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Bodin S, Previti S, Jestin E, Vimont D, Ait-Arsa I, Lamare F, Rémond E, Hindié E, Cavelier F, Morgat C. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of the First Radio-Metalated Neurotensin Analogue Targeting Neurotensin Receptor 2. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:6994-7004. [PMID: 36844603 PMCID: PMC9948202 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Neurotensin receptor 2 (NTS2) is a well-known mediator of central opioid-independent analgesia. Seminal studies have highlighted NTS2 overexpression in a variety of tumors including prostate cancer, pancreas adenocarcinoma, and breast cancer. Herein, we describe the first radiometalated neurotensin analogue targeting NTS2. JMV 7488 (DOTA-(βAla)2-Lys-Lys-Pro-(D)Trp-Ile-TMSAla-OH) was prepared using solid-phase peptide synthesis, then purified, radiolabeled with 68Ga and 111In, and investigated in vitro on HT-29 cells and MCF-7 cells, respectively, and in vivo on HT-29 xenografts. [68Ga]Ga-JMV 7488 and [111In]In-JMV 7488 were quite hydrophilic (logD7.4 = -3.1 ± 0.2 and -2.7 ± 0.2, respectively, p < 0.0001). Saturation binding studies showed good affinity toward NTS2 (K D = 38 ± 17 nM for [68Ga]Ga-JMV 7488 on HT-29 and 36 ± 10 nM on MCF-7 cells; K D = 36 ± 4 nM for [111In]In-JMV 7488 on HT-29 and 46 ± 1 nM on MCF-7 cells) and good selectivity (no NTS1 binding up to 500 nM). On cell-based evaluation, [68Ga]Ga-JMV 7488 and [111In]In-JMV 7488 showed high and fast NTS2-mediated internalization of 24 ± 5 and 25 ± 11% at 1 h for [111In]In-JMV 7488, respectively, along with low NTS2-membrane binding (<8%). Efflux was as high as 66 ± 9% at 45 min for [68Ga]Ga-JMV 7488 on HT-29 and increased for [111In]In-JMV 7488 up to 73 ± 16% on HT-29 and 78 ± 9% on MCF-7 cells at 2 h. Maximum intracellular calcium mobilization of JMV 7488 was 91 ± 11% to that of levocabastine, a known NTS2 agonist on HT-29 cells demonstrating the agonist behavior of JMV 7488. In nude mice bearing HT-29 xenograft, [68Ga]Ga-JMV 7488 showed a moderate but promising significant tumor uptake in biodistribution studies that competes well with other nonmetalated radiotracers targeting NTS2. Significant uptake was also depicted in lungs. Interestingly, mice prostate also demonstrated [68Ga]Ga-JMV 7488 uptake although the mechanism was not NTS2-mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Bodin
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital
of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- University
of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux F-33000, France
| | - Santo Previti
- Institut
des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université
de Montpellier, ENSCM, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jestin
- Cyclotron
Réunion Océan Indien CYROI, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, France
| | - Delphine Vimont
- University
of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux F-33000, France
| | - Imade Ait-Arsa
- Cyclotron
Réunion Océan Indien CYROI, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, France
| | - Frédéric Lamare
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital
of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- University
of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux F-33000, France
| | - Emmanuelle Rémond
- Institut
des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université
de Montpellier, ENSCM, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Elif Hindié
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital
of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- University
of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux F-33000, France
- Institut
Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Florine Cavelier
- Institut
des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université
de Montpellier, ENSCM, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Clément Morgat
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital
of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- University
of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux F-33000, France
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2
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Saklani P, Khan H, Gupta S, Kaur A, Singh TG. Neuropeptides: Potential neuroprotective agents in ischemic injury. Life Sci 2022; 288:120186. [PMID: 34852271 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM Ischemic damage to the brain is linked to an increased rate of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In certain parts of the world, it remains a leading cause of mortality and the primary cause of long-term impairment. Ischemic injury is exacerbated when particular neuropeptides are removed, or their function in the brain is blocked, whereas supplying such neuropeptides lowers ischemic harm. Here, we have discussed the role of neuropeptides in ischemic injury. MATERIALS & METHODS Numerous neuropeptides had their overexpression following cerebral ischemia. Neuropeptides such as NPY, CGRP, CART, SP, BK, PACAP, oxytocin, nociception, neurotensin and opioid peptides act as transmitters, documented in several "in vivo" and "in vitro" studies. Neuropeptides provide neuroprotection by activating the survival pathways or inhibiting the death pathways, i.e., MAPK, BDNF, Nitric Oxide, PI3k/Akt and NF-κB. KEY FINDINGS Neuropeptides have numerous beneficial effects in ischemic models, including antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant actions that provide a powerful protective impact in neurons when combined. These innovative therapeutic substances have the potential to treat ischemia injury due to their pleiotropic modes of action. SIGNIFICANCE This review emphasizes the neuroprotective role of neuropeptides in ischemic injury via modulation of various signalling pathways i.e., MAPK, BDNF, Nitric Oxide, PI3k/Akt and NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Saklani
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Heena Khan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Amarjot Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401, Punjab, India
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3
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Charfi C, Demeule M, Currie JC, Larocque A, Zgheib A, Danalache BA, Ouanouki A, Béliveau R, Marsolais C, Annabi B. New Peptide-Drug Conjugates for Precise Targeting of SORT1-Mediated Vasculogenic Mimicry in the Tumor Microenvironment of TNBC-Derived MDA-MB-231 Breast and Ovarian ES-2 Clear Cell Carcinoma Cells. Front Oncol 2021; 11:760787. [PMID: 34751242 PMCID: PMC8571021 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.760787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is defined as the formation of microvascular channels by genetically deregulated cancer cells and is often associated with high tumor grade and cancer therapy resistance. This microcirculation system, independent of endothelial cells, provides oxygen and nutrients to tumors, and contributes also in part to metastasis. VM has been observed in ovarian cancer and in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and shown to correlate with decreased overall cancer patient survival. Thus, strategies designed to inhibit VM may improve cancer patient treatments. In this study, sortilin (SORT1) receptor was detected in in vitro 3D capillary-like structures formed by ES-2 ovarian cancer and MDA-MB-231 TNBC-derived cells when grown on Matrigel. SORT1 gene silencing or antibodies directed against its extracellular domain inhibited capillary-like structure formation. In vitro, VM also correlated with increased gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and of the cancer stem cell marker CD133. In vivo ES-2 xenograft model showed PAS+/CD31- VM structures (staining positive for both SORT1 and CD133). TH1904, a Doxorubicin-peptide conjugate that is internalized by SORT1, significantly decreased in vitro VM at low nM concentrations. In contrast, VM was unaffected by unconjugated Doxorubicin or Doxil (liposomal Doxorubicin) up to μM concentrations. TH1902, a Docetaxel-peptide conjugate, altered even more efficiently in vitro VM at pM concentrations. Overall, current data evidence for the first time that 1) SORT1 itself exerts a crucial role in both ES-2 and MDA-MB-231 VM, and that 2) VM in these cancer cell models can be efficiently inhibited by the peptide-drug conjugates TH1902/TH1904. These new findings also indicate that both peptide-drug conjugates, in addition to their reported cytotoxicity, could possibly inhibit VM in SORT1-positive TNBC and ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alain Zgheib
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Département de chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Bogdan Alexandru Danalache
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Département de chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Amira Ouanouki
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Département de chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Richard Béliveau
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Département de chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Borhane Annabi
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Département de chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Keller M, Mahuroof SA, Hong Yee V, Carpenter J, Schindler L, Littmann T, Pegoli A, Hübner H, Bernhardt G, Gmeiner P, Holliday ND. Fluorescence Labeling of Neurotensin(8-13) via Arginine Residues Gives Molecular Tools with High Receptor Affinity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:16-22. [PMID: 31938457 PMCID: PMC6956362 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence-labeled receptor ligands have emerged as valuable molecular tools, being indispensable for studying receptor-ligand interactions by fluorescence-based techniques such as high-content imaging, fluorescence microscopy, and fluorescence polarization. Through application of a new labeling strategy for peptides, a series of fluorescent neurotensin(8-13) derivatives was synthesized by attaching red-emitting fluorophores (indolinium- and pyridinium-type cyanine dyes) to carbamoylated arginine residues in neurotensin(8-13) analogues, yielding fluorescent probes with high NTS1R affinity (pK i values: 8.15-9.12) and potency (pEC50 values (Ca2+ mobilization): 8.23-9.43). Selected fluorescent ligands were investigated by flow cytometry and high-content imaging (saturation binding, kinetic studies, and competition binding) as well as by confocal microscopy using intact CHO-hNTS1R cells. The study demonstrates the applicability of the fluorescent probes as molecular tools to obtain, for example, information about the localization of receptors in cells and to determine binding affinities of nonlabeled ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Keller
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Shahani A. Mahuroof
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Vivyanne Hong Yee
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Carpenter
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Schindler
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Timo Littmann
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Pegoli
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Alexander University, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Günther Bernhardt
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Alexander University, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicholas D. Holliday
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
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5
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Neurotrophins and their involvement in digestive cancers. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:123. [PMID: 30741921 PMCID: PMC6370832 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1385-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancers of the digestive system, including esophageal, gastric, pancreatic, hepatic, and colorectal cancers, have a high incidence and mortality worldwide. Efficient therapies have improved patient care; however, many challenges remain including late diagnosis, disease recurrence, and resistance to therapies. Mechanisms responsible for these aforementioned challenges are numerous. This review focuses on neurotrophins, including NGF, BDNF, and NT3, and their specific tyrosine kinase receptors called tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk A, B, C, respectively), associated with sortilin and the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), and their implication in digestive cancers. Globally, p75NTR is a frequently downregulated tumor suppressor. On the contrary, Trk and their ligands are considered oncogenic factors. New therapies which target NT and/or their receptors, or use them as diagnosis biomarkers could help us to combat digestive cancers.
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6
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Neurotensin receptor 1 facilitates intracellular and transepithelial delivery of macromolecules. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 119:300-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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7
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Zhang G, Wang K, Li XD, Zhang DL, Xu F. Discovery of novel antagonists of human neurotensin receptor 1 on the basis of ligand and protein structure. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:147-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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8
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Lee HK, Zhang L, Smith MD, Walewska A, Vellore NA, Baron R, McIntosh JM, White HS, Olivera BM, Bulaj G. A marine analgesic peptide, Contulakin-G, and neurotensin are distinct agonists for neurotensin receptors: uncovering structural determinants of desensitization properties. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:11. [PMID: 25713532 PMCID: PMC4322620 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotensin receptors have been studied as molecular targets for the treatment of pain, schizophrenia, addiction, or cancer. Neurotensin (NT) and Contulakin-G, a glycopeptide isolated from a predatory cone snail Conus geographus, share a sequence similarity at the C-terminus, which is critical for activation of neurotensin receptors. Both peptides are potent analgesics, although affinity and agonist potency of Contulakin-G toward neurotensin receptors are significantly lower, as compared to those for NT. In this work, we show that the weaker agonist properties of Contulakin-G result in inducing significantly less desensitization of neurotensin receptors and preserving their cell-surface density. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies suggested that both glycosylation and charged amino acid residues in Contulakin-G or NT played important roles in desensitizing neurotensin receptors. Computational modeling studies of human neurotensin receptor NTS1 and Contulakin-G confirmed the role of glycosylation in weakening interactions with the receptors. Based on available SAR data, we designed, synthesized, and characterized an analog of Contulakin-G in which the glycosylated amino acid residue, Gal-GalNAc-Thr10, was replaced by memantine-Glu10 residue. This analog exhibited comparable agonist potency and weaker desensitization properties as compared to that of Contulakin-G, while producing analgesia in the animal model of acute pain following systemic administration. We discuss our study in the context of feasibility and safety of developing NT therapeutic agents with improved penetration across the blood-brain barrier. Our work supports engineering peptide-based agonists with diverse abilities to desensitize G-protein coupled receptors and further emphasizes opportunities for conotoxins as novel pharmacological tools and drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Kyoung Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Skaggs Research Institute, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Liuyin Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Skaggs Research Institute, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Misty D Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Aleksandra Walewska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Skaggs Research Institute, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA ; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk Gdansk, Poland
| | - Nadeem A Vellore
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Skaggs Research Institute, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Riccardo Baron
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Skaggs Research Institute, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - J Michael McIntosh
- Department of Biology, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - H Steve White
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Grzegorz Bulaj
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Skaggs Research Institute, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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9
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Driessen TM, Zhao C, Whittlinger A, Williams H, Gammie SC. Endogenous CNS expression of neurotensin and neurotensin receptors is altered during the postpartum period in outbred mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e83098. [PMID: 24416154 PMCID: PMC3885409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotensin (NT) is a neuropeptide identical in mice and humans that is produced and released in many CNS regions associated with maternal behavior. NT has been linked to aspects of maternal care and previous studies have indirectly suggested that endogenous NT signaling is altered in the postpartum period. In the present study, we directly examine whether NT and its receptors exhibit altered gene expression in maternal relative to virgin outbred mice using real time quantitative PCR (qPCR) across multiple brain regions. We also examine NT protein levels using anti-NT antibodies and immunohistochemistry in specific brain regions. In the medial preoptic area (MPOA), which is critical for maternal behaviors, mRNA of NT and NT receptor 3 (Sort1) were significantly up-regulated in postpartum mice compared to virgins. NT mRNA was also elevated in postpartum females in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis dorsal. However, in the lateral septum, NT mRNA was down-regulated in postpartum females. In the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), Ntsr1 expression was down-regulated in postpartum females. Neurotensin receptor 2 (Ntsr2) expression was not altered in any brain region tested. In terms of protein expression, NT immunohistochemistry results indicated that NT labeling was elevated in the postpartum brain in the MPOA, lateral hypothalamus, and two subregions of PVN. Together, these findings indicate that endogenous changes occur in NT and its receptors across multiple brain regions, and these likely support the emergence of some maternal behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri M. Driessen
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Changjiu Zhao
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Anna Whittlinger
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Horecia Williams
- Department of Animal Science, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stephen C. Gammie
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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10
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Moura LIF, Cruz MT, Carvalho E. The effect of neurotensin in human keratinocytes--implication on impaired wound healing in diabetes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 239:6-12. [PMID: 24198343 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213510665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcers are an important complication of diabetes mellitus characterized by chronic, non-healing ulcers resulting from poor proliferation and migration of fibroblasts and keratinocytes, thus impairing a correct re-epithelialization of wounded tissues. This healing process can be modulated by neuropeptides released from peripheral nerves; however, little is known regarding the role of neurotensin (NT) as a modulator of human keratinocyte function under hyperglycemic conditions. Therefore, this work is focused on the effect of NT in human keratinocytes, under normal and hyperglycemic conditions at different functional levels, namely NT receptors, cytokine, and growth factor expression, as well as proliferation and migration. Human keratinocyte cells were maintained at either 10/30 mM glucose and treated with or without NT (10 nM). The results show that NT did not affect keratinocyte viability. In addition, NT and all NT receptor expression levels were significantly reduced by hyperglycemia; however, NT treatment stimulated expression of NT and neurotensin receptor 2 (NTR2) while neurotensin receptor 1 (NTR1) and neurotensin receptor 3 (NTR3) expression levels were unchanged. Keratinocyte proliferation was not affected by NT and hyperglycemia, while cell migration was reduced by NT treatment. These results demonstrated that hyperglycemic conditions strongly impaired endogenous NT and NTR2 expression in keratinocytes. Despite the addition of exogenous NT to stimulate the endogenous NT and NTR2 expression, these changes do not translate into functional modifications on keratinocytes, particularly in terms of migration, proliferation, and production of cytokines or growth factors. These results suggest that NT production by keratinocytes may exert a paracrine effect on other skin cells, namely fibroblasts, macrophages, and dendritic cells for correct wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane I F Moura
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
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11
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Thirumurugan P, Matosiuk D, Jozwiak K. Click Chemistry for Drug Development and Diverse Chemical–Biology Applications. Chem Rev 2013; 113:4905-79. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200409f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1309] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Prakasam Thirumurugan
- Laboratory
of Medical Chemistry and Neuroengineering, Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of
Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin
20093, Poland
| | - Dariusz Matosiuk
- Laboratory
of Medical Chemistry and Neuroengineering, Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of
Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin
20093, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Jozwiak
- Laboratory
of Medical Chemistry and Neuroengineering, Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of
Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin
20093, Poland
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12
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Coutinho MF, Prata MJ, Alves S. A shortcut to the lysosome: the mannose-6-phosphate-independent pathway. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 107:257-66. [PMID: 22884962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal hydrolases have long been known to be responsible for the degradation of different substrates in the cell. These acid hydrolases are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and transported through the Golgi apparatus to the trans-Golgi network (TGN). From there, they are delivered to endosomal/lysosomal compartments, where they finally become active due to the acidic pH characteristic of the lysosomal compartment. The majority of the enzymes leave the TGN after modification with mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) residues, which are specifically recognized by M6P receptors (MPRs), ensuring their transport to the endosomal/lysosomal system. Although M6P receptors play a major role in the intracellular transport of newly synthesized lysosomal enzymes in mammalian cells, several lines of evidence suggest the existence of alternative processes of lysosomal targeting. Among them, the two that are mediated by the M6P alternative receptors, lysosomal integral membrane protein (LIMP-2) and sortilin, have gained unequivocal support. LIMP-2 was shown to be implicated in the delivery of beta-glucocerebrosidase (GCase) to the lysosomes, whereas sortilin has been suggested to be a multifunctional receptor capable of binding several different ligands, including neurotensin and receptor-associated protein (RAP), and of targeting several proteins to the lysosome, including sphingolipid activator proteins (prosaposin and GM2 activator protein), acid sphingomyelinase and cathepsins D and H. Here, we review the current knowledge on these two proteins: their discovery, study, structural features and cellular function, with special attention to their role as alternative receptors to lysosomal trafficking. Recent studies associating both LIMP2 and sortilin to disease are also extensively reviewed.
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13
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Kaczyńska K, Szereda-Przestaszewska M. Cardio-respiratory effects of systemic neurotensin injection are mediated through activation of neurotensin NTS₁ receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 691:245-50. [PMID: 22819705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to determine the cardio-respiratory pattern exerted by the systemic injection of neurotensin, contribution of neurotensin NTS(1) receptors and the neural pathways mediating the responses. The effects of an intravenous injection (i.v.) of neurotensin were investigated in anaesthetized, spontaneously breathing rats in following experimental schemes: (i) control animals before and after midcervical vagotomy; (ii) in three separate subgroups of rats: neurally intact, vagotomized at supranodosal level and initially midcervically vagotomized exposed to section of the carotid sinus nerves (CSNs); (iii) in the intact rats 2 minutes after blockade of neurotensin NTS(1) receptors with SR 142948. Intravenous injection of 10 μg/kg of neurotensin in the intact rats evoked prompt increase in the respiratory rate followed by a prolonged slowing down coupled with augmented tidal volume. Midcervical vagotomy precluded the effects of neurotensin on the frequency of breathing, while CSNs section reduced the increase in tidal volume. In all the neural states neurotensin caused significant fall in mean arterial blood pressure preceded by prompt hypertensive response. The cardio-respiratory effects of neurotensin were blocked by pre-treatment with NTS(1) receptor antagonist. The results of this study showed that neurotensin acting through NTS(1) receptors augments the tidal component of the breathing pattern in a large portion via carotid body afferentation whereas the respiratory timing response to neurotensin depends entirely on the intact midcervical vagi. Blood pressure effects evoked by an intravenous neurotensin occur outside vagal and CSNs pathways and might result from activation of the peripheral vascular NTS(1) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kaczyńska
- Laboratory of Respiratory Reflexes, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawiński St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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Martinez-Fong D, Bannon MJ, Trudeau LE, Gonzalez-Barrios JA, Arango-Rodriguez ML, Hernandez-Chan NG, Reyes-Corona D, Armendáriz-Borunda J, Navarro-Quiroga I. NTS-Polyplex: a potential nanocarrier for neurotrophic therapy of Parkinson's disease. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 8:1052-69. [PMID: 22406187 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nanomedicine has focused on targeted neurotrophic gene delivery to the brain as a strategy to stop and reverse neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. Because of improved transfection ability, synthetic nanocarriers have become candidates for neurotrophic therapy. Neurotensin (NTS)-polyplex is a "Trojan horse" synthetic nanocarrier system that enters dopaminergic neurons through NTS receptor internalization to deliver a genetic cargo. The success of preclinical studies with different neurotrophic genes supports the possibility of using NTS-polyplex in nanomedicine. In this review, we describe the mechanism of NTS-polyplex transfection. We discuss the concept that an effective neurotrophic therapy requires a simultaneous effect on the axon terminals and soma of the remaining dopaminergic neurons. We also discuss the future of this strategy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR This review paper focuses on nanomedicine-based treatment of Parkinson's disease, a neurodegenerative condition with existing symptomatic but no curative treatment. Neurotensin-polyplex is a synthetic nanocarrier system that enables delivery of genetic cargo to dopaminergic neurons via NTS receptor internalization.
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Ferraro L, Beggiato S, Tomasini MC, Fuxe K, Tanganelli S, Antonelli T. Neurotensin regulates cortical glutamate transmission by modulating N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor functional activity: an in vivo microdialysis study. J Neurosci Res 2011; 89:1618-26. [PMID: 21656844 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present in vivo microdialysis study was to investigate whether the tridecapeptide neurotensin (NT) influences the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated increase of cortical glutamate transmission in freely moving rats. Intracortical perfusion with NT influenced local extracellular glutamate levels in a bell-shaped, concentration-dependent manner. One hundred and three hundred nanomolar NT concentrations increased glutamate levels (151% ± 7% and 124% ± 3% of basal values, respectively). Higher (1,000 nM) and lower (10 nM) NT concentrations did not alter extracellular glutamate levels. The NT receptor antagonist SR48692 (100 nM) prevented the NT (100 nM)-induced increase in glutamate levels. NMDA (100 and 500 μM) perfusion induced a concentration-dependent increase in extracellular glutamate levels, the lower 10 μM NMDA concentration being ineffective. When NT (10 nM, a concentration by itself ineffective) was added in combination with NMDA (100 μM) to the perfusion medium, a significant greater increase in extracellular glutamate levels (169% ± 7%) was observed with respect to the increase induced by NMDA (100 μM) alone (139% ± 4%). SR48692 (100 nM) counteracted the increase in glutamate levels induced by the treatment with NT (10 nM) plus NMDA (100 μM). The enhancement of cortical glutamate levels induced by NMDA (100 and 500 μM) was partially antagonized by the presence of SR48692, at a concentration (100 nM) that by itself was ineffective in modulating glutamate release. These findings indicate that NT plays a relevant role in the regulation of cortical glutamatergic transmission, especially by modulating the functional activity of cortical NMDA receptors. A possible role in glutamate-mediated neurotoxicity is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ferraro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section and LTTA Centre, Universityof Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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16
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Synthesis of neurotensin(8–13)–phosphopeptide heterodimers via click chemistry. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:3306-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Porzionato A, Macchi V, Amagliani A, Castagliuolo I, Parenti A, De Caro R. Neurotensin receptor 1 immunoreactivity in the peripheral ganglia and carotid body. Eur J Histochem 2009; 53:e16. [PMID: 30256869 PMCID: PMC3168236 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2009.e16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study we investigated, through immunohistochemistry, the presence and location of neurotensin receptor 1 (NTR1) in the peripheral ganglia and carotid body of 16 humans and 5 rats. In both humans and rats, NTR1 immunostained ganglion cells were found in superior cervical ganglia (57.4±11.6% and 72.4±11.4%, respectively, p<0.05), enteric ganglia (51.9±10.4% and 64.6±6.1%, p<0.05), sensory ganglia (69.2±10.7% and 73.0±13.1%, p>0.05) and parasympathetic ganglia (52.1±14.1% and 59.4±14.0%, p>0.05), supporting a modulatory role for NT in these ganglia. Positivity was also detected in 45.6±9.2% and 50.8±6.8% of human and rat type I glomic cells, respectively, whereas type II cells were negative. Our findings suggest that NT produced by type I cells acts in an autocrine or paracrine way on the same cell type, playing a modulatory role on chemoception.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Porzionato
- Section of Anatomy, Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology
| | - V Macchi
- Section of Anatomy, Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology
| | - A Amagliani
- Section of Anatomy, Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology
| | - I Castagliuolo
- Department of Histology, Microbiology, and Medical Biotechnologies
| | - A Parenti
- Section of Pathologic Anatomy, Department of Medical Diagnostic Sciences and Special Therapies, University of Padova, Italy
| | - R De Caro
- Section of Anatomy, Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology
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18
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Myers RM, Shearman JW, Kitching MO, Ramos-Montoya A, Neal DE, Ley SV. Cancer, chemistry, and the cell: molecules that interact with the neurotensin receptors. ACS Chem Biol 2009; 4:503-25. [PMID: 19462983 DOI: 10.1021/cb900038e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The literature covering neurotensin (NT) and its signalling pathways, receptors, and biological profile is complicated by the fact that the discovery of three NT receptor subtypes has come to light only in recent years. Moreover, a lot of this literature explores NT in the context of the central nervous system and behavioral studies. However, there is now good evidence that the up-regulation of NT is intimately involved in cancer development and progression. This Review aims to summarize the isolation, cloning, localization, and binding properties of the accepted receptor subtypes (NTR1, NTR2, and NTR3) and the molecules known to bind at these receptors. The growing role these targets are playing in cancer research is also discussed. We hope this Review will provide a useful overview and a one-stop resource for new researchers engaged in this field at the chemistry-biology interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Myers
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - James W. Shearman
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew O. Kitching
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Ramos-Montoya
- CRUK-Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - David E. Neal
- CRUK-Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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Huang Z, King MR. An immobilized nanoparticle-based platform for efficient gene knockdown of targeted cells in the circulation. Gene Ther 2009; 16:1271-82. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2009.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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20
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A stable neurotensin-based radiopharmaceutical for targeted imaging and therapy of neurotensin receptor-positive tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2008; 36:37-47. [PMID: 18690434 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-008-0894-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Falciani C, Fabbrini M, Pini A, Lozzi L, Lelli B, Pileri S, Brunetti J, Bindi S, Scali S, Bracci L. Synthesis and biological activity of stable branched neurotensin peptides for tumor targeting. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:2441-8. [PMID: 17766836 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Receptors for endogenous regulatory peptides, like the neuropeptide neurotensin, are overexpressed in several human cancers and can be targets for peptide-mediated tumor-selective therapy. Peptides, however, have the main drawback of an extremely short half-life in vivo. We showed that neurotensin and other endogenous peptides, when synthesized as dendrimers, retain biological activity and become resistant to proteolysis. Here, we synthesized the neurotensin functional fragment NT(8-13) in a tetrabranched form linked to different units for tumor therapy or diagnosis. Fluorescent molecules were used to monitor receptor binding and internalization in HT29 human adenocarcinoma cells and receptor binding in HT29 tumor xenografts in nude mice. Linking of chemotherapic molecules like chlorin e6 and methotrexate to dendrimers resulted in a dramatic increase in drug selectivity, uptake of which by target cells became dependent on peptide receptor binding. When nude mice carrying human tumor xenografts were treated with branched NT(8-13)-methotrexate, a 60% reduction in tumor growth was observed with respect to mice treated with the free drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Falciani
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy 53100.
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Ferraro L, Tomasini MC, Fuxe K, Agnati LF, Mazza R, Tanganelli S, Antonelli T. Mesolimbic dopamine and cortico-accumbens glutamate afferents as major targets for the regulation of the ventral striato-pallidal GABA pathways by neurotensin peptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 55:144-54. [PMID: 17448541 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 03/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The tridecapeptide neurotensin (NT) acts in the mammalian brain as a primary neurotransmitter or neuromodulator of classical neurotransmitters. Morphological and functional in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the existence of close interactions between NT and dopamine both in limbic and in striatal brain regions. Additionally, biochemical and neurochemical evidence indicates that in these brain regions NT plays also a crucial role in the regulation of the aminoacidergic signalling. It is suggested that in the nucleus accumbens the regulation of prejunctional dopaminergic transmission induced by NT may be primarily due to indirect mechanism(s) involving mediation via the aminoacidergic neuronal systems with increased glutamate release followed by increased GABA release in the nucleus accumbens rather than a direct action of the peptide on accumbens dopaminergic terminals. The neurochemical profile of action of NT in the control of the pattern of dopamine, glutamate and GABA release in the nucleus accumbens differs to a substantial degree from that shown by the peptide in the dorsal striatum. The neuromodulatory NT mechanisms in the regulation of the ventral striato-pallidal GABA pathways are discussed and their relevance for schizophrenia is underlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ferraro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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