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Rizzotto A, Tollis S, Pham NT, Zheng Y, Abad MA, Wildenhain J, Jeyaprakash AA, Auer M, Tyers M, Schirmer EC. Reduction in Nuclear Size by DHRS7 in Prostate Cancer Cells and by Estradiol Propionate in DHRS7-Depleted Cells. Cells 2023; 13:57. [PMID: 38201261 PMCID: PMC10778050 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Increased nuclear size correlates with lower survival rates and higher grades for prostate cancer. The short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) family member DHRS7 was suggested as a biomarker for use in prostate cancer grading because it is largely lost in higher-grade tumors. Here, we found that reduction in DHRS7 from the LNCaP prostate cancer cell line with normally high levels of DHRS7 increases nuclear size, potentially explaining the nuclear size increase observed in higher-grade prostate tumors where it is lost. An exogenous expression of DHRS7 in the PC3 prostate cancer cell line with normally low DHRS7 levels correspondingly decreases nuclear size. We separately tested 80 compounds from the Microsource Spectrum library for their ability to restore normal smaller nuclear size to PC3 cells, finding that estradiol propionate had the same effect as the re-expression of DHRS7 in PC3 cells. However, the drug had no effect on LNCaP cells or PC3 cells re-expressing DHRS7. We speculate that separately reported beneficial effects of estrogens in androgen-independent prostate cancer may only occur with the loss of DHRS7/ increased nuclear size, and thus propose DHRS7 levels and nuclear size as potential biomarkers for the likely effectiveness of estrogen-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rizzotto
- The Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK; (A.R.); (A.A.J.)
| | - Sylvain Tollis
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Nhan T. Pham
- The Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK; (N.T.P.); (Y.Z.); (J.W.); (M.A.)
| | - Yijing Zheng
- The Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK; (N.T.P.); (Y.Z.); (J.W.); (M.A.)
| | - Maria Alba Abad
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK;
| | - Jan Wildenhain
- The Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK; (N.T.P.); (Y.Z.); (J.W.); (M.A.)
| | - A. Arockia Jeyaprakash
- The Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK; (A.R.); (A.A.J.)
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK;
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, LMU-München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Manfred Auer
- The Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK; (N.T.P.); (Y.Z.); (J.W.); (M.A.)
- Xenobe Research Institute, P.O. Box 3052, San Diego, CA 92163-1052, USA
| | - Mike Tyers
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada;
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Eric C. Schirmer
- The Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK; (A.R.); (A.A.J.)
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Zemanová L, Navrátilová H, Andrýs R, Šperková K, Andrejs J, Kozáková K, Meier M, Möller G, Novotná E, Šafr M, Adamski J, Wsól V. Initial characterization of human DHRS1 (SDR19C1), a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 185:80-89. [PMID: 30031147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many enzymes from the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily (SDR) have already been well characterized, particularly those that participate in crucial biochemical reactions in the human body (e.g. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 or carbonyl reductase 1). Several other SDR enzymes are completely or almost completely uncharacterized, such as DHRS1 (also known as SDR19C1). Based on our in silico and experimental approaches, DHRS1 is described as a likely monotopic protein that interacts with the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. The highest expression level of DHRS1 protein was observed in human liver and adrenals. The recombinant form of DHRS1 was purified using the detergent n-dodecyl-β-D-maltoside, and DHRS1 was proven to be an NADPH-dependent reductase that is able to catalyse the in vitro reductive conversion of some steroids (estrone, androstene-3,17-dione and cortisone), as well as other endogenous substances and xenobiotics. The expression pattern and enzyme activities fit to a role in steroid and/or xenobiotic metabolism; however, more research is needed to fully clarify the exact biological function of DHRS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Zemanová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Navrátilová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf Andrýs
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Šperková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Andrejs
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Kozáková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marc Meier
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Möller
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eva Novotná
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Šafr
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University and University Hospital in Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Vladimír Wsól
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Zemanová L, Kirubakaran P, Pato IH, Štambergová H, Vondrášek J. The identification of new substrates of human DHRS7 by molecular modeling and in vitro testing. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 105:171-182. [PMID: 28687384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human DHRS7 (SDR34C1) is one of insufficiently described enzymes of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily. The members of this superfamily often play an important pato/physiological role in the human body, participating in the metabolism of diverse substrates (e.g. retinoids, steroids, xenobiotics). A systematic approach to the identification of novel, physiological substrates of DHRS7 based on a combination of homology modeling, structure-based virtual screening and experimental evaluation has been used. Three novel substrates of DHRS7 (dihydrotestosterone, benzil and 4,4'-dimetylbenzil) have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Zemanová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Palani Kirubakaran
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ignacio Hernando Pato
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Štambergová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Vondrášek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Araya S, Kratschmar DV, Tsachaki M, Stücheli S, Beck KR, Odermatt A. DHRS7 (SDR34C1) - A new player in the regulation of androgen receptor function by inactivation of 5α-dihydrotestosterone? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 171:288-295. [PMID: 28457967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
DHRS7 (SDR34C1) has been associated with potential tumor suppressor effects in prostate cancer; however, its function remains largely unknown. Recent experiments using purified recombinant human DHRS7 suggested several potential substrates, including the steroids cortisone and Δ4-androstene-3,17-dione (androstenedione). However, the substrate and cofactor concentrations used in these experiments were very high and the physiological relevance of these observations needed to be further investigated. In the present study, recombinant human DHRS7 was expressed in intact HEK-293 cells in order to investigate whether glucocorticoids and androgens serve as substrates at sub-micromolar concentrations and at physiological cofactor concentrations. Furthermore, the membrane topology of DHRS7 was revisited using redox-sensitive green-fluorescent protein fusions in living cells. The results revealed that (1) cortisone is a substrate of DHRS7; however, it is not reduced to cortisol but to 20β-dihydrocortisone, (2) androstenedione is not a relevant substrate of DHRS7, (3) DHRS7 catalyzes the oxoreduction of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5αDHT) to 3α-androstanediol (3αAdiol), with a suppressive effect on androgen receptor (AR) transcriptional activity, and (4) DHRS7 is anchored in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane with a cytoplasmic orientation. Together, the results show that DHRS7 is a cytoplasmic oriented enzyme exhibiting 3α/20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, with a possible role in the modulation of AR function. Further research needs to address the physiological relevance of DHRS7 in the inactivation of 5αDHT and AR regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene Araya
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Denise V Kratschmar
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Tsachaki
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Stücheli
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katharina R Beck
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Štambergová H, Zemanová L, Lundová T, Malčeková B, Skarka A, Šafr M, Wsól V. Human DHRS7, promising enzyme in metabolism of steroids and retinoids? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 155:112-9. [PMID: 26466768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of steroids and retinoids has been studied in detail for a long time, as these compounds are involved in a broad spectrum of physiological processes. Many enzymes participating in the conversion of such compounds are members of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily. Despite great effort, there still remain a number of poorly characterized SDR proteins. According to various bioinformatics predictions, many of these proteins may play a role in the metabolism of steroids and retinoids. Dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 7 (DHRS7) is one such protein. In a previous study, we determined DHRS7 to be an integral membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum facing the lumen which has shown at least in vitro NADPH-dependent reducing activity toward several eobiotics and xenobiotics bearing a carbonyl moiety. In the present paper pure DHRS7 was used for a more detailed study of both substrate screening and an analysis of kinetics parameters of the physiologically important substrates androstene-3,17-dione, cortisone and all-trans-retinal. Expression patterns of DHRS7 at the mRNA as well as protein level were determined in a panel of various human tissue samples, a procedure that has enabled the first estimation of the possible biological function of this enzyme. DHRS7 is expressed in tissues such as prostate, adrenal glands, liver or intestine, where its activity could be well exploited. Preliminary indications show that DHRS7 exhibits dual substrate specificity recognizing not only steroids but also retinoids as potential substrates and could be important in the metabolism of these signalling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Štambergová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, CZ-50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucie Zemanová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, CZ-50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Tereza Lundová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, CZ-50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Beata Malčeková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, CZ-50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Adam Skarka
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, CZ-50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Šafr
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital in Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimír Wsól
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, CZ-50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Lundová T, Zemanová L, Malčeková B, Skarka A, Štambergová H, Havránková J, Šafr M, Wsól V. Molecular and biochemical characterisation of human short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase member 3 (DHRS3). Chem Biol Interact 2014; 234:178-87. [PMID: 25451588 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 3 (DHRS3), also known as retinal short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (retSDR1) is a member of SDR16C family. This family is thought to be NADP(H) dependent and to have multiple substrates; however, to date, only all-trans-retinal has been identified as a DHRS3 substrate. The reductive reaction catalysed by DHRS3 seems to be physiological, and recent studies proved the importance of DHRS3 for maintaining suitable retinoic acid levels during embryonic development in vivo. Although it seems that DHRS3 is an important protein, knowledge of the protein and its properties is quite limited, with the majority of information being more than 15 years old. This study aimed to generate a more comprehensive characterisation of the DHRS3 protein. Recombinant enzyme was prepared and demonstrated to be a microsomal, integral-membrane protein with the C-terminus oriented towards the cytosol, consistent with its preference of NADPH as a cofactor. It was determined that DHRS3 also participates in the metabolism of other endogenous compounds, such as androstenedione, estrone, and DL-glyceraldehyde, and in the biotransformation of xenobiotics (e.g., NNK and acetohexamide) in addition to all-trans-retinal. Purified and reconstituted enzyme was prepared for the first time and will be used for further studies. Expression of DHRS3 was shown at the level of both mRNA and protein in the human liver, testis and small intestine. This new information could open other areas of DHRS3 protein research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Lundová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucie Zemanová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Beata Malčeková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Adam Skarka
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Štambergová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Havránková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Šafr
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital in Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimír Wsól
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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