass spectrometry-based analyses of affinity isolates as part of an interactome mapping project in Rhodopseudomonas palustris.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Nicole Edwards
- University of Tennessee-Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yakandawala N, Gawande PV, LoVetri K, Romeo T, Kaplan JB, Madhyastha S. Enhanced expression of engineered ACA-less beta-1, 6-N-acetylglucosaminidase (dispersin B) in Escherichia coli. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 36:1297-305. [PMID: 19597857 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-009-0613-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
beta-1,6-N-Acetylglucosaminidase (dispersin B), which cleaves poly-ss-(1,6)-linked N-acetylglucosamine, is encoded by dspB of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. To enhance the production of dispersin B, we engineered dspB to transcribe mRNAs devoid of the trinucleotide ACA. Transcription and translation levels of ACA-less and wild-type dspB expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) under T5 and T7 promoters were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR and protein quantification, respectively. The ACA-less dspB mRNA level was significantly higher (P < 0.01) and produced 77.6 and 34.9% more dispersin B than wild-type dspB expressed under T7 and T5 promoters, respectively. Dispersin B expression under T7 promoter caused a 98-99.5% drop in the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapA) mRNA level, which was not observed with T5 promoter. Fusion of green fluorescent protein (GFP) with dispersin B allowed rapid quantification of dispersin B production by measuring fluorescence intensity in culture broth. Although the cultures containing 0.1% glucose showed sustained increase in dispersin B-GFP production until 12 h, no significant increase in dispersin B activity was observed beyond 4 and 6 h after induction when expressed under T7 and T5 promoters, respectively. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of ACA-less mRNA and the advantage of GFP tagging for enhanced dispersin B production and quantification, which could be adapted for improving the production of other commercially important proteins in E. coli.
Collapse
|
12
|
Ohana RF, Encell LP, Zhao K, Simpson D, Slater MR, Urh M, Wood KV. HaloTag7: a genetically engineered tag that enhances bacterial expression of soluble proteins and improves protein purification. Protein Expr Purif 2009; 68:110-20. [PMID: 19464373 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2009.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 05/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Over-expression and purification of soluble and functional proteins remain critical challenges for many aspects of biomolecular research. To address this, we have developed a novel protein tag, HaloTag7, engineered to enhance expression and solubility of recombinant proteins and to provide efficient protein purification coupled with tag removal. HaloTag7 was designed to bind rapidly and covalently with a unique synthetic linker to achieve an essentially irreversible attachment. The synthetic linker may be attached to a variety of entities such as fluorescent dyes and solid supports, permitting labeling of fusion proteins in cell lysates for expression screening, and efficient capture of fusion proteins onto a purification resin. The combination of covalent capture with rapid binding kinetics overcomes the equilibrium-based limitations associated with traditional affinity tags and enables efficient capture even at low expression levels. Following immobilization on the resin, the protein of interest is released by cleavage at an optimized TEV protease recognition site, leaving HaloTag7 bound to the resin and pure protein in solution. Evaluation of HaloTag7 for expression of 23 human proteins in Escherichia coli relative to MBP, GST and His(6)Tag revealed that 74% of the proteins were produced in soluble form when fused to HaloTag7 compared to 52%, 39% and 22%, respectively, for the other tags. Using a subset of the test panel, more proteins fused to HaloTag7 were successfully purified than with the other tags, and these proteins were of higher yield and purity.
Collapse
|
13
|
Green fluorescent protein and factorial approach: An effective partnership for screening the soluble expression of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2008; 61:184-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2008.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Revised: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
14
|
Didier P, Weiss E, Sibler AP, Philibert P, Martineau P, Bigot JY, Guidoni L. Femtosecond spectroscopy probes the folding quality of antibody fragments expressed as GFP fusions in the cytoplasm. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 366:878-84. [PMID: 18067857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.11.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved femtosecond spectroscopy can improve the application of green fluorescent proteins (GFPs) as protein-folding reporters. The study of ultrafast excited-state dynamics (ESD) of GFP fused to single chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody fragments, allowed us to define and measure an empirical parameter that only depends on the folding quality (FQ) of the fusion. This method has been applied to the analysis of genetic fusions expressed in the bacterial cytoplasm and allowed us to distinguish folded and thus functional antibody fragments (high FQ) with respect to misfolded antibody fragments. Moreover, these findings were strongly correlated to the behavior of the same scFvs expressed in animal cells. This method is based on the sensitivity of the ESD to the modifications in the tertiary structure of the GFP induced by the aggregation state of the fusion partner. This approach may be applicable to the study of the FQ of polypeptides over-expressed under reducing conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Didier
- Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 7175, 74, route du Rhin, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kang J, Kang S, Yoo SH, Park S. Identification of residues participating in the interaction between an intraluminal loop of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor and a conserved N-terminal region of chromogranin B. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2007; 1774:502-9. [PMID: 17395556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2007.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Revised: 01/24/2007] [Accepted: 02/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) is a membrane channel that conducts calcium ions from the intracellular calcium stores. Despite a wealth of information on the cytoplasmic regulation of the IP3R, little is known about its regulation on the luminal side of the calcium stores. Here, we report studies on the IP3R intraluminal loop L3-2 and a conserved N-terminal region of chromogranin B. The IP3R loop is an important part of the channel's pore-forming region, and the chromogranin peptide has been shown to competitively inhibit calcium signaling by IP3R. Using the NMR titration approach, we showed that a part of the L3-2 is involved in a specific interaction with the chromogranin B peptide. Further NMR resonance assignments revealed that the 14th-20th residues of L3-2 are the keys to the binding to the chromogranin B peptide. Through detailed analysis of the data, we suggest a mechanism of IP3R regulation by chromogranin B involving conformational exchanges of the L3-2 region. Our report presents the findings of the first study on the interaction between the luminal loop of the IP3 receptor and its regulator at residue-resolution. The approaches described here should help to guide further studies on the interactions between the IP3R and other luminal side regulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Advanced Medical Education by BK21 Project, School of Medicine, Inha University, Shinheung-Dong, Chung-Gu, Incheon, Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kang S, Kang J, Yoo SH, Park S. Recombinant preparation and characterization of interactions for a calmodulin-binding chromogranin A peptide and calmodulin. J Pept Sci 2007; 13:237-44. [PMID: 17269132 DOI: 10.1002/psc.837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chromogranin-derived peptides have important and varied biological activities. They affect a wide spectrum of targets such as fungal membranes, blood vessels, myocardial cells, and pancreatic cells. Despite the biological significance and the diverse activities, the molecular mechanisms of the interactions between the peptides and the target proteins have not been well understood. Here, we studied the interaction between a chromogranin A-derived peptide (CGA40-65) and its target protein, calmodulin, with NMR spectroscopy. Calmodulin was easily prepared with standard recombinant technology, but CGA40-65 posed challenges requiring multistep procedures. The recombinantly produced peptide retained the calmodulin-binding property of the full-length CGA, as shown by the HSQC binding experiment. By applying resonance assignments, we identified the residues in calmodulin involved in the CGA40-65 binding. We also found that the peak changes are close to those exhibited by the peptides having the wrap-around binding mechanism. Further analysis revealed that the CGA40-65-induced changes are more similar to those by CaMKIp peptide than those by smMLCKp peptide among the wrap-around binding peptides, suggesting that CGA40-65 can be categorized as a CaMKIp-like peptide. Our report is the first residue-resolution mechanistic study involving chromogranin peptides and their target proteins. Our approaches should be applicable to interaction studies involving other chromogranin-derived peptides and their cellular target proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunmi Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Advanced Medical Education by BK21 project, School of Medicine, Inha University, Shinheung-dong, Chung-gu, Incheon, Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kraft M, Radke D, Wieland GD, Zipfel PF, Horn U. A fluorogenic substrate as quantitative in vivo reporter to determine protein expression and folding of tobacco etch virus protease in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2006; 52:478-84. [PMID: 17188891 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2006.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Revised: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative and folding reporters are adequate tools to optimize recombinant protein expression in various host organisms, including Escherichia coli. To determine the yield of soluble active protease from the tobacco etch virus (TEV), we developed a single-molecule assay based on the fluorogenic substrate ANA-QS-MCA. This substrate consists of a 10 amino acid peptide (ENLYFQSGTK) containing the proteolytic cleavage sequence of the TEV protease. The peptide works as a linker N-terminally tagged with a fluorescent donor group (7-Methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl (MCA) and C-terminally tagged with the acceptor group 5-Amino-2-nitrobenzoic acid (ANA). Fluorescence can be observed after specific cleavage of the substrate at the Gln-Ser bond by active TEV protease. Purified His-tagged TEV protease was used for in vitro analysis. Through determination of proteolytic activity in living E. coli cells and through application of Confocal Laser-Scanning-Microscopy we demonstrate that the peptide is well suited to in vivo expression analysis. This provides an effective tool to monitor the accumulation of active recombinant TEV protease in crude extracts and intact cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Kraft
