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Arakawa T, Akuta T. Mechanistic Insight into Poly-Reactivity of Immune Antibodies upon Acid Denaturation or Arginine Mutation in Antigen-Binding Regions. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:64. [PMID: 37873861 PMCID: PMC10594486 DOI: 10.3390/antib12040064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The poly-reactivity of antibodies is defined as their binding to specific antigens as well as to related proteins and also to unrelated targets. Poly-reactivity can occur in individual molecules of natural serum antibodies, likely due to their conformation flexibility, and, for therapeutic antibodies, it plays a critical role in their clinical development. On the one hand, it can enhance their binding to target antigens and cognate receptors, but, on the other hand, it may lead to a loss of antibody function by binding to off-target proteins. Notably, poly-reactivity has been observed in antibodies subjected to treatments with dissociating, destabilizing or denaturing agents, in particular acidic pH, a common step in the therapeutic antibody production process involving the elution of Protein-A bound antibodies and viral clearance using low pH buffers. Additionally, poly-reactivity can emerge during the affinity maturation in the immune system, such as the germinal center. This review delves into the underlying potential causes of poly-reactivity, highlighting the importance of conformational flexibility, which can be further augmented by the acid denaturation of antibodies and the introduction of arginine mutations into the complementary regions of antibody-variable domains. The focus is placed on a particular antibody's acid conformation, meticulously characterized through circular dichroism, differential scanning calorimetry, and sedimentation velocity analyses. By gaining a deeper understanding of these mechanisms, we aim to shed light on the complexities of antibody poly-reactivity and its implications for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, 13380 Pantera Road, San Diego, CA 92130, USA
| | - Teruo Akuta
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26 Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna, Takahagi-shi 318-0004, Ibaraki, Japan;
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Wang X, Qiao O, Han L, Li N, Gong Y. A Novel Rabbit Anti-Myoglobin Monoclonal Antibody's Potential Application in Rhabdomyolysis Associated Acute Kidney Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097822. [PMID: 37175528 PMCID: PMC10177957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Myoglobin (Mb) is the main constituent of vertebrate skeletal muscle and myocardium and plays an essential role in oxygen binding, storage, transport, and earliest disease diagnosis. This study focuses on preparing the novel recombinant rabbit anti-Mb monoclonal antibody and applying it to a diagnosis of Mb deposition in rhabdomyolysis-associated acute kidney injury (RM-AKI). The full-length coding sequence of rat Mb was cloned and expressed, and the high-quality and titer rabbit anti-Mb polyclonal antibodies were produced by the immunogen His-Mb fusion protein. A new hybridoma cell was obtained by hybridoma screening technology. With the help of DNA sequencing and a molecular clonal, anti-Mb monoclonal antibody heavy and light chains expression plasmid was constructed. Finally, the recombinant rabbit anti-Mb monoclonal antibody with extraordinarily high affinity (KD = 1.21 pM) was obtained. Meanwhile, it had broad species reactivity (mouse, rat, human, and horse) and good tissue specificity (skeletal muscle and myocardium). It also had a very good performance in western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence assay to detect the Mb level in the kidney, myocardium, and skeletal muscle of RM-AKI. This study will be significantly helpful for Mb-associated disease diagnosis, and pathogenesis exploration, and further may act as a neutralizing antibody for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Wang
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ou Qiao
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lu Han
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ning Li
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yanhua Gong
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
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Sakuma C, Nakagawa M, Tomioka Y, Maruyama T, Entzminger K, Fleming JK, Shibata T, Kurosawa Y, Okumura CJ, Arakawa T, Akuta T. Western blotting of native proteins from agarose gels. Biotechniques 2022; 72:207-218. [PMID: 35383476 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2022-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a new Western blotting method of native proteins from agarose-based gel electrophoresis using a buffer at pH 6.1 containing basic histidine and acidic 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid. This gel electrophoresis successfully provided native structures for a variety of proteins and macromolecular complexes. This paper is focused on the Western blotting of native protein bands separated on agarose gels. Two blotting methods from agarose gel to PVDF membrane are introduced here, one by contact (diffusion) blotting and another by electroblotting after pre-treating the agarose gels with SDS. The contact blotting resulted in the transfer of native GFP, native human plexin domain containing protein 2 (PLXDC2) and native SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which were detected by conformation-specific antibodies generated in-house.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Sakuma
- Research & Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan
| | - Masataka Nakagawa
- Research & Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan
| | - Yui Tomioka
- Research & Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Maruyama
- Abwiz Bio Inc., 9823 Pacific Heights Blvd, suite J, San Diego, CA 9212, USA
| | - Kevin Entzminger
- Abwiz Bio Inc., 9823 Pacific Heights Blvd, suite J, San Diego, CA 9212, USA
| | - Jonathan K Fleming
- Abwiz Bio Inc., 9823 Pacific Heights Blvd, suite J, San Diego, CA 9212, USA
| | - Takashi Shibata
- Research & Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan
| | - Yasunori Kurosawa
- Research & Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan.,Abwiz Bio Inc., 9823 Pacific Heights Blvd, suite J, San Diego, CA 9212, USA
| | - C J Okumura
- Abwiz Bio Inc., 9823 Pacific Heights Blvd, suite J, San Diego, CA 9212, USA
| | - Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, 13380 Pantera Rd, San Diego, CA 92130, USA
| | - Teruo Akuta
- Research & Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan
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4
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Plexin domain containing protein 2 is more expressed within the invasive area of human colorectal cancer tissues. Hum Cell 2021; 34:1580-1583. [PMID: 34146255 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-021-00570-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Nishida S, Nakagawa M, Ouchi Y, Sakuma C, Nakajima Y, Shimizu H, Shibata T, Kurosawa Y, Maruyama T, Okumura CJ, Hatayama N, Sato Y, Asahara M, Ishigaki S, Furukawa T, Akuta T, Ono Y. A rabbit monoclonal antibody-mediated lateral flow immunoassay for rapid detection of CTX-M extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 185:317-323. [PMID: 34129888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Infections of CTX-M extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales are a severe threat in clinical settings. CTX-M genes on plasmids have been transferred to many Enterobacterales species, and these species have spread, leading to the global problem of antimicrobial resistance. Here, we developed a lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) based on an anti-CTX-M rabbit monoclonal antibody. This antibody detected CTX-M variants from the CTX-M-9, CTX-M-2, and CTX-M-1 groups expressed in clinical isolates. The LFIA showed 100% sensitivity and specificity with clinical isolates on agar plates, and its limit of detection was 0.8 ng/mL recombinant CTX-M-14. The rabbit monoclonal antibody did not cross-react with bacteria producing other class A β-lactamases, including SHV. In conclusion, we developed a highly sensitive and specific LFIA capable of detecting CTX-M enzyme production in Enterobacterales. We anticipate that our LFIA will become a point-of-care test enabling rapid detection of CTX-M in hospital and community settings as well as a rapid environmental test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nishida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Masataka Nakagawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 7-8 Nihonbashi Kobunacho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0024, Japan
| | - Yuki Ouchi
- Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 7-8 Nihonbashi Kobunacho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0024, Japan
| | - Chiaki Sakuma
- Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 7-8 Nihonbashi Kobunacho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0024, Japan
| | - Yu Nakajima
- Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 7-8 Nihonbashi Kobunacho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0024, Japan
| | - Hisayo Shimizu
- Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 7-8 Nihonbashi Kobunacho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0024, Japan
| | - Takashi Shibata
- Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 7-8 Nihonbashi Kobunacho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0024, Japan
| | - Yasunori Kurosawa
- Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 7-8 Nihonbashi Kobunacho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0024, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Maruyama
- Abwiz Bio, Inc., 9823 Pacific Heights BLVD, Suite J, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - C J Okumura
- Abwiz Bio, Inc., 9823 Pacific Heights BLVD, Suite J, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Nami Hatayama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Sato
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Miwa Asahara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Teikyo University Hospital, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Shinobu Ishigaki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Teikyo University Hospital, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Taiji Furukawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Teikyo University Hospital, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Teruo Akuta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 7-8 Nihonbashi Kobunacho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0024, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ono
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
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Development of a rapid scabies immunodiagnostic assay based on transcriptomic analysis of Sarcoptes scabiei var. nyctereutis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6455. [PMID: 33742008 PMCID: PMC7979781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85290-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Scabies is a highly contagious skin disease caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei that affects many mammals. However, the sensitivity of traditional tests for scabies diagnosis in humans is less than 50%. To simplify the diagnosis of scabies, methods that are simple, sensitive, specific, and cost-effective are required. We developed an immunodiagnostic test based on S. scabiei var. nyctereutis RNA-seq data collected from Japanese raccoon dogs with sarcoptic mange. Three candidate antigens-a highly expressed hypothetical protein "QR98_0091190," another mite allergen known as "SMIPP-Cc," and an abundant "vitellogenin-like protein"-were evaluated by western-blot analysis. A lateral flow immunoassay, using specific antibodies against the vitellogenin-like protein, successfully detected scabies in the skin flakes of S. scabiei-infected raccoon dogs. This assay can potentially diagnose scabies more accurately in wildlife, as well as in humans.
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Western blotting analysis of proteins separated by agarose native gel electrophoresis. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:1106-1110. [PMID: 33157142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Western blotting was attempted to analyze proteins separated by agarose native gel electrophoresis that was previously developed on His/Mes buffer system. This report shows a simple protocol for blotting agarose native gel to a PVDF membrane by soaking the gel in sodium dodecylsulfate-containing transfer buffer and 3 examples of such analysis. First example showed expression of a recombinant antibody in HEK293 cells by direct staining of the agarose native gels for both proteins and nucleic acids and staining of the blots for proteins and host cell proteins. These analyses demonstrated usefulness of agarose native gel electrophoresis, confirming that the recombinant antibody migrates toward the cathode while nucleic acids and a majority of host cell proteins migrate toward the anode. Second example demonstrated the phosphorylation state of MAP kinase in human lymphocyte cell line. Namely, agarose native gel can separate kinase, whose phosphorylation can be analyzed by Western blotting. Third example showed correlation of Escherichia coli β-galactosidase expression between the oligomerization and enzyme activity using antibody and substrate staining.
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Li C, Akuta T, Nakagawa M, Sato T, Shibata T, Maruyama T, Okumura C, Kurosawa Y, Arakawa T. Agarose native gel electrophoresis for characterization of antibodies. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 151:885-890. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Yamamoto N, Eguchi A, Hirokawa Y, Ogura S, Sugimoto K, Iwasa M, Watanabe M, Takei Y. Expression Pattern of Plexin Domain Containing 2 in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2020; 39:57-60. [PMID: 32202949 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2019.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Plexin domain containing 2 (PLXDC2) is expressed in endothelial cells of tumor stroma, neural progenitor cells, and pluripotent stem cells, but their respective tissue expression pattern is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the expression pattern of PLXDC2 in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues using a highly specific anti-PLXDC2 rabbit monoclonal antibody, which was recently developed. PLXDC2 was expressed in human HCC tissues including HCC cells, tumor vascular endothelial cells, and some infiltrating cells. The developed anti-PLXDC2 antibody allowed for highly specific and low background staining. Based on these current findings of PLXDC2 expression in human HCC tissues, the window may now be open to explore the role of PLXDC2 in human HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Akiko Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Hirokawa
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Suguru Ogura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Kazushi Sugimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Motoh Iwasa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Watanabe
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Takei
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
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Bagheri S, Hashemi M, Alirahimi E, Habibi-Anbouhi M, Kazemi-Lomedasht F, Behdani M. Recombinant Expression of Zinc Transporter SLC39A6 and Its Functional Antibody Production. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2019; 38:70-74. [PMID: 31009334 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2018.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc transporter ZIP6 (SLC39A6) or LIV-1 is a protein that belongs to a subfamily of proteins group that displays structural specifications of zinc transporters in the cell membrane. Overexpression of this protein is observed in breast, prostate, and kidney tumor cells. Lately, LIV-1 is a dependable marker for detection of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer, which can be used to detect luminal breast cancer type A. In this study, the gene construct containing extracellular domain of human LIV-1 gene was subcloned into pET22b expression vector, expressed and confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blotting. It was shown for the first time that the extracellular domain of LIV-1 could be expressed in bacterial systems and can be used for rabbit immunization. The reactivity of the resulted antibody was evaluated in flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In conclusion, this protein can be used for animal immunization toward preparation of a new monoclonal antibody that can be introduced as a drug in the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajedeh Bagheri
- 1 Biotechnology Research Center, Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,2 Department of New Sciences, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- 2 Department of New Sciences, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Alirahimi
- 1 Biotechnology Research Center, Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Kazemi-Lomedasht
- 1 Biotechnology Research Center, Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Behdani
- 1 Biotechnology Research Center, Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Zhang Y, Qiu D, Li R, Liu Y, Shi S, Wang Y. Preparation of a monoclonal antibody against the carcinoembryonic antigen, glypican‑3. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:3889-3895. [PMID: 30896845 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The carcinoembryonic antigen, glypican‑3 (GPC3), is a putative therapeutic target and diagnostic marker of hepatoma. In the present study, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) specifically against GPC3 was obtained via cloning the sequence of GPC3 via polymerase chain reaction and inserting it into a pET16b vector prior to transfection into Escherichia coli (E. coli) BL21. BALB/c mice were immunized with 20 µg purified antigen by intrasplenic embedding. Splenocytes and mouse myeloma cells SP2/0 were fused; then, the hybridoma cells were screened by an indirect ELISA. The properties of the mAb were examined by western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis against the purified protein. The results revealed that the prokaryotic expression vector of GPC3 had been successfully generated and GPC3 was stably expressed in E. coli BL21. A stable hybridoma cell line, 2F3, was generated in the present study, which produced mAbs against GPC3. The mAb 2F3 had a high antibody titer and the isotype was identified as IgG1/κ; 2F3 hybridomas had a median chromosome number of 98. Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses revealed that 2F3 specifically recognized recombinant and native GPC3. The 2F3 clone was proposed as a stable secretor of this mAb against GPC3. The results of present study indicated that the successful preparation of recombinant GPC3 protein and an anti‑human GPC3 mouse mAb may be provide a basis for developments in the diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongdong Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Dongri Qiu
- Department of Stomatology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Ronghua Li
- Department of Stomatology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Yawu Liu
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, FIN‑70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Shuainan Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Yuliang Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
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