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Steimann T, Heite Z, Germer A, Blank LM, Büchs J, Mann M, Magnus JB. Understanding exopolysaccharide byproduct formation in Komagataella phaffii fermentation processes for recombinant protein production. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:131. [PMID: 38711081 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02403-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Komagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris) has emerged as a common and robust biotechnological platform organism, to produce recombinant proteins and other bioproducts of commercial interest. Key advantage of K. phaffii is the secretion of recombinant proteins, coupled with a low host protein secretion. This facilitates downstream processing, resulting in high purity of the target protein. However, a significant but often overlooked aspect is the presence of an unknown polysaccharide impurity in the supernatant. Surprisingly, this impurity has received limited attention in the literature, and its presence and quantification are rarely addressed. RESULTS This study aims to quantify this exopolysaccharide in high cell density recombinant protein production processes and identify its origin. In stirred tank fed-batch fermentations with a maximal cell dry weight of 155 g/L, the polysaccharide concentration in the supernatant can reach up to 8.7 g/L. This level is similar to the achievable target protein concentration. Importantly, the results demonstrate that exopolysaccharide production is independent of the substrate and the protein production process itself. Instead, it is directly correlated with biomass formation and proportional to cell dry weight. Cell lysis can confidently be ruled out as the source of this exopolysaccharide in the culture medium. Furthermore, the polysaccharide secretion can be linked to a mutation in the HOC1 gene, featured by all derivatives of strain NRRL Y-11430, leading to a characteristic thinner cell wall. CONCLUSIONS This research sheds light on a previously disregarded aspect of K. phaffii fermentations, emphasizing the importance of monitoring and addressing the exopolysaccharide impurity in biotechnological applications, independent of the recombinant protein produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Steimann
- AVT-Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Zoe Heite
- AVT-Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrea Germer
- iAMB-Institute of Applied Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lars Mathias Blank
- iAMB-Institute of Applied Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jochen Büchs
- AVT-Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcel Mann
- AVT-Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jørgen Barsett Magnus
- AVT-Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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2
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Radoman B, Grünwald-Gruber C, Schmelzer B, Zavec D, Gasser B, Altmann F, Mattanovich D. The Degree and Length of O-Glycosylation of Recombinant Proteins Produced in Pichia pastoris Depends on the Nature of the Protein and the Process Type. Biotechnol J 2020; 16:e2000266. [PMID: 32975831 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is known as an efficient host for the production of heterologous proteins. While N-linked protein glycosylation is well characterized in P. pastoris there is less knowledge of the patterns of O-glycosylation. O-glycans produced by P. pastoris consist of short linear mannose chains, which in the case of recombinant biopharmaceuticals can trigger an immune response in humans. This study aims to reveal the influence of different cultivation strategies on O-mannosylation profiles in P. pastoris. Sixteen different model proteins, produced by different P. pastoris strains, are analyzed for their O-glycosylation profile. Based on the obtained data, human serum albumin (HSA) is chosen to be produced in fast and slow growth fed batch fermentations by using common promoters, PGAP and PAOX1 . After purification and protein digestion, glycopeptides are analyzed by LC/ESI-MS. In the samples expressed with PGAP it is found that the degree of glycosylation is slightly higher when a slow growth rate is used, regardless of the efficiency of the producing strain. The highest glycosylation intensity is observed in HSA produced with PAOX1 . The results indicate that the O-glycosylation level is markedly higher when the protein is produced in a methanol-based expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Radoman
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Vienna, 1190, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- Department of Chemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Bernhard Schmelzer
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Vienna, 1190, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Domen Zavec
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Brigitte Gasser
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Vienna, 1190, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Vienna, 1190, Austria.,Department of Chemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Diethard Mattanovich
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Vienna, 1190, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Austria
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3
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Lu S, Edwards MC. Molecular Characterization and Functional Analysis of PR-1-Like Proteins Identified from the Wheat Head Blight Fungus Fusarium graminearum. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:510-520. [PMID: 29117786 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-17-0268-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The group 1 pathogenesis-related (PR-1) proteins originally identified from plants and their homologs are also found in other eukaryotic kingdoms. Studies on nonplant PR-1-like (PR-1L) proteins have been pursued widely in humans and animals but rarely in filamentous ascomycetes. Here, we report the characterization of four PR-1L proteins identified from the ascomycete fungus Fusarium graminearum, the primary cause of Fusarium head blight of wheat and barley (designated FgPR-1L). Molecular cloning revealed that the four FgPR-1L proteins are all encoded by small open reading frames (612 to 909 bp) that are often interrupted by introns, in contrast to plant PR-1 genes that lack introns. Sequence analysis indicated that all FgPR-1L proteins contain the PR-1-specific three-dimensional structure, and one of them features a C-terminal transmembrane (TM) domain that has not been reported for any stand-alone PR-1 proteins. Transcriptional analysis revealed that the four FgPR-1L genes are expressed in axenic cultures and in planta with different spatial or temporal expression patterns. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that fungal PR-1L proteins fall into three major groups, one of which harbors FgPR-1L-2-related TM-containing proteins from both phytopathogenic and human-pathogenic ascomycetes. Low-temperature sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and proteolytic assays indicated that the recombinant FgPR-1L-4 protein exists as a monomer and is resistant to subtilisin of the serine protease family. Functional analysis confirmed that deletion of the FgPR-1L-4 gene from the fungal genome results in significantly reduced virulence on susceptible wheat. This study provides the first example that the F. graminearum-wheat interaction involves a pathogen-derived PR-1L protein that affects fungal virulence on the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunwen Lu
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Crops Research Unit, Fargo, ND 58102-2765
| | - Michael C Edwards
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Crops Research Unit, Fargo, ND 58102-2765
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4
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Sonderegger C, Galgóczy L, Garrigues S, Fizil Á, Borics A, Manzanares P, Hegedüs N, Huber A, Marcos JF, Batta G, Marx F. A Penicillium chrysogenum-based expression system for the production of small, cysteine-rich antifungal proteins for structural and functional analyses. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:192. [PMID: 27835989 PMCID: PMC5106836 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0586-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Small, cysteine-rich and cationic antifungal proteins (APs) from filamentous ascomycetes, such as NFAP from Neosartorya fischeri and PAF from Penicillium chrysogenum, are promising candidates for novel drug development. A prerequisite for their application is a detailed knowledge about their structure–function relation and mode of action, which would allow protein modelling to enhance their toxicity and specificity. Technologies for structure analyses, such as electronic circular dichroism (ECD) or NMR spectroscopy, require highly purified samples and in case of NMR milligrams of uniformly 15N-/13C-isotope labelled protein. To meet these requirements, we developed a P. chrysogenum-based expression system that ensures sufficient amount and optimal purity of APs for structural and functional analyses. Results The APs PAF, PAF mutants and NFAP were expressed in a P. chrysogenum ∆paf mutant strain that served as perfect microbial expression factory. This strain lacks the paf-gene coding for the endogenous antifungal PAF and is resistant towards several APs from other ascomycetes. The expression of the recombinant proteins was under the regulation of the strong paf promoter, and the presence of a paf-specific pre-pro sequence warranted the secretion of processed proteins into the supernatant. The use of defined minimal medium allowed a single-step purification of the recombinant proteins. The expression system could be extended to express PAF in the related fungus Penicillium digitatum, which does not produce detectable amounts of APs, demonstrating the versatility of the approach. The molecular masses, folded structures and antifungal activity of the recombinant proteins were analysed by ESI–MS, ECD and NMR spectroscopy and growth inhibition assays. Conclusion This study demonstrates the implementation of a paf promoter driven expression cassettes for the production of cysteine-rich, cationic, APs in different Penicillium species. The system is a perfect tool for the generation of correctly folded proteins with high quality for structure–function analyses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0586-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Sonderegger
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - László Galgóczy
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Sandra Garrigues
- Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ádám Fizil
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Borics
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Paloma Manzanares
- Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nikoletta Hegedüs
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria.,Sandoz GmbH, Biochemiestrasse 10, 6250, Kundl, Austria
| | - Anna Huber
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Jose F Marcos
- Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gyula Batta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Florentine Marx
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria.
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ORF43 of maize rayado fino virus is dispensable for systemic infection of maize and transmission by leafhoppers. Virus Genes 2016; 52:303-7. [PMID: 26837893 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1287-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Maize rayado fino virus (MRFV) possesses an open reading frame (ORF43) predicted to encode a 43 kDa protein (p43) that has been postulated to be a viral movement protein. Using a clone of MRFV (pMRFV-US) from which infectious RNA can be produced, point mutations were introduced to either prevent initiation from three potential AUG initiation codons near the 5'-end of ORF43 or prematurely terminate translation of ORF43. Inoculation of maize seed via vascular puncture inoculation (VPI) resulted in plants exhibiting symptoms typical of MRFV infection for all mutants tested. Furthermore, corn leafhoppers (Dalbulus maidis) transmitted the virus mutants to healthy plants at a frequency similar to that for wild-type MRFV-US. Viral RNA recovered from plants infected with mutants both prior to and after leafhopper transmission retained mutations blocking ORF43 expression. The results indicate that ORF43 of MRFV is dispensable for both systemic infection of maize and transmission by leafhoppers.
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Hopkins D, Gomathinayagam S, Hamilton SR. A practical approach for O-linked mannose removal: the use of recombinant lysosomal mannosidase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:3913-27. [PMID: 25381909 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6189-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is an attractive expression system due to its ability to secrete large amounts of recombinant protein, with the potential for glycosylation. Advances in glycoengineering of P. pastoris have successfully demonstrated the humanization of both the N- and O-linked glycosylation pathways in this organism. However, in certain cases, the presence of O-linked glycans on a therapeutic protein may not be desirable. Recently, we have reported the in vitro utility of jack bean α-1,2/3/6-mannosidase to remove O-linked mannose from intact undenatured glycoproteins produced in glycoengineered P. pastoris. However, one caveat of this strategy is that jack bean mannosidase has yet to be cloned and as such is only available as crude cellular extracts. This raises several concerns for using this reagent to treat large preparations of therapeutic proteins generated in P. pastoris. Therefore, we postulated that lysosomal mannosidases which have been cloned and demonstrated to have similar activities to jack bean mannosidase on N-linked glycans would also process O-linked glycans in a similar fashion. To this end, we screened a panel of recombinant lysosomal mannosidases from different organisms and identified several which cannot only reduce extended O-linked mannose chains but which can also hydrolyze the Man-α-O-Ser/Thr glycosidic bond on intact glycoproteins. As such, not only do we show for the first time the utility of lysosomal mannosidase for O-linked mannose processing, but since this is a recombinant enzyme, it has several benefits over the use of crude jack bean mannosidase extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hopkins
- GlycoFi, Inc. (a wholly owned subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc.), Biologics Discovery, Merck Research Laboratories, 16 Cavendish Court, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA
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7
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Rogé S, Van Nieuwenhove L, Meul M, Heykers A, Brouwer de Koning A, Bebronne N, Guisez Y, Büscher P. Recombinant antigens expressed in Pichia pastoris for the diagnosis of sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3006. [PMID: 25032684 PMCID: PMC4102443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screening tests for gambiense sleeping sickness, such as the CATT/T. b. gambiense and a recently developed lateral flow tests, are hitherto based on native variant surface glycoproteins (VSGs), namely LiTat 1.3 and LiTat 1.5, purified from highly virulent trypanosome strains grown in rodents. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We have expressed SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) fusion proteins of the immunogenic N-terminal part of these antigens in the yeast Pichia pastoris. The secreted recombinant proteins were affinity purified with yields up to 10 mg per liter cell culture. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The diagnostic potential of each separate antigen and a mixture of both antigens was confirmed in ELISA on sera from 88 HAT patients and 74 endemic non-HAT controls. Replacement of native antigens in the screening tests for sleeping sickness by recombinant proteins will eliminate both the infection risk for the laboratory staff during antigen production and the need for laboratory animals. Upscaling production of recombinant antigens, e.g. in biofermentors, is straightforward thus leading to improved standardisation of antigen production and reduced production costs, which on their turn will increase the availability and affordability of the diagnostic tests needed for the elimination of gambiense HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Rogé
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Parasite Diagnostics, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Liesbeth Van Nieuwenhove
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Parasite Diagnostics, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Magali Meul
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Parasite Diagnostics, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annick Heykers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Parasite Diagnostics, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annette Brouwer de Koning
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Parasite Diagnostics, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Bebronne
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Parasite Diagnostics, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Yves Guisez
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Parasite Diagnostics, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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8
