1
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Suzuki T, Kawano Y, Matsumoto A, Kondo M, Funayama K, Tanemura S, Miyashiro M, Nishi A, Yamada K, Tsuda M, Sato A, Morokuma K, Yamamoto Y. Melanogenic effect of dersimelagon (MT-7117), a novel oral melanocortin 1 receptor agonist. SKIN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2022; 2:e78. [PMID: 35665216 PMCID: PMC9060023 DOI: 10.1002/ski2.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background The activation of melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) on melanocytes stimulates the production of eumelanin. A tridecapeptide α melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (αMSH) is known to induce skin pigmentation. Objectives We characterised the properties of a novel oral MC1R agonist dersimelagon (MT‐7117) with respect to its specific binding to MC1R, downstream signalling and eumelanin production in experimental models. Methods The competitive binding and production of intracellular cyclic adenosine 3′, 5′‐monophosphate in cells expressing recombinant melanocortin receptors were examined. A mouse melanoma cell line B16F1 was used for the evaluation of in vitro melanin production. The in vitro activity of MT‐7117 was determined with αMSH and [Nle4, D‐Phe7]‐αMSH (NDP‐αMSH) as reference comparators. The change of coat colour and skin pigmentation were evaluated after repeat administration of MT‐7117 by oral gavage to C57BL/6J‐Ay/+ mice and cynomolgus monkeys, respectively. Results MT‐7117 showed the highest affinity for human MC1R compared to the other melanocortin receptors evaluated and agonistic activity for human, cynomolgus monkey and mouse MC1R, with EC50 values in the nanomolar range. In B16F1 cells, MT‐7117 increased melanin production in a concentration‐dependent manner. In vivo, MT‐7117 (≥0.3 mg/kg/day p.o.) significantly induced coat colour darkening in mice. MT‐7117 (≥1 mg/kg/day p.o.) induced significant skin pigmentation in monkeys and complete reversibility was observed after cessation of its administration. Conclusions MT‐7117 is a novel oral MC1R agonist that induces melanogenesis in vitro and in vivo, suggesting its potential application for the prevention of phototoxic reactions in patients with photodermatoses, such as erythropoietic protoporphyria and X‐linked protoporphyria.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Suzuki
- Sohyaku Innovative Research Division Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation Yokohama Japan
| | - Y Kawano
- Sohyaku Innovative Research Division Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation Yokohama Japan
| | - A Matsumoto
- Sohyaku Innovative Research Division Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation Yokohama Japan
| | - M Kondo
- Sohyaku Innovative Research Division Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation Yokohama Japan
| | - K Funayama
- Sohyaku Innovative Research Division Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation Yokohama Japan
| | - S Tanemura
- Sohyaku Innovative Research Division Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation Yokohama Japan
| | - M Miyashiro
- Sohyaku Innovative Research Division Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation Yokohama Japan
| | - A Nishi
- Sohyaku Innovative Research Division Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation Yokohama Japan
| | - K Yamada
- Sohyaku Innovative Research Division Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation Yokohama Japan
| | - M Tsuda
- Sohyaku Innovative Research Division Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation Yokohama Japan
| | - A Sato
- Sohyaku Innovative Research Division Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation Yokohama Japan
| | - K Morokuma
- Sohyaku Innovative Research Division Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation Yokohama Japan
| | - Y Yamamoto
- Sohyaku Innovative Research Division Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation Yokohama Japan
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2
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Tsunoi T, Noju K, Eto T, Suzuki H. A 1-bp deletion in Mc1r in a Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) from Sado Island, Japan gives rise to a yellowish color variant: an insight into mammalian MC1R variants. Genes Genet Syst 2021; 96:89-97. [PMID: 33994400 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.20-00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin-1 receptor gene (MC1R) controls production of the pigments eumelanin and pheomelanin. Changes in MC1R lead to variation in coat color in mammals, which can range from entirely black (melanism) to yellowish. In this study, we report a case of a wild-caught Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) from Sado Island, Japan with a yellowish coat color. Upon sequencing the whole coding region of the Mc1r gene (954 bp), we found a 1-bp deletion at site 337 (c.337del), indicative of a frameshift mutation, which was characterized as a severe loss-of-function or null mutation. A spectrophotometer was used to measure coat color, revealing that the rat had a distinctly lighter coat, based on lightness score, than mice with homozygous similar loss-of-function mutations. This implies that loss-of-function mutations can yield different phenotypes in murine rodents. The loss-of-function-mutant rat exhibited a contrasting coat pattern consisting of darker and lighter colors along its dorsal and ventral sides, respectively. Similar patterns have been observed in homozygous MC1R-deficient mutants in other mammals, implying that the countershading pattern can still be expressed despite the absence of MC1R in the melanocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeru Tsunoi
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University
| | - Koki Noju
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University
| | - Takeshi Eto
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus
| | - Hitoshi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University
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3
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Fuiten AM, Fankhauser RG, Smit DJ, Stark MS, Enright TF, Wood MA, DePatie NA, Pivik K, Sturm RA, Berry EG, Kulkarni RP. Genetic analysis of multiple primary melanomas arising within the boundaries of congenital nevi depigmentosa. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:1123-1130. [PMID: 33884765 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here, we present a rare case of a patient who developed multiple primary melanomas within the boundaries of two nevi depigmentosa. The melanomas were excised, and as a preventive measure, the remainder of the nevi depigmentosa were removed. We performed whole-exome sequencing on excised tissue from the nevus depigmentosus, adjacent normal skin, and saliva to explain this intriguing phenomenon. We also performed a GeneTrails Comprehensive Solid Tumor Panel analysis on one of the melanoma tissues. Genetic analysis revealed germline MC1R V92M and TYR R402Q polymorphisms and a MET E168D germline mutation that may have increased the risk of melanoma development. This genetic predisposition, combined with a patient-reported history of substantial sun exposure and sunburns, which were more severe within the boundaries of the nevi depigmentosa due to the lack of photoprotective melanin, produced numerous somatic mutations in the melanocytes of the nevi depigmentosa. Fitting with this paradigm for melanoma development in chronically sun-damaged skin, the patient's melanomas harbored somatic mutations in CDKN2A (splice site), NF1, and ATRX and had a tumor mutation burden in the 90-95th percentile for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Fuiten
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Reilly G Fankhauser
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Darren J Smit
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mitchell S Stark
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Trevor F Enright
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Mary A Wood
- Computational Biology Program, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Phase Genomics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas A DePatie
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Richard A Sturm
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Elizabeth G Berry
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Rajan P Kulkarni
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Operative Care Division, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
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4
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Targeting MC1R depalmitoylation to prevent melanomagenesis in redheads. Nat Commun 2019; 10:877. [PMID: 30787281 PMCID: PMC6382811 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08691-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Some genetic melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) variants responsible for human red hair color (RHC-variants) are consequently associated with increased melanoma risk. Although MC1R signaling is critically dependent on its palmitoylation primarily mediated by the ZDHHC13 protein-acyl transferase, whether increasing MC1R palmitoylation represents a viable therapeutic target to limit melanomagenesis in redheads is unknown. Here we identify a specific and efficient in vivo strategy to induce MC1R palmitoylation for therapeutic benefit. We validate the importance of ZDHHC13 to MC1R signaling in vivo by targeted expression of ZDHHC13 in C57BL/6J-MC1RRHC mice and subsequently inhibit melanomagenesis. By identifying APT2 as the MC1R depalmitoylation enzyme, we are able to demonstrate that administration of the selective APT2 inhibitor ML349 treatment efficiently increases MC1R signaling and represses UVB-induced melanomagenesis in vitro and in vivo. Targeting APT2, therefore, represents a preventive/therapeutic strategy to reduce melanoma risk, especially in individuals with red hair. Melanocortin-1 receptor is a palmitoylated protein and variants of the receptor are associated with red hair colour and susceptibility to melanoma. Here, the authors describe a method to enhance the palmitoylation of the receptor, which can inhibit melanomagenesis in mice.
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5
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Zhu B, Chen S, Wang H, Yin C, Han C, Peng C, Liu Z, Wan L, Zhang X, Zhang J, Lian CG, Ma P, Xu ZX, Prince S, Wang T, Gao X, Shi Y, Liu D, Liu M, Wei W, Wei Z, Pan J, Wang Y, Xuan Z, Hess J, Hayward NK, Goding CR, Chen X, Zhou J, Cui R. The protective role of DOT1L in UV-induced melanomagenesis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:259. [PMID: 29343685 PMCID: PMC5772495 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02687-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The DOT1L histone H3 lysine 79 (H3K79) methyltransferase plays an oncogenic role in MLL-rearranged leukemogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that, in contrast to MLL-rearranged leukemia, DOT1L plays a protective role in ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced melanoma development. Specifically, the DOT1L gene is located in a frequently deleted region and undergoes somatic mutation in human melanoma. Specific mutations functionally compromise DOT1L methyltransferase enzyme activity leading to reduced H3K79 methylation. Importantly, in the absence of DOT1L, UVR-induced DNA damage is inefficiently repaired, so that DOT1L loss promotes melanoma development in mice after exposure to UVR. Mechanistically, DOT1L facilitates DNA damage repair, with DOT1L-methylated H3K79 involvement in binding and recruiting XPC to the DNA damage site for nucleotide excision repair (NER). This study indicates that DOT1L plays a protective role in UVR-induced melanomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, 250014, Jinan, China
| | - Shuyang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.,Department of Dermatology & China Hunan key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China
| | - Hongshen Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.,Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengqian Yin
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.,Institute of Life Science, Jiangsu University, 212013, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Changpeng Han
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.,Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Peng
- Department of Dermatology & China Hunan key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaoqian Liu
- Department of Dermatology & China Hunan key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China
| | - Lixin Wan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Zhang
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Christine G Lian
- Department of Pathology, The Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Peilin Ma
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 340 West 10th Street, Fairbanks 6200, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Zhi-Xiang Xu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Sharon Prince
- Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
| | - Tao Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 300193, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiumei Gao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 300193, Tianjin, China
| | - Yujiang Shi
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Dali Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - Min Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, 250014, Jinan, China
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Zhi Wei
- Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Jingxuan Pan
- Cancer Pharmacology Research Institute, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenyu Xuan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Jay Hess
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 340 West 10th Street, Fairbanks 6200, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Nicholas K Hayward
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane City, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Colin R Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology & China Hunan key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China.
| | - Jun Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, 250014, Jinan, China.
| | - Rutao Cui
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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6
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Herraiz C, Garcia-Borron JC, Jiménez-Cervantes C, Olivares C. MC1R signaling. Intracellular partners and pathophysiological implications. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2448-2461. [PMID: 28259754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) preferentially expressed in melanocytes is best known as a key regulator of the synthesis of epidermal melanin pigments. Its paracrine stimulation by keratinocyte-derived melanocortins also activates DNA repair pathways and antioxidant defenses to build a complex, multifaceted photoprotective response. Many MC1R actions rely on cAMP-dependent activation of two transcription factors, MITF and PGC1α, but pleiotropic MC1R signaling also involves activation of mitogen-activated kinases and AKT. MC1R partners such as β-arrestins, PTEN and the E3 ubiquitin ligase MGRN1 differentially regulate these pathways. The MC1R gene is complex and polymorphic, with frequent variants associated with skin phenotypes and increased cancer risk. We review current knowledge of signaling from canonical MC1R, its splice isoforms and natural polymorphic variants. Recently discovered intracellular targets and partners are also discussed, to highlight the diversity of mechanisms that may contribute to normal and pathological variation of pigmentation and sensitivity to solar radiation-induced damage. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Melanocortin Receptors - edited by Ya-Xiong Tao.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Herraiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose C Garcia-Borron
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Celia Jiménez-Cervantes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Conchi Olivares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
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7
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Hepp D, Gonçalves GL, de Freitas TRO. Prediction of the damage-associated non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human MC1R gene. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121812. [PMID: 25794181 PMCID: PMC4368538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is involved in the control of melanogenesis. Polymorphisms in this gene have been associated with variation in skin and hair color and with elevated risk for the development of melanoma. Here we used 11 computational tools based on different approaches to predict the damage-associated non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) in the coding region of the human MC1R gene. Among the 92 nsSNPs arranged according to the predictions 62% were classified as damaging in more than five tools. The classification was significantly correlated with the scores of two consensus programs. Alleles associated with the red hair color (RHC) phenotype and with the risk of melanoma were examined. The R variants D84E, R142H, R151C, I155T, R160W and D294H were classified as damaging by the majority of the tools while the r variants V60L, V92M and R163Q have been predicted as neutral in most of the programs The combination of the prediction tools results in 14 nsSNPs indicated as the most damaging mutations in MC1R (L48P, R67W, H70Y, P72L, S83P, R151H, S172I, L206P, T242I, G255R, P256S, C273Y, C289R and R306H); C273Y showed to be highly damaging in SIFT, Polyphen-2, MutPred, PANTHER and PROVEAN scores. The computational analysis proved capable of identifying the potentially damaging nsSNPs in MC1R, which are candidates for further laboratory studies of the functional and pharmacological significance of the alterations in the receptor and the phenotypic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Hepp
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul—Câmpus Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Gislene Lopes Gonçalves
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Antofagasta, 1520 Arica, Chile
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8
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Ibarrola-Villava M, Peña-Chilet M, Llorca-Cardeñosa MJ, Oltra S, Cadenas CM, Bravo J, Ribas G. Modeling MC1R rare variants: a structural evaluation of variants detected in a Mediterranean case-control study. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:1146-1149. [PMID: 24335900 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maider Ibarrola-Villava
- Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Peña-Chilet
- Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta J Llorca-Cardeñosa
- Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sara Oltra
- Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Jeronimo Bravo
- Department of Genomics and Proteomics, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia-CSIC, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Gloria Ribas
- Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.
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9
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Andresen PA, Nymoen DA, Kjærheim K, Leivestad T, Helsing P. Susceptibility to Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Renal Transplant Recipients Associates with Genes Regulating Melanogenesis Independent of their Role in Pigmentation. BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2013; 5:41-7. [PMID: 24179397 PMCID: PMC3795574 DOI: 10.4137/bic.s12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The highly polymorphic melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene plays a crucial role in pigmentation. Variants of the gene have been implicated in risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the general population. In renal transplant (RT) recipients these cancers are more aggressive and very common. To evaluate the risk of SCC relative to MC1R and the pigmentation-associated genes ASIP, TYR, and TYRP1, a group of 217 RT recipients with and without SCC was genotyped. Associations with SCC risk were indicated in carriers of the red hair color associated MC1R variant p.Arg151Cys (OR = 1.99; 1.05-3.75), and in carriers of two of any of the MC1R variants disclosed (OR = 2.36; 1.08-5.15). These associations appeared independent of traditionally protective phenotypes, also supported by the stratifications from skin phototype and hair color. A tendency towards an increased SCC risk was observed for a specific ASIP haplotype (OR = 1.87; 0.91-3.83), while no such associations were observed for the TYR and TYRP1 variants. Thus, the risk of developing SCC in RT patients is modulated by MC1R variation irrespective of phenotypes considered to be protective. Heterozygous combinations of MC1R variants appear to be more relevant in assessing SCC risk than the effects of variants individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per A Andresen
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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10
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Hill VK, Gartner JJ, Samuels Y, Goldstein AM. The genetics of melanoma: recent advances. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2013; 14:257-79. [PMID: 23875803 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-091212-153429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous malignant melanoma results from the interplay of genetic, host, and environmental factors. Genetic factors implicated in melanoma etiology include inherited high-, intermediate-, and low-risk susceptibility genes as well as numerous somatic mutations in melanoma tumors. CDKN2A is the major high-risk melanoma susceptibility gene identified to date. Recent identification of low-risk loci has been accomplished predominantly through genome-wide association studies. Whole-exome and whole-genome studies have identified numerous genes somatically altered in melanoma tumors and highlighted a higher mutation load in melanoma tumors compared with those in other cancers. This higher load is believed to be attributable to the preponderance of cytosine-to-thymine nucleotide substitutions as a result of UV radiation exposure. Technological advances, particularly next-generation sequencing, have increased the opportunities for germline and somatic gene discovery in melanoma and are opening up new avenues for understanding melanoma pathogenesis as well as leading to new opportunities for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria K Hill
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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11
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Ezzedine K, Mauger E, Latreille J, Jdid R, Malvy D, Gruber F, Galan P, Hercberg S, Tschachler E, Guinot C. Freckles and solar lentigines have different risk factors in Caucasian women. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012; 27:e345-56. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2012.04685.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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12
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Avilés JA, Lázaro P, Fernández LP, Benítez J, Ibarrola-Villava M, Ribas G. Phenotypic and histologic characteristics of cutaneous melanoma in patients with melanocortin-1 receptor polymorphisms. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2012; 103:44-50. [PMID: 22464597 DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) is an important risk factor for melanoma due to its role in the production of melanin in response to sun exposure. OBJECTIVES To analyze the phenotypic and histologic characteristics of cutaneous melanoma in patients carrying mutations in MC1R and assess the influence of sun exposure on the occurrence of melanoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 224 patients with a diagnosis of melanoma seen in the Department of Dermatology at Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón in Madrid, Spain between September 2004 and December 2009 were included in the study. The genomic sequence of MC1R was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS At least one of the following MC1R variants was present in 58% of the patients: V60L, V92M, I155T, R160W, D294H, and R163Q. Carriers of those variants had a history of sunburn (P=.018) and melanomas located on areas with intermittent sun exposure (P=.019), and the majority had a diagnosis of superficial spreading melanoma. These associations were especially significant in patients with the R160W and D294H variants. Carriers of R160W also had melanomas associated with melanocytic nevi (P=.028). CONCLUSIONS The results of our study suggest that there may be a relationship between the expression of certain MC1R variants and sun exposure, history of sunburn, and skin type. They also indicate a higher frequency of superficial spreading melanomas and melanomas associated with melanocytic nevi in patients carrying certain mutations in MC1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Avilés
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.
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Rees JL, Harding RM. Understanding the Evolution of Human Pigmentation: Recent Contributions from Population Genetics. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:846-53. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Características fenotípicas e histológicas de los pacientes con melanoma cutáneo en función de los polimorfismos del MC1R. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2012; 103:44-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Latreille J, Ezzedine K, Elfakir A, Ambroisine L, Jdid R, Galan P, Hercberg S, Gruber F, Malvy D, Tschachler E, Guinot C. [MC1R polymorphisms and facial photoaging]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2011; 138:385-9. [PMID: 21570562 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2011.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to assess the association between melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) variants and the severity of facial skin photoaging. METHODS The study population comprised 530 French middle-aged women between 44 and 70 years. A trained dermatologist graded the severity of facial skin photoaging from photographs using Larnier's global scale. Logistic regressions were performed to assess the influence of MC1R polymorphism on severe photoaging (grades 1-3 vs. 4-6), with adjustment for possible confounders (demographic and phenotypic data, and sun exposure intensity). RESULTS Overall, 35% of the women were wild-type homozygotes, 49% had one variant, 15% had two variants, and 1% had at least one rare variant. After adjustment for possible confounders, the presence of two major diminished function variants was found to be a risk factor for photoaging (adjusted odds ratio=5.61; 95% confidence interval [1.43-21.96]). DISCUSSION Our results suggest that genetic variations of MC1R are important determinants for severe photoaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Latreille
- CE.R.I.E.S., unité de biométrie et épidémiologie, 20 rue Victor-Noir, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
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Ibarrola-Villava M, Fernandez LP, Pita G, Bravo J, Floristan U, Sendagorta E, Feito M, Avilés JA, Martin-Gonzalez M, Lázaro P, Benítez J, Ribas G. Genetic analysis of three important genes in pigmentation and melanoma susceptibility: CDKN2A, MC1R and HERC2/OCA2. Exp Dermatol 2010; 19:836-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Dong L, Wen J, Pier E, Zhang X, Zhang B, Dong F, Ziegler N, Mysz M, Armenta R, Cui R. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone directly enhances UV-Induced DNA repair in keratinocytes by a xeroderma pigmentosum group A-dependent mechanism. Cancer Res 2010; 70:3547-56. [PMID: 20388774 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-4596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) reduces UV-induced DNA damage through the induction of pigmentation. In this study, we provide evidence that MSH also enhances DNA repair in skin keratinocytes by modulating the function of DNA repair molecules. Intracutaneous injection of MSH prevented UV-induced DNA damage in human and mouse skin independent of its effects on melanogenesis. In keratinocytes, MSH bound to the melanocyte melanocortin receptor type 1 and activated adenylate cyclase activity, which in turn activated Xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA)-binding protein 1 and induced nuclear translocation of XPA, a critical factor controlling nucleotide excision repair signaling pathways. Together, our findings reveal a novel pigmentation-independent mechanism that underlies MSH-mediated DNA repair following UVB irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Dong
- Department of Pathology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
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Elfakir A, Ezzedine K, Latreille J, Ambroisine L, Jdid R, Galan P, Hercberg S, Gruber F, Malvy D, Tschachler E, Guinot C. Functional MC1R-Gene Variants Are Associated with Increased Risk for Severe Photoaging of Facial Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:1107-15. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Loser K, Brzoska T, Oji V, Auriemma M, Voskort M, Kupas V, Klenner L, Mensing C, Hauschild A, Beissert S, Luger TA. The neuropeptide alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone is critically involved in the development of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in mice and humans. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8958. [PMID: 20126537 PMCID: PMC2813861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuropeptide alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone is well known as a mediator of skin pigmentation. More recently, it has been shown that alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone also plays pivotal roles in energy homeostasis, sexual function, and inflammation or immunomodulation. Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone exerts its antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory effects by binding to the melanocortin-1 receptor, and since T cells are important effectors during immune responses, we investigated the effects of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone on T cell function. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS T cells were treated with alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and subsequently, their phenotype and function was analyzed in a contact allergy as well as a melanoma model. Furthermore, the relevance of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-mediated signaling for the induction of cytotoxicity was assessed in CD8(+) T cells from melanoma patients with functional and nonfunctional melanocortin-1 receptors. Here we demonstrate that the melanocortin-1 receptor is expressed by murine as well as human CD8(+) T cells, and we furthermore show that alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone/melanocortin-1 receptor-mediated signaling is critical for the induction of cytotoxicity in human and murine CD8(+) T cells. Upon adoptive transfer, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-treated murine CD8(+) T cells significantly reduced contact allergy responses in recipient mice. Additionally, the presented data indicate that alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone via signaling through a functional melanocortin-1 receptor augmented antitumoral immunity by up-regulating the expression of cytotoxic genes and enhancing the cytolytic activity in tumor-specific CD8(+) T cells. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Together, these results point to an important role of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in MHC class I-restricted cytotoxicity. Therefore, treatment of contact allergies or skin cancer with alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone or other more stable agonists of melanocortin-1 receptor might ameliorate disease or improve antitumoral immune responses.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dermatitis, Contact/immunology
- Dermatitis, Contact/therapy
- Flow Cytometry
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Hormones/metabolism
- Hormones/pharmacology
- Humans
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- alpha-MSH/metabolism
- alpha-MSH/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Loser
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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Mengel-From J, Wong TH, Morling N, Rees JL, Jackson IJ. Genetic determinants of hair and eye colours in the Scottish and Danish populations. BMC Genet 2009; 10:88. [PMID: 20042077 PMCID: PMC2810292 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-10-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Eye and hair colour is highly variable in the European population, and is largely genetically determined. Both linkage and association studies have previously been used to identify candidate genes underlying this variation. Many of the genes found were previously known as underlying mutant mouse phenotypes or human genetic disease, but others, previously unsuspected as pigmentation genes, have also been discovered. Results We assayed the hair of a population of individuals of Scottish origin using tristimulus colorimetry, in order to produce a quantitative measure of hair colour. Cluster analysis of this data defined two groups, with overlapping borders, which corresponded to visually assessed dark versus red/light hair colour. The Danish population was assigned into categorical hair colour groups. Both cohorts were also assessed for eye colour. DNA from the Scottish group was genotyped at SNPs in 33 candidate genes, using 384 SNPs identified by HapMap as representatives of each gene. Associations found between SNPs and colorimetric hair data and eye colour categories were replicated in a cohort of the Danish population. The Danish population was also genotyped with SNPs in 4 previously described pigmentation genes. We found replicable associations of hair colour with the KITLG and OCA2 genes. MC1R variation correlated, as expected, with the red dimension of colorimetric hair colour in Scots. The Danish analysis excluded those with red hair, and no associations were found with MC1R in this group, emphasising that MC1R regulates the colour rather than the intensity of pigmentation. A previously unreported association with the HPS3 gene was seen in the Scottish population. However, although this replicated in the smaller cohort of the Danish population, no association was seen when the whole study population was analysed. Conclusions We have found novel associations with SNPs in known pigmentation genes and colorimetrically assessed hair colour in a Scottish and a Danish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Mengel-From
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
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Latreille J, Ezzedine K, Elfakir A, Ambroisine L, Gardinier S, Galan P, Hercberg S, Gruber F, Rees J, Tschachler E, Guinot C. MC1RGene Polymorphism Affects Skin Color and Phenotypic Features Related to Sun Sensitivity in a Population of French Adult Women. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:1451-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Garcin G, Le Gallic L, Stoebner PE, Guezennec A, Guesnet J, Lavabre-Bertrand T, Martinez J, Meunier L. Constitutive Expression of MC1R in HaCaT Keratinocytes Inhibits Basal and UVB-induced TNF-α Production. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:1440-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00598.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Beaumont KA, Liu YY, Sturm RA. The melanocortin-1 receptor gene polymorphism and association with human skin cancer. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2009; 88:85-153. [PMID: 20374726 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(09)88004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) is a key gene involved in the regulation of melanin synthesis and encodes a G-protein coupled receptor expressed on the surface of the melanocyte in the skin and hair follicles. MC1R activation after ultraviolet radiation exposure results in the production of the dark eumelanin pigment and the tanning process in humans, providing physical protection against DNA damage. The MC1R gene is highly polymorphic in Caucasian populations with a number of MC1R variant alleles associated with red hair, fair skin, freckling, poor tanning, and increased risk of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer. Variant receptors have shown alterations in biochemical function, largely due to intracellular retention or impaired G-protein coupling, but retain some signaling ability. The association of MC1R variant alleles with skin cancer risk remains after correction for pigmentation phenotype, indicating regulation of nonpigmentary pathways. Notably, MC1R activation has been linked to DNA repair and may also contribute to the regulation of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley A Beaumont
- Melanogenix Group, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
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Galore-Haskel G, Azizi E, Mohamdi H, Scope A, Chaudru V, Laitman Y, Barak F, Pavlotsky F, Demenais F, Friedman E. MC1R variant alleles and malignant melanoma risk in Israel. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45:2015-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mengel-From J, Børsting C, Sanchez JJ, Eiberg H, Morling N. Determination of cis/trans phase of variations in the MC1R gene with allele-specific PCR and single base extension. Electrophoresis 2009; 29:4780-7. [PMID: 19016241 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The MC1R gene encodes a protein with key regulatory functions in the melanin synthesis. A multiplex PCR and a multiplex single base extension protocol were established for genotyping six exonic MC1R variations highly penetrant for red hair (R), four exonic MC1R variations weakly penetrant for red hair (r), two frameshift variations highly penetrant for red hair (R) and three variations in the promoter region. We genotyped 600 individuals from Denmark using either CE or MALDI-TOF MS as the detection platform. A total of 62 individuals were genotyped R/R and among the 62 individuals, 57 had red hair and five had blond hair colour. Two different R alleles may be located in cis (RR/-) position or trans (R/R) position, and the phenotype associated with RR/- and R/R may be different. Two allele-specific PCRs were established with primers targeting the -G445A variation in the MC1R promoter and the allele-specific PCR products were used in the multiplex single base extension assay. In all 62 individuals, the MC1R variants were situated in trans position. Another 18 individuals with red hair colour were either genotyped R/- or R/r, suggesting that other genes influence hair colour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Mengel-From
- Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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The contribution of melanocortin 1 receptor gene polymorphisms and the agouti signalling protein gene 8818A>G polymorphism to cutaneous melanoma and basal cell carcinoma in a Polish population. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:167-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00760.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Dimisianos G, Stefanaki I, Nicolaou V, Sypsa V, Antoniou C, Poulou M, Papadopoulos O, Gogas H, Kanavakis E, Nicolaidou E, Katsambas AD, Stratigos AJ. A study of a single variant allele (rs1426654) of the pigmentation-related gene SLC24A5 in Greek subjects. Exp Dermatol 2008; 18:175-7. [PMID: 18637132 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00758.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The SLC24A5 gene, the human orthologue of the zebrafish golden gene, has been shown to play a key role in human pigmentation. In this study, we investigate the prevalence of the variant allele rs1426654 in a selected sample of Greek subjects. Allele-specific polymerase chain reaction was performed in peripheral blood samples from 158 attendants of a dermatology outpatient service. The results were correlated with pigmentary traits and MC1R genotype. The vast majority of subjects (99%) were homozygous for the Thr(111) allele. Only two subjects from the control group (1.26%) were heterozygous for the alanine and threonine allele. Both of these Thr(111)/Ala(111) heterozygotes carried a single polymorphism of MC1R (one with the V92M variant and another with the V60L variant). Following reports of the rs1426654 polymorphism reaching fixation in the European population, our study of Greek subjects showed a prevalence of the Thr(111) allele, even among subjects with darker skin pigmentation or phototype.
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ASIP and TYR pigmentation variants associate with cutaneous melanoma and basal cell carcinoma. Nat Genet 2008; 40:886-91. [PMID: 18488027 DOI: 10.1038/ng.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fair color increases risk of cutaneous melanoma (CM) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Recent genome-wide association studies have identified variants affecting hair, eye and skin pigmentation in Europeans. Here, we assess the effect of these variants on risk of CM and BCC in European populations comprising 2,121 individuals with CM, 2,163 individuals with BCC and over 40,000 controls. A haplotype near ASIP, known to affect a similar spectrum of pigmentation traits as MC1R variants, conferred significant risk of CM (odds ratio (OR) = 1.45, P = 1.2 x 10(-9)) and BCC (OR = 1.33, P = 1.2 x 10(-6)). The variant in TYR encoding the R402Q amino acid substitution, previously shown to affect eye color and tanning response, conferred risk of CM (OR = 1.21, P = 2.8 x 10(-7)) and BCC (OR = 1.14, P = 6.1 x 10(-4)). An eye color variant in TYRP1 was associated with risk of CM (OR = 1.15, P = 4.6 x 10(-4)). The association of all three variants is robust with respect to adjustment for the effect of pigmentation.
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Savage SA, Gerstenblith MR, Goldstein AM, Mirabello L, Fargnoli MC, Peris K, Landi MT. Nucleotide diversity and population differentiation of the melanocortin 1 receptor gene, MC1R. BMC Genet 2008; 9:31. [PMID: 18402696 PMCID: PMC2324112 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-9-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The melanocortin 1 receptor gene (MC1R) is responsible for normal pigment variation in humans and is highly polymorphic with numerous population-specific alleles. Some MC1R variants have been associated with skin cancer risk. Results Allele frequency data were compiled on 55 single nucleotide polymorphisms from seven geographically distinct human populations (n = 2306 individuals). MC1R nucleotide diversity, π, was much higher (10.1 × 10-4) than in other genes for all subjects. A large degree of population differentiation, determined by FST, was also present, particularly between Asia and all other populations, due to the p.R163Q (c.488 G>A) polymorphism. The least amount of differentiation was between the United States, Northern Europe, and Southern Europe. Tajima's D statistic suggested the presence of positive selection in individuals from Europe. Conclusion This study further quantifies the degree of population-specific genetic variation and suggests that positive selection may be present in European populations in MC1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Savage
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, USA.
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Genetic mutations involved in melanoma: a summary of our current understanding. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 23:61-79. [PMID: 18159896 DOI: 10.1016/j.yadr.2007.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The biomolecular understanding of melanoma is in flux. The importance of high-penetrance genes involved in familial melanoma includes a significant number of mutations that directly lead to impairment of the checkpoints of the normal cell cycle. Furthermore, a greater understanding of the interaction between genetic factors and environmental factors, such as MC1R, CDKN2A, BRAF, and ultraviolet light, is emerging from landmark research. Although currently and with rare exception most clinicians still confine genetic testing to the realm of research, even in familial melanoma, continued and major advances in this arena may lead to development of new and revolutionary means of diagnosis and treatment, patterned on improved understanding of melanoma-related genetic mutations and resultant aberrations in cellular pathways.
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Lalueza-Fox C, Römpler H, Caramelli D, Stäubert C, Catalano G, Hughes D, Rohland N, Pilli E, Longo L, Condemi S, de la Rasilla M, Fortea J, Rosas A, Stoneking M, Schöneberg T, Bertranpetit J, Hofreiter M. A melanocortin 1 receptor allele suggests varying pigmentation among Neanderthals. Science 2007; 318:1453-5. [PMID: 17962522 DOI: 10.1126/science.1147417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) regulates pigmentation in humans and other vertebrates. Variants of MC1R with reduced function are associated with pale skin color and red hair in humans of primarily European origin. We amplified and sequenced a fragment of the MC1R gene (mc1r) from two Neanderthal remains. Both specimens have a mutation that was not found in approximately 3700 modern humans analyzed. Functional analyses show that this variant reduces MC1R activity to a level that alters hair and/or skin pigmentation in humans. The impaired activity of this variant suggests that Neanderthals varied in pigmentation levels, potentially on the scale observed in modern humans. Our data suggest that inactive MC1R variants evolved independently in both modern humans and Neanderthals.
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Michaloglou C, Vredeveld LCW, Mooi WJ, Peeper DS. BRAF(E600) in benign and malignant human tumours. Oncogene 2007; 27:877-95. [PMID: 17724477 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Of the RAF family of protein kinases, BRAF is the only member to be frequently activated by mutation in cancer. A single amino acid substitution (V600E) accounts for the vast majority and results in constitutive activation of BRAF kinase function. Its expression is required to maintain the proliferative and oncogenic characteristics of BRAF(E600)-expressing human tumour cells. Although BRAF(E600) acts as an oncogene in the context of additional genetic lesions, in primary cells it appears to be associated rather with transient stimulation of proliferation. Eventually, BRAF(E600) signalling triggers cell cycle arrest with the hallmarks of cellular senescence, as is illustrated by several recent studies in cultured cells, animal models and benign human lesions. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in our understanding of the role of BRAF(E600) in benign and malignant human tumours and the implications for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Michaloglou
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Gerstenblith MR, Goldstein AM, Fargnoli MC, Peris K, Landi MT. Comprehensive evaluation of allele frequency differences of MC1R variants across populations. Hum Mutat 2007; 28:495-505. [PMID: 17279550 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), a member of the G protein-coupled receptors superfamily, mediates the response to melanocortins and is currently the best-described contributor to normal pigment variation in humans. A remarkably large number of natural polymorphisms, or variants, of the MC1R gene have been identified in different populations. Some of these variants have been associated with specific hair and skin color phenotypes, the presence of freckling, and melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer risk. Interestingly, some MC1R variants have been associated with skin cancer beyond their effects on pigmentation. Although the red hair color variants (RHC variants) have been associated with skin cancer risk in the Celtic population, studies in darkly-pigmented Caucasian populations have demonstrated the importance of non-RHC MC1R variants on skin cancer risk as well. We have reviewed and compared allele frequency differences of MC1R variants across geographic regions. We observed large differences in the distribution of variants across populations, with a prominent difference between lightly and darkly-pigmented individuals. Moreover, among Caucasian groups, there were seven variants (p.V60L, p.V92M, p.D84E, p.R151C, p.R160W, p.R163Q, and p.D294H) with significantly different allele frequencies. Exploring differences in allele frequencies of MC1R variants across populations with varying pigmentation and differing skin cancer risk may improve our understanding of the complex relationship between MC1R, pigmentation, and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg R Gerstenblith
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-7236, USA
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Fernandez L, Milne R, Bravo J, Lopez J, Avilés J, Longo M, Benítez J, Lázaro P, Ribas G. MC1R: three novel variants identified in a malignant melanoma association study in the Spanish population. Carcinogenesis 2007; 28:1659-64. [PMID: 17434924 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgm084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene, which plays a crucial role in pigmentation, also appears to be important in malignant melanoma (MM). This case-control study in the Spanish population included 116 consecutive MM patients and 188 controls frequency matched for sex and age. Sequence analysis of the entire coding region of MC1R was performed, identifying 21 variants, all of them previously reported except for three novel non-synonymous changes: Ser41Phe, Met128Thr and Asn281Ser. Simulated structural analyses suggested disruption of the local structure around Phenylalanine 41, possible destabilization of the hydrophobic interior of the molecule in Threonine 128 and that Asparagine 281 could be in a region of functional importance. The fact that these three novel variants were not present in 1,000 healthy individuals tested adds further weight to them having putative adverse effects on the functional protein. Six variants, all non-synonymous changes, were individually associated with MM risk (Arg160Trp, Asp294His, Val60Leu, Val92Met, Ile155Thr and Arg163Gln). Carrying two non-synonymous variants was associated with much higher risk of MM (odds ratio: 10.44, 95% confidence interval = 4.48-24.33, P = 5 x 10(-8)) and haplotype analysis, verified by cloning, confirmed that this is predominantly due to carrying each on a different chromosome. Our results suggest that both red hair colour (RHC) and non-red hair colour variants, and possibly other rare non-synonymous variants, in MC1R are implicated in the development of MM. In addition to carrying MC1R variant alleles, having blond/red hair and childhood sunburns were independent risk factors for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lp Fernandez
- Human Genetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, C/Melchor Fdz Almagro, 3, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
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Galore G, Azizi E, Scope A, Pavlotsky F, Yakobson E, Friedman E. The Y152X MC1R gene mutation: occurrence in ethnically diverse Jewish malignant melanoma patients. Melanoma Res 2007; 17:105-8. [PMID: 17496785 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e3280c31d81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
MC1R sequence variants are associated with malignant melanoma risk, and most commonly are missense mutations. Few (n=9) truncating mutations have been described in this gene as predisposing to malignant melanoma. In this study, three Jewish individuals were found to harbor an identical truncating MC1R mutation--Y152X: an Ashkenazi patient with two malignant melanomas, a non-Ashkenazi malignant melanoma patient with familial malignant melanoma and her asymptomatic mother. Both malignant melanoma patients carried additional, seemingly pathogenic MC1R variants. Haplotype analysis revealed that all three mutation carriers shared the same haplotype. This sequence variant was previously described in ethnically diverse, non-Jewish individuals and in all likelihood represents an error-prone domain that, in conjunction with other genetic and environmental factors, increases malignant melanoma risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilli Galore
- Susanne Levy Gertner Oncogenetics Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
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36
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Rukin NJ, Zeegers MP, Ramachandran S, Luscombe CJ, Liu S, Saxby M, Lear J, Strange RC. A comparison of sunlight exposure in men with prostate cancer and basal cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:523-8. [PMID: 17262085 PMCID: PMC2360028 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation exposure increases basal cell carcinoma (BCC) risk, but may be protective against prostate cancer. We attempted to identify exposure patterns that confer reduced prostate cancer risk without increasing that of BCC. We used a questionnaire to assess exposure in 528 prostate cancer patients and 442 men with basal cell carcinoma, using 365 benign prostatic hypertrophy patients as controls. Skin type 1 (odds ratio (OR)=0.47, 95% CI=0.26–0.86), childhood sunburning (OR=0.38, 95% CI=0.26–0.57), occasional/frequent sunbathing (OR=0.21, 95% CI=0.14–0.31), lifetime weekday (OR=0.85, 95% CI=0.80–0.91) and weekend exposure (OR=0.79, 95% CI=0.73–0.86) were associated with reduced prostate cancer risk. Skin type 1 (OR=4.00, 95% CI=2.16–7.41), childhood sunburning (OR=1.91, 95% CI=1.36–2.68), regular foreign holidays (OR=6.91, 95% CI=5.00-9.55) and weekend (OR=1.17, 95% CI=1.08–1.27) but not weekday exposure were linked with increased BCC risk. Combinations of one or two parameters were associated with a progressive decrease in the ORs for prostate cancer risk (OR=0.54–0.25) with correspondingly increased BCC risk (OR=1.60–2.54). Our data do not define exposure patterns that reduce prostate cancer risk without increasing BCC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Rukin
- Human Disease and Genomics Research Group, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University Medical School, University Hospital of North Staffordshire, Staffordshire, ST4 7PX, UK
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of North Staffordshire, Staffordshire, ST4 7PX, UK
| | - M P Zeegers
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Department of General Practice, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Ramachandran
- Department of Biochemistry, Good Hope Hospital, Birmingham, B75 7RR, UK
| | - C J Luscombe
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of North Staffordshire, Staffordshire, ST4 7PX, UK
| | - S Liu
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of North Staffordshire, Staffordshire, ST4 7PX, UK
| | - M Saxby
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of North Staffordshire, Staffordshire, ST4 7PX, UK
| | - J Lear
- Dermatology Centre, Hope Hospital, Salford, Manchester, M6 8HD, UK
| | - R C Strange
- Human Disease and Genomics Research Group, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University Medical School, University Hospital of North Staffordshire, Staffordshire, ST4 7PX, UK
- E-mail
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April CS, Barsh GS. Distinct pigmentary and melanocortin 1 receptor-dependent components of cutaneous defense against ultraviolet radiation. PLoS Genet 2006; 3:e9. [PMID: 17222061 PMCID: PMC1774588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation at the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is an important risk factor for developing ultraviolet (UV) radiation–induced skin cancer, the most common form of cancer in humans. The underlying mechanisms by which the MC1R defends against UV-induced skin cancer are not known. We used neonatal mouse skin (which, like human skin, contains a mixture of melanocytes and keratinocytes) to study how pigment cells and Mc1r genotype affect the genome-level response to UV radiation. Animals without viable melanocytes (KitW-v/KitW-v) or animals lacking a functional Mc1r (Mc1re/Mc1re) were exposed to sunburn-level doses of UVB radiation, and the patterns of large-scale gene expression in the basal epidermis were compared to each other and to nonmutant animals. Our analysis revealed discrete Kit- and Mc1r-dependent UVB transcriptional responses in the basal epidermis. The Kit-dependent UVB response was characterized largely by an enrichment of oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress genes, highlighting a distinctive role for pigmented melanocytes in mediating antioxidant defenses against genotoxic stresses within the basal epidermal environment. By contrast, the Mc1r-dependent UVB response contained an abundance of genes associated with regulating the cell cycle and oncogenesis. To test the clinical relevance of these observations, we analyzed publicly available data sets for primary melanoma and melanoma metastases and found that the set of genes specific for the Mc1r-dependent UVB response was able to differentiate between different clinical subtypes. Our analysis also revealed that the classes of genes induced by UVB differ from those repressed by UVB with regard to their biological functions, their overall number, and their size. The findings described here offer new insights into the transcriptional nature of the UV response in the skin and provide a molecular framework for the underlying mechanisms by which melanocytes and the Mc1r independently mediate and afford protection against UV radiation. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in humans and annually accounts for approximately 60,000 deaths worldwide. The most important factors causally linked to skin cancer susceptibility are inadequate protection against ultraviolet (UV) B radiation, fair skin color, and variation of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene. We used cDNA microarrays to measure the genome-wide transcriptional responses to UVB irradiation in the epidermis of neonatal mice (which approximates the human basal epidermis in its cellular composition and general physiology). To investigate how pigment cells (melanocytes) and MC1R afford protection against UVB radiation, we compared results from normal mice to those from mutant mice that lacked either melanocytes (KitW-v/KitW-v) or a functional Mc1r (Mc1re/Mc1re). We identified melanocyte- and Mc1r-dependent UVB gene expression profiles in the basal epidermis. Surprisingly, the melanocyte- and Mc1r-dependent UVB responses highlighted distinct functions, with the former largely mediating antioxidant defenses and the latter regulating the cell cycle and susceptibility to oncogenesis. We also demonstrated that a subset of Mc1r-dependent UVB-responsive genes could discriminate among human melanoma subtypes, thereby suggesting a mechanism by which MC1R gene variants may predispose toward skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S April
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Gregory S Barsh
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Kanetsky PA, Rebbeck TR, Hummer AJ, Panossian S, Armstrong BK, Kricker A, Marrett LD, Millikan RC, Gruber SB, Culver HA, Zanetti R, Gallagher RP, Dwyer T, Busam K, From L, Mujumdar U, Wilcox H, Begg CB, Berwick M. Population-based study of natural variation in the melanocortin-1 receptor gene and melanoma. Cancer Res 2006; 66:9330-7. [PMID: 16982779 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Natural variation in the coding region of the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene is associated with constitutive pigmentation phenotypes and development of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers. We investigated the effect of MC1R variants on melanoma using a large, international population-based study design with complete determination of all MC1R coding region variants. Direct sequencing was completed for 2,202 subjects with a single primary melanoma (controls) and 1,099 subjects with second or higher-order primary melanomas (cases) from Australia, the United States, Canada, and Italy. We observed 85 different MC1R variants, 10 of which occurred at a frequency >1%. Compared with controls, cases were more likely to carry two previously identified red hair ("R") variants [D84E, R151C, R160W, and D294H; odds ratio (OR), 1.6; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.1-2.2]. This effect was similar among individuals carrying one R variant and one r variant (defined as any non-R MC1R variant; OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.3-2.2) and among those carrying only one R variant (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-1.9). There was no statistically significant association among those carrying only one or two r variants. Effects were similar across geographic regions and categories of pigmentation characteristics or number of moles. Our results confirm that MC1R is a low-penetrance susceptibility locus for melanoma, show that pigmentation characteristics may not modify the relationship of MC1R variants and melanoma risk, and suggest that associations may be smaller than previously reported in part due to the study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Kanetsky
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology and Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6021, USA.
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Hauser JE, Kadekaro AL, Kavanagh RJ, Wakamatsu K, Terzieva S, Schwemberger S, Babcock G, Rao MB, Ito S, Abdel-Malek ZA. Melanin content and MC1R function independently affect UVR-induced DNA damage in cultured human melanocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 19:303-14. [PMID: 16827749 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.2006.00315.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Malignant transformation of melanocytes leads to melanoma, the most fatal form of skin cancer. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced DNA photoproducts play an important role in melanomagenesis. Cutaneous melanin content represents a major photoprotective mechanism against UVR-induced DNA damage, and generally correlates inversely with the risk of skin cancer, including melanoma. Melanoma risk is also determined by susceptibility genes, one of which is the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene. Certain MC1R alleles are strongly associated with melanoma. We hereby present experimental evidence for the role of two melanoma risk factors, constitutive pigmentation, as assessed by total melanin, eumelanin and pheomelanin contents, and MC1R genotype and function, in determining the induction and repair of DNA photoproducts in cultured human melanocytes after irradiation with increasing doses of UVR. We found that total melanin and eumelanin contents (MC and EC) correlated inversely with the extent of UVR-induced growth arrest, apoptosis and induction of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD), but not with hydrogen peroxide release in melanocytes expressing functional MC1R. In comparison, melanocytes with loss-of-function MC1R, regardless of their MC or EC, sustained more UVR-induced apoptosis and CPD, and exhibited reduced CPD repair. Therefore, MC, mainly EC, and MC1R function are independent determinants of UVR-induced DNA damage in melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Hauser
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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40
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Abstract
Variation at the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is very common in most non-African world populations. A range of variants predispose to skin cancer, including melanoma. What remains unclear are the mechanisms linking gene variation with sun sensitivity or tumor risk. In particular, it remains unclear whether pigmentary effects of the MC1R can account for all of the increase in cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Rees
- Department of Dermatology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh United Kingdom.
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Stratigos AJ, Dimisianos G, Nikolaou V, Poulou M, Sypsa V, Stefanaki I, Papadopoulos O, Polydorou D, Plaka M, Christofidou E, Gogas H, Tsoutsos D, Kastana O, Antoniou C, Hatzakis A, Kanavakis E, Katsambas AD. Melanocortin Receptor-1 Gene Polymorphisms and the Risk of Cutaneous Melanoma in a Low-Risk Southern European Population. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:1842-9. [PMID: 16601669 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene variants have been shown to carry an increased risk for the development of melanoma. In this study, we investigated the relationship of MC1R gene variants and the risk of melanoma in 123 melanoma patients and 155 control subjects from Greece. The entire MC1R gene was sequenced for polymorphisms and the results were correlated with host factors and pigmentary characteristics. MC1R polymorphisms were present in 59.4% of melanoma patients compared to 37.5% of controls, yielding an odds ratio (OR) of 2.43 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.50-3.96, P < 0.001) for melanoma among MC1R carriers. The risk of melanoma was enhanced in individuals carrying multiple variant alleles (OR = 6.97; 95% CI = 1.86-26.12, P = 0.004). Only the Val60Leu, Arg142His, and Arg151Cys variants were significantly associated with melanoma risk. In stratified analysis, the risk of melanoma among MC1R carriers was not influenced by skin phototype, skin color, or hair color. No association was found between MC1R genotype and the age of onset of melanoma, the tumor location, or the tumor thickness. In conclusion, MC1R polymorphisms are a predisposing factor of melanoma in a southern European population with a relatively low incidence of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Stratigos
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens Medical School, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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Nakayama K, Soemantri A, Jin F, Dashnyam B, Ohtsuka R, Duanchang P, Isa MN, Settheetham-Ishida W, Harihara S, Ishida T. Identification of novel functional variants of the melanocortin 1 receptor gene originated from Asians. Hum Genet 2006; 119:322-30. [PMID: 16463023 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-006-0141-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 01/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is a seven transmembrane G-coupled protein receptor that upregulates the cAMP pathway. Several functional variants of MC1R that show an impaired ability to activate the cAMP pathway are strongly associated with fair skin and red hair in Europeans and European descendants. The sequence variations of the MC1R gene were repeatedly investigated against worldwide populations; however, there was no evidence that functional variant of MC1R exists in non-European descendants. We report the presence of novel functional variants of MC1R with Asian origins. Three novel variants of MC1R, Phe147Delta, Thr157Ile, and Pro159Thr, were identified in our screening for the sequence variations of the MC1R gene against 995 individuals from 30 Asian and Oceanian populations; there was a single case for the Pro159Thr variant allele and two instances of Phe147Delta and Thr157Ile variant alleles. Our pharmacological assay revealed that Phe147Delta, Thr157Ile, and Pro159Thr variant showed similar or more dramatically impaired activities in comparison with Arg151Cys, which is a major functional variant of MC1R in Europeans. These functional variant alleles were geographically localized in relatively high latitudes, which suggest that the adaptation to ambient UV light intensity may play an important role in shaping the geographical distribution of MC1R alleles in Asia and Oceania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Nakayama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 1130033, Tokyo, Japan
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García-Borrón JC, Sánchez-Laorden BL, Jiménez-Cervantes C. Melanocortin-1 receptor structure and functional regulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 18:393-410. [PMID: 16280005 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.2005.00278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The melanogenic actions of the melanocortins are mediated by the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R). MC1R is a member of the G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) superfamily expressed in cutaneous and hair follicle melanocytes. Activation of MC1R by adrenocorticotrophin or alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone is positively coupled to the cAMP signaling pathway and leads to a stimulation of melanogenesis and a switch from the synthesis of pheomelanins to the production of eumelanic pigments. The functional behavior of the MC1R agrees with emerging concepts in GPCR signaling including dimerization, coupling to more than one signaling pathway and a high agonist-independent constitutive activity accounting for inverse agonism phenomena. In addition, MC1R displays unique properties such as an unusually high number of natural variants often associated with clearly visible phenotypes and the occurrence of endogenous peptide antagonists. Therefore MC1R is an ideal model to study GPCR function. Here we review our current knowledge of MC1R structure and function, with emphasis on information gathered from the analysis of natural variants. We also discuss recent data on the regulation of MC1R function by paracrine and endocrine factors and by external stimuli such as ultraviolet light.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C García-Borrón
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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