- Department for Pilot Plant for Natural Products, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Matsukuma E, Kato Z, Omoya K, Hashimoto K, Li A, Yamamoto Y, Ohnishi H, Hiranuma H, Komine H, Kondo N. Development of fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay for high throughput screening of interferon-gamma. Allergol Int 2006; 55:49-54. [PMID: 17075286 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.55.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2005] [Accepted: 07/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human interferon-gamma (hIFN-gamma) is produced by lymphocytes and has a variety of biological properties. Measurement of hIFN-gamma is widely used for various immunological responses for allergic or autoimmune diseases. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is an established immunoassay used to quantify cellular metabolites or cytokines. ELISA requires many incubation and wash steps and is not practically suitable for screening large numbers of samples. METHODS We have developed a fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay (FLISA) method for the detection of hIFN-gamma. We measured the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of the hIFN-gamma production by interleukin (IL)-18 binding protein and anti-IL-18 monoclonal antibody. The IC50 described by FLISA was compared with that by ELISA. RESULTS We developed a new system for measuring hIFN-gamma using Allophycocyanine (APC) fluorescent protein and compared it with the previous method using Cy5.5. The proposed FLISA had a smaller coefficient of variation than ELISA, and the means of coefficient of variation using the same samples measured by ELISA and FLISA were, respectively, 11.1% and 3.8%, suggesting that the edge effect often giving non-specific results may be smaller in FLISA than in ELISA. CONCLUSIONS The improved FLISA system proposed is ideally suited for efficient measurements of hIFN-gamma. This homogeneous and multiplex method will be a powerful tool for high throughput screening for drug discovery research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Matsukuma
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Huang QL, Chen C, Chen YZ, Gong CG, Cao L, Wang J, Hua ZC. Application to immunoassays of the fusion protein between protein ZZ and enhanced green fluorescent protein. J Immunol Methods 2006; 309:130-8. [PMID: 16445935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2005.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2005] [Revised: 10/17/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) from Aequorea victoria was fused to the C terminal region of protein ZZ, an artificial synthetic IgG Fc fragment binding protein derived from tandem repeats of the B domain of protein A. The ZZ-EGFP fusion protein was expressed in Escherichia coli with a His(6) tag and purified in high yield by one-step Ni(2+) chelating affinity chromatography. It was then used in the immunoblot analysis of GST and TNFalpha as well as in immunofluorescent assays of 293T cells transfected with IRF3, an interferon regulatory factor which localized in cytoplasm without virus infection. The fusion protein also performed effectively in FACS analysis of surface integrin beta3 subunit on 293 T cells. The chimeric protein bound various antibodies from different animal sources, directed against a variety of proteins. Thus, ZZ-EGFP showed broad promise in potential immunological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Lai Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nordlund HR, Laitinen OH, Uotila STH, Kulmala M, Kalkkinen N, Kulomaa MS. Production of Hev b5 as a fluorescent biotin-binding tripartite fusion protein in insect cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 336:232-8. [PMID: 16129415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2005] [Accepted: 08/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The presented green fluorescent protein and streptavidin core-based tripartite fusion system provides a simple and efficient way for the production of proteins fused to it in insect cells. This fusion protein forms a unique tag, which serves as a multipurpose device enabling easy optimization of production, one-step purification via streptavidin-biotin interaction, and visualization of the fusion protein during downstream processing and in applications. In the present study, we demonstrate the successful production, purification, and detection of a natural rubber latex allergen Hev b5 with this system. We also describe the production of another NRL allergen with the system, Hev b1, which formed large aggregates and gave small yields in purification. The aggregates were detected at early steps by microscopical inspection of the infected insect cells producing this protein. Therefore, this fusion system can also be utilized as a fast indicator of the solubility of the expressed fusion proteins and may therefore be extremely useful in high-throughput expression approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henri R Nordlund
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, NanoScience Center, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Vincentelli R, Canaan S, Offant J, Cambillau C, Bignon C. Automated expression and solubility screening of His-tagged proteins in 96-well format. Anal Biochem 2005; 346:77-84. [PMID: 16168382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2005] [Revised: 07/04/2005] [Accepted: 07/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A growing need for sensitive and high-throughput methods for screening the expression and solubility of recombinant proteins exists in structural genomics. Originally, the emergency solution was to use immediately available techniques such as manual lysis of expression cells followed by analysis of protein expression by gel electrophoresis. However, these handmade methods quickly proved to be unfit for the high-throughput demand of postgenomics, and it is now generally accepted that the long-term solution to this problem will be based on automation, on industrial standard-formatted experiments, and on downsizing samples and consumables. In agreement with this consensus, we have set up a fully automated method based on a dot-blot technology and using 96-well format consumables for assessing by immunodetection the amount of total and soluble recombinant histidine (His)-tagged proteins expressed in Escherichia coli. The method starts with the harvest of expression cells and ends with the display of solubility/expression results in milligrams of recombinant protein per liter of culture using a three-color code to assist analysis. The program autonomously processes 160 independent cultures at a time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Vincentelli
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 6098, CNRS/Universités d'Aix-Marseille I et II, Case 932, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 9, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kato Z, Kondo N. New Methods for Clinical Proteomics in Allergy. Allergol Int 2005. [DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.54.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|