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In vitro enzymatic treatment to remove O-linked mannose from intact glycoproteins. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:2545-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5478-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Fan Y, Shi L, Ladizhansky V, Brown LS. Uniform isotope labeling of a eukaryotic seven-transmembrane helical protein in yeast enables high-resolution solid-state NMR studies in the lipid environment. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2011; 49:151-161. [PMID: 21246256 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-011-9473-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of isotope-labeled multi-spanning eukaryotic membrane proteins for structural NMR studies is often challenging. On the one hand, difficulties with achieving proper folding, membrane insertion, and native-like post-translational modifications frequently disqualify bacterial expression systems. On the other hand, eukaryotic cell cultures can be prohibitively expensive. One of the viable alternatives, successfully used for producing proteins for solution NMR studies, is yeast expression systems, particularly Pichia pastoris. We report on successful implementation and optimization of isotope labeling protocols, previously used for soluble secreted proteins, to produce homogeneous samples of a eukaryotic seven-transmembrane helical protein, rhodopsin from Leptosphaeria maculans. Even in shake-flask cultures, yields exceeded 5 mg of purified uniformly (13)C,(15)N-labeled protein per liter of culture. The protein was stable (at least several weeks at 5°C) and functionally active upon reconstitution into lipid membranes at high protein-to-lipid ratio required for solid-state NMR. The samples gave high-resolution (13)C and (15)N solid-state magic angle spinning NMR spectra, amenable to a detailed structural analysis. We believe that similar protocols can be adopted for challenging mammalian targets, which often resist characterization by other structural methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fan
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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10
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Alvarez-García E, García-Ortega L, De los Ríos V, Gavilanes JG, Martínez-del-Pozo A. Influence of key residues on the heterologous extracellular production of fungal ribonuclease U2 in the yeast Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2009; 65:223-9. [PMID: 19297697 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2009.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ribonuclease U2, secreted by the smut fungus Ustilago sphaerogena, is a cyclizing ribonuclease that displays a rather unusual specificity within the group of microbial extracellular RNases, best represented by RNase T1. Superposition of the three-dimensional structures of RNases T1 and U2 suggests that the RNase U2 His 101 would be the residue equivalent to the RNase T1 catalytically essential His 92. RNase U2 contains three disulfide bridges but only two of them are conserved among the family of fungal extracellular RNases. The non-conserved disulfide bond is established between Cys residues 1 and 54. Mispairing of the disulfide network due to the presence of two consecutive Cys residues (54 and 55) has been invoked to explain the presence of wrongly folded RNase U2 species when produced in Pichia pastoris. In order to study both hypotheses, the RNase U2 H101Q and C1/54S variants have been produced, purified, and characterized. The results obtained support the major conclusion that His 101 is required for proper protein folding when secreted by the yeast P. pastoris. On the other hand, substitution of the first Cys residue for Ser results in a mutant version which is more efficiently processed in terms of a more complete removal of the yeast alpha-factor signal peptide. In addition, it has been shown that elimination of the Cys 1-Cys 54 disulfide bridge does not interfere with RNase U2 proper folding, generating a natively folded but much less stable protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Alvarez-García
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Complutense s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Kannan V, Narayanaswamy P, Gadamsetty D, Hazra P, Khedkar A, Iyer H. A tandem mass spectrometric approach to the identification of O-glycosylated glargine glycoforms in active pharmaceutical ingredient expressed in Pichia pastoris. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:1035-1042. [PMID: 19253914 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Glycoforms of glargine expressed in Pichia pastoris were isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography and analyzed by a series of chemical and mass spectrometric methods for the identification of various glycoforms, glycosylation position, nature and structure of glycans. Reduction and alkylation, peptide mapping techniques were used to decipher the amino acid site at which glycosylation had taken place. Chemical methods were coupled with mass spectrometry techniques such as electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization for identification of the glycosylation site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivekanandan Kannan
- Research and Development, Biocon Limited, 20th KM Hosur Road, 560100 Bangalore, India.
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12
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2003-2004. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:273-361. [PMID: 18825656 PMCID: PMC7168468 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This review is the third update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings the topic to the end of 2004. Both fundamental studies and applications are covered. The main topics include methodological developments, matrices, fragmentation of carbohydrates and applications to large polymeric carbohydrates from plants, glycans from glycoproteins and those from various glycolipids. Other topics include the use of MALDI MS to study enzymes related to carbohydrate biosynthesis and degradation, its use in industrial processes, particularly biopharmaceuticals and its use to monitor products of chemical synthesis where glycodendrimers and carbohydrate-protein complexes are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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13
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Wonganu B, Pootanakit K, Boonyapakron K, Champreda V, Tanapongpipat S, Eurwilaichitr L. Cloning, expression and characterization of a thermotolerant endoglucanase from Syncephalastrum racemosum (BCC18080) in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2007; 58:78-86. [PMID: 18083533 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2007.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Revised: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Endoglucanase is a major cellulolytic enzyme produced by Syncephalastrum racemosum (BCC18080). Preliminary results showed that this endoglucanase is thermotolerant as it retained more than 50% of its activity after incubation at 80 degrees C for an hour. As this property may be of industrial use, we have cloned the full-length BCC18080 endoglucanase gene of 1020 nucleotides. Sequence analysis suggested that it belonged to the glycosyl hydrolase family 45. N-terminal sequencing and analysis by SignalP program suggested that the first 32 amino acid residues encoded the signal peptide. Expression of the recombinant clones with and without its own signal peptide in Pichia pastoris demonstrated that P. pastoris produced active 55 and 30 kDa secreted proteins. N-terminal sequencing suggested that the 55 kDa band was the mature protein while the 30 kDa band was the truncated protein. Glycoprotein analysis showed that the 55 kDa protein was glycosylated; while the smaller protein was not. All recombinant endoglucanases showed optimal temperature of 70 degrees C and optimal pH of 5-6. They retained more than 50% activity for 4h at 70 degrees C. In addition, high k(cat) and low apparent K(m) of these recombinant proteins indicated good properties of this enzyme against carboxylmethylcellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamaporn Wonganu
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakhorn-Pathom 73170, Thailand
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14
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Tolner B, Smith L, Begent RHJ, Chester KA. Production of recombinant protein in Pichia pastoris by fermentation. Nat Protoc 2007; 1:1006-21. [PMID: 17406338 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2006.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This protocol is applicable to recombinant protein expression by small-scale fermentation using the Pichia pastoris expression system. P. pastoris has the capacity to produce large quantities of protein with eukaryotic processing. Expression is controlled by a methanol-inducible promoter, which allows a biomass-generation phase before protein production is initiated. The target protein is secreted directly into a protein-free mineral salt medium, and is relatively easy to purify. The protocol is readily interfaced with expanded bed adsorption for immediate capture and purification of recombinant protein. The setting up of the bioreactor plus the fermentation itself takes 1 wk. Making the master and user seed lots takes approximately 2 wk for each individual clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berend Tolner
- Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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Role of the linker region in the expression of Rhizopus oryzae glucoamylase. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2007; 8:9. [PMID: 17593302 PMCID: PMC1933424 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-8-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Rhizopus oryzae glucoamylase (RoGA) consists of three domains: an amino (N)-terminal raw starch-binding domain (SBD), a glycosylated linker domain, and a carboxy (C)-terminal catalytic domain. The 36-amino-acid linker region (residues 132–167) connects the two functional domains, but its structural and functional roles are unclear. Results To characterize the linker sequences of RoGA and its involvement in protein expression, a number of RoGA variants containing deletions and mutations were constructed and expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Deletion analyses demonstrate that the linker region, especially within residues 161 to 167, is required for protein expression. In addition, site-directed mutagenesis and deglycosylation studies reveal that the linker region of RoGA contains both N- and O-linked carbohydrate moieties, and the N-linked oligosaccharides play a major role in the formation of active enzyme. Although the linker segment itself appears to have no ordered secondary structural conformation, the flexible region indeed contributes to the stabilization of functional N- and C-terminal domains. Conclusion Our data provide direct evidence that the length, composition, and glycosylation of the interdomain linker play a central role in the structure and function of RoGA.
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Abstract
Recombinant and native proteins of Pichia pastoris can be O-mannosylated on serine and threonine residues, allowing further elongation reactions to generate short O-linked oligosaccha-rides of mannose. Methods for release from the protein with alkaline beta-elimination with or without reduction of the released saccharides, and for subsequent chromatographic and enzymatic characterization of these saccharides are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger K Bretthauer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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Liu ZM, Zhao HL, Xue C, Deng BB, Zhang W, Xiong XH, Yang BF, Yao XQ. Secretory expression and characterization of a recombinant-deleted variant of human hepatocyte growth factor in Pichia pastoris. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 11:7097-103. [PMID: 16437654 PMCID: PMC4725081 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i45.7097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the secretory expression of human hepatocyte growth factor (hdHGF) gene in Pichia pastoris. METHODS The full-length gene of human cDNA encoding the deleted variant of hdHGF was cloned by RT-PCR and overlapping-fragment PCR technique using mRNA of human placenta as a template. The cloned hdHGF cDNA was inserted into the Escherichia coli-yeast shuttle vector of pPIC9. The constructed plasmid, pPIC9-hdHGF, was transformed into the GS115 cells of the methylotrophic yeast, P pastoris, using a chemical method. The Mut(+ ) transformants were screened to obtain high-expression strains by the test and analysis of expressed products of shake-flask culture. A secretory form of rhdHGF was made with the aid of the leader peptide sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-factor. RESULTS The expressed products, which showed a band of molecular mass of about 80 ku, were observed on 15% SDS-PAGE and identified by Western blotting and N-terminal amino acid sequencing. In the high cell density culture of 5 L fermentor by fed-batch culture protocol, the cell biomass was reached at approximately 135 g (DCW)/L. The productivity of secreted total supernant protein concentration attained a high-level expression of more than 8.0 g/L and the ratio of rhdHGF band area was about 12.3% of the total band area scanned by SDS-PAGE analysis, which estimated that the product of rhdHGF was 500-900 mg/L. CONCLUSION The P pastoris system represents an attractive tool of generating large quantities of hdHGF for both research and industrial purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Min Liu
- Department of Microbiological Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China.
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Tyshenko MG, d'Anjou M, Davies PL, Daugulis AJ, Walker VK. Challenges in the expression of disulfide bonded, threonine-rich antifreeze proteins in bacteria and yeast. Protein Expr Purif 2005; 47:152-61. [PMID: 16290006 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2005.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Revised: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Certain freeze-intolerant insects produce antifreeze proteins (AFPs) during overwintering including the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) and yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) AFP gene families. However, only a few of the isoforms, encoded by their multiple-copy gene families, have been characterized. When expressed in bacterial systems the insect AFPs have to be denatured and refolded in vitro, a procedure that is not uniformly successful, presumably due to the beta-helix structure and the requirement for disulfide bonds. In an attempt to overcome these difficulties, bacterial vectors and hosts that have been developed to produce soluble, folded proteins, as well as a yeast expression system (Pichia pastoris) were employed. Bacterial expression resulted in low quantities of active recombinant protein for certain isoforms. In contrast, both small and large-scale fermentation of recombinant AFP in Pichia yielded substantial protein production (100 mg/L) but functional ice binding activity of protein produced in three different transformed yeast strains (KM71, X33 or GS115) was low. Inappropriate O-linked glycosylation of the Thr-rich AFPs appeared to be partially reversed by mild chemical deglycosylation, but activity remained low. Substantial quantities, as well as activity were recovered when a fish AFP, with disulfide bonds, but without potential Thr glycosylation sites was expressed in the yeast system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Tyshenko
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont., Canada K7L 3N6.
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Olsen D, Jiang J, Chang R, Duffy R, Sakaguchi M, Leigh S, Lundgard R, Ju J, Buschman F, Truong-Le V, Pham B, Polarek JW. Expression and characterization of a low molecular weight recombinant human gelatin: development of a substitute for animal-derived gelatin with superior features. Protein Expr Purif 2005; 40:346-57. [PMID: 15766877 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2004.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2004] [Revised: 11/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gelatin is used as a stabilizer in several vaccines. Allergic reactions to gelatins have been reported, including anaphylaxis. These gelatins are derived from animal tissues and thus represent a potential source of contaminants that cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. We have developed a low molecular weight human sequence gelatin that can substitute for the animal sourced materials. A cDNA fragment encoding 101 amino acids of the human proalpha1 (I) chain was amplified, cloned into plasmid pPICZalpha, integrated into Pichia pastoris strain X-33, and isolates expressing high levels of recombinant gelatin FG-5001 were identified. Purified FG-5001 was able to stabilize a live attenuated viral vaccine as effectively as porcine gelatin. This prototype recombinant gelatin was homogeneous with respect to molecular weight but consisted of several charge isoforms. These isoforms were separated by cation exchange chromatography and found to result from a combination of truncation of the C-terminal arginine and post-translational phosphorylation. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to identify the primary site of phosphorylation as serine residue 546; serine 543 was phosphorylated at a low level. A new construct was designed encoding an engineered gelatin, FG-5009, with point mutations that eliminated the charge heterogeneity. FG-5009 was not recognized by antigelatin IgE antibodies from children with confirmed gelatin allergies, establishing the low allergenic potential of this gelatin. The homogeneity of FG-5009, the ability to produce large quantities in a reproducible manner, and its low allergenic potential make this a superior substitute for the animal gelatin hydrolysates currently used to stabilize many pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Olsen
- FibroGen, Inc. 225 Gateway Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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