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Jesus S, Panão Costa J, Colaço M, Lebre F, Mateus D, Sebastião AI, Cruz MT, Alfaro-Moreno E, Borges O. Exploring the immunomodulatory properties of glucan particles in human primary cells. Int J Pharm 2024; 655:123996. [PMID: 38490404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The immunomodulatory properties of β-glucans have sparked interest among various medical fields. As vaccine adjuvants, glucan particles offer additional advantages as antigen delivery systems. This study reported the immunomodulatory properties of glucan particles with different size and chemical composition. The effect of glucan microparticles (GPs) and glucan nanoparticles (Glu 130 and 355 NPs) was evaluated on human immune cells. While GPs and Glu 355 NPs demonstrated substantial interaction with Dectin-1 receptor on monocytes, Glu 130 NPs exhibited reduced activation of this receptor. This observation was substantiated by blocking Dectin-1, resulting in inhibition of reactive oxygen species production induced by GPs and Glu 355 NPs. Notably, monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) stimulated by Glu 355 NPs exhibited phenotypic and functional maturation, essential for antigen cross-presentation. The immunomodulatory efficacy was investigated using an autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR), resulting in considerable rates of lymphocyte proliferation and an intriguing profile of cytokine and chemokine release. Our findings highlight the importance of meticulously characterizing the size and chemical composition of β-glucan particles to draw accurate conclusions regarding their immunomodulatory activity. This in vitro model mimics the human cellular immune response, and the results obtained endorse the use of β-glucan-based delivery systems as future vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Jesus
- CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Panão Costa
- CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mariana Colaço
- CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipa Lebre
- Nanosafety Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Daniela Mateus
- CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Isabel Sebastião
- CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria T Cruz
- CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Olga Borges
- CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
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Mota S, Rosa GP, Barreto MC, Garrido J, Sousa E, Cruz MT, Almeida IF, Quintas C. Comparative Studies on the Photoreactivity, Efficacy, and Safety of Depigmenting Agents. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 17:55. [PMID: 38256889 PMCID: PMC10820089 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Depigmenting products are increasingly used to counteract skin hyperpigmentation and related psychosocial issues. This study aimed to compare different depigmenting agents-4-butylresorcinol; bakuchiol; tranexamic acid; ascorbyl glucoside; α-arbutin; and ascorbic acid-for photoreactivity; tyrosinase inhibition; and safety. Photoreactivity was assessed using the Reactive Oxygen Species assay. In vitro tyrosinase inhibition was compared, and cell viability was assessed in B-16V melanocytes to evaluate safety. Results showed 4-butylresorcinol, ascorbyl glucoside, and α-arbutin are non-photoreactive, while for ascorbic acid and bakuchiol it was not possible to reach conclusive results due to the lack of specificity of the ROS assay. 4-Butylresorcinol, acting as a competitive inhibitor, displayed potent tyrosinase inhibition, followed by ascorbic acid and bakuchiol. Both 4-butylresorcinol and bakuchiol reduced cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. The insights obtained in this work support the development of depigmenting products by providing useful scientific guidance on the photostability, tyrosinase inhibitory efficacy, and skin safety of depigmenting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Mota
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Gonçalo P. Rosa
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-192 Aveiro, Portugal;
- cE3c—Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group, CHANGE and Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Maria Carmo Barreto
- cE3c—Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group, CHANGE and Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Jorge Garrido
- CIQUP-IMS, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Maria T. Cruz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- CNC-UC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBB—Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel F. Almeida
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Clara Quintas
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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3
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Mateus D, Sebastião AI, Frasco MF, Carrascal MA, Falcão A, Gomes CM, Neves B, Sales MGF, Cruz MT. Artificial Dendritic Cells: A New Era of Promising Antitumor Immunotherapy. Small 2023; 19:e2303940. [PMID: 37469192 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The accelerated development of antitumor immunotherapies in recent years has brought immunomodulation into the spotlight. These include immunotherapeutic treatments with dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines which can elicit tumor-specific immune responses and prolong survival. However, this personalized treatment has several drawbacks, including being costly, labor-intensive, and time consuming. This has sparked interest in producing artificial dendritic cells (aDCs) to open up the possibility of standardized "off-the-shelf" protocols and circumvent the cumbersome and expensive personalized medicine. aDCs take advantage of materials that can be designed and tailored for specific clinical applications. Here, an overview of the immunobiology underlying antigen presentation by DCs is provided in an attempt to select the key features to be mimicked and/or improved through the development of aDCs. The inherent properties of aDCs that greatly impact their performance in vivo and, consequently, the fate of the triggered immune response are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mateus
- Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology-CNC, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-504, Portugal
- BioMark@UC/CEB - LABBELS Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3030-790, Portugal
| | - Ana I Sebastião
- Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology-CNC, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-504, Portugal
| | - Manuela F Frasco
- BioMark@UC/CEB - LABBELS Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3030-790, Portugal
| | | | - Amílcar Falcão
- Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, CIBIT, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal
| | - Célia M Gomes
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, iCBR, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal
- Center for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology, CIBB, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal
| | - Bruno Neves
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine, iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Maria G F Sales
- BioMark@UC/CEB - LABBELS Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3030-790, Portugal
| | - Maria T Cruz
- Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology-CNC, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-504, Portugal
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Martins MS, Almeida IF, Cruz MT, Sousa E. Chronic pruritus: from pathophysiology to drug design. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 212:115568. [PMID: 37116666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Pruritus, the most common symptom in dermatology, is an innate response capable of protecting skin against irritants. Nonetheless, when it lasts more than six weeks it is assumed to be a chronic pathology having a negative impact on people's lives. Chronic pruritus (CP) can occur in common and rare skin diseases, having a high prevalence in global population. The existing therapies are unable to counteract CP or are associated with adverse effects, so the development of effective treatments is a pressing issue. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying CP are not yet completely dissected but, based on current knowledge, involve a wide range of receptors, namely neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R), Janus kinase (JAK), and transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels, especially transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1). This review will address the relevance of these molecular targets for the treatment of CP and molecules capable of modulating these receptors that have already been studied clinically or have the potential to possibly alleviate this pathology. According to scientific and clinical literature, there is an increase in the expression of these molecular targets in the lesioned skin of patients experiencing CP when compared with non-lesioned skin, highlighting their importance for the development of potential efficacious drugs through the design of antagonists/inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia S Martins
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isaobel F Almeida
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria T Cruz
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Valente SA, Lopes GR, Ferreira I, Galrinho MF, Almeida M, Ferreira P, Cruz MT, Coimbra MA, Passos CP. Polysaccharide-Based Carriers for Pulmonary Insulin Delivery: The Potential of Coffee as an Unconventional Source. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041213. [PMID: 37111698 PMCID: PMC10144660 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive routes for insulin delivery are emerging as alternatives to currently painful subcutaneous injections. For pulmonary delivery, formulations may be in powdered particle form, using carriers such as polysaccharides to stabilise the active principle. Roasted coffee beans and spent coffee grounds (SCG) are rich in polysaccharides, namely galactomannans and arabinogalactans. In this work, the polysaccharides were obtained from roasted coffee and SCG for the preparation of insulin-loaded microparticles. The galactomannan and arabinogalactan-rich fractions of coffee beverages were purified by ultrafiltration and separated by graded ethanol precipitations at 50% and 75%, respectively. For SCG, galactomannan-rich and arabinogalactan-rich fractions were recovered by microwave-assisted extraction at 150 °C and at 180 °C, followed by ultrafiltration. Each extract was spray-dried with insulin 10% (w/w). All microparticles had a raisin-like morphology and average diameters of 1-5 µm, which are appropriate for pulmonary delivery. Galactomannan-based microparticles, independently of their source, released insulin in a gradual manner, while arabinogalactan-based ones presented a burst release. The microparticles were seen to be non-cytotoxic for cells representative of the lung, specifically lung epithelial cells (A549) and macrophages (Raw 264.7) up to 1 mg/mL. This work shows how coffee can be a sustainable source of polysaccharide carriers for insulin delivery via the pulmonary route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Valente
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Guido R Lopes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Ferreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel F Galrinho
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Margarida Almeida
- CICECO, Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula Ferreira
- CICECO, Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria T Cruz
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuel A Coimbra
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cláudia P Passos
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Torres A, Rego L, Martins MS, Ferreira MS, Cruz MT, Sousa E, Almeida IF. How to Promote Skin Repair? In-Depth Look at Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Strategies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040573. [PMID: 37111330 PMCID: PMC10144563 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin repair encompasses epidermal barrier repair and wound healing which involves multiple cellular and molecular stages. Therefore, many skin repair strategies have been proposed. In order to characterize the usage frequency of skin repair ingredients in cosmetics, medicines, and medical devices, commercialized in Portuguese pharmacies and parapharmacies, a comprehensive analysis of the products' composition was performed. A total of 120 cosmetic products, collected from national pharmacies online platforms, 21 topical medicines, and 46 medical devices, collected from INFARMED database, were included in the study, revealing the top 10 most used skin repair ingredients in these categories. A critical review regarding the effectiveness of the top ingredients was performed and an in-depth analysis focused on the top three skin repair ingredients pursued. Results demonstrated that top three most used cosmetic ingredients were metal salts and oxides (78.3%), vitamin E and its derivatives (54.2%), and Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. extract and actives (35.8%). Regarding medicines, metal salts and oxides were also the most used (47.4%) followed by vitamin B5 and derivatives (23.8%), and vitamin A and derivatives (26.3%). Silicones and derivatives were the most common skin repair ingredients in medical devices (33%), followed by petrolatum and derivatives (22%) and alginate (15%). This work provides an overview of the most used skin repair ingredients, highlighting their different mechanisms of action, aiming to provide an up-to-date tool to support health professionals' decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Torres
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Liliana Rego
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Márcia S Martins
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Marta S Ferreira
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria T Cruz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Isabel F Almeida
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Jesus A, Sebastião AI, Brites G, Correia-da-Silva M, Cidade H, Cruz MT, Sousa E, Almeida IF. A Hydrophilic Sulfated Resveratrol Derivative for Topical Application: Sensitization and Anti-Allergic Potential. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073158. [PMID: 37049922 PMCID: PMC10096149 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (RSV), a naturally occurring metabolite, is widely used in skincare products, but its hydrophobicity impairs its own incorporation into cosmetic formulations. RSV-GS is a synthetic hydrophilic sulfated glycosylated derivative inspired by marine natural products that present a lower cytotoxicity than RSV while exhibiting similar levels of bioactivity. Herein, we predict the skin sensitization potential of this new compound using an in vitro approach based on the OECD 442E guideline. Furthermore, the anti-allergic potential of RSV-GS was also disclosed. The monocyte THP-1 cell line was stimulated with RSV and RSV-GS in the presence or absence of the extreme skin allergen 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB). The results demonstrated that RSV-GS alone (500 µM) evoked a relative fluorescence index (RFI) lower than the thresholds established by the OECD guideline for CD54 (200%) and CD86 (150%), indicating the absence of a skin sensitization potential. Interestingly, in the presence of the skin allergen DNFB, RSV-GS exhibited the ability to rescue the DNFB-induced maturation of THP-1 cells, with RFI values lower than those for RSV, suggesting the potential of RSV-GS to mitigate skin sensitization evoked by allergens and, consequently, allergic contact dermatitis. These results open new avenues for the use of RSV-GS as a safe and anti-allergic active cosmetic ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Jesus
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana I. Sebastião
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Brites
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marta Correia-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinar Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Honorina Cidade
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinar Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Maria T. Cruz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinar Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Isabel F. Almeida
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Oliveira CSD, Moreira P, Cruz MT, Pereira CMF, Silva AMS, Santos SAO, Silvestre AJD. Exploiting the Integrated Valorization of Eucalyptus globulus Leaves: Chemical Composition and Biological Potential of the Lipophilic Fraction before and after Hydrodistillation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076226. [PMID: 37047195 PMCID: PMC10094061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
E. globulus leaves have been mainly exploited for essential oil recovery or for energy generation in industrial pulp mills, neglecting the abundance of valuable families of extractives, namely, triterpenic acids, that might open new ways for the integrated valorization of this biomass. Therefore, this study highlights the lipophilic characterization of E. globulus leaves before and after hydrodistillation, aiming at the integrated valorization of both essential oils and triterpenic acids. The lipophilic composition of E. globulus leaves after hydrodistillation is reported for the first time. Extracts were obtained by dichloromethane Soxhlet extraction and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In addition, their cytotoxicity on different cell lines representative of the innate immune system, skin, liver, and intestine were evaluated. Triterpenic acids, such as betulonic, oleanolic, betulinic and ursolic acids, were found to be the main components of these lipophilic extracts, ranging from 30.63–37.14 g kg−1 of dry weight (dw), and representing 87.7–89.0% w/w of the total content of the identified compounds. In particular, ursolic acid was the major constituent of all extracts, representing 46.8–50.7% w/w of the total content of the identified compounds. Other constituents, such as fatty acids, long-chain aliphatic alcohols and β-sitosterol were also found in smaller amounts in the studied extracts. This study also demonstrates that the hydrodistillation process does not affect the recovery of compounds of greatest interest, namely, triterpenic acids. Therefore, the results establish that this biomass residue can be considered as a promising source of value-added bioactive compounds, opening new strategies for upgrading pulp industry residues within an integrated biorefinery context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia. S. D. Oliveira
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Moreira
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cellular Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria T. Cruz
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cellular Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia M. F. Pereira
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cellular Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Artur M. S. Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia A. O. Santos
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Armando J. D. Silvestre
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Jesus A, Mota S, Torres A, Cruz MT, Sousa E, Almeida IF, Cidade H. Antioxidants in Sunscreens: Which and What For? Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12010138. [PMID: 36670999 PMCID: PMC9854756 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation promotes the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS), resulting in skin damage. Cosmetic industries have adopted a strategy to incorporate antioxidants in sunscreen formulations to prevent or minimize UV-induced oxidative damage, boost photoprotection effectiveness, and mitigate skin photoaging. Many antioxidants are naturally derived, mainly from terrestrial plants; however, marine organisms have been increasingly explored as a source of new potent antioxidant molecules. This work aims to characterize the frequency of the use of antioxidants in commercial sunscreens. Photoprotective formulations currently marketed in parapharmacies and pharmacies were analyzed with respect to the composition described on the label. As a result, pure compounds with antioxidant activity were found. The majority of sunscreen formulations contained antioxidants, with vitamin E and its derivatives the most frequent. A more thorough analysis of these antioxidants is also provided, unveiling the top antioxidant ingredients found in sunscreens. A critical appraisal of the scientific evidence regarding their effectiveness is also performed. In conclusion, this work provides an up-to-date overview of the use of antioxidants in commercial sunscreens for a better understanding of the advantages associated with their use in photoprotective formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Jesus
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Mota
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Torres
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria T. Cruz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (I.F.A.)
| | - Isabel F. Almeida
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (I.F.A.)
| | - Honorina Cidade
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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10
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Conti BJ, Santiago KB, Cardoso EO, Conte FL, Golim MA, Cruz MT, Sforcin JM. Effect of propolis on Th2 and Th17 cells: interplay with EtxB- and LPS-treated dendritic cells. Braz J Med Biol Res 2023; 56:e12659. [PMID: 37075347 PMCID: PMC10125804 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2023e12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells that drive the differentiation of T CD4+ cells into different profiles according to the nature of the antigen or immunomodulator. Propolis is a resinous product made by bees that has numerous pharmacological properties, including an immunomodulatory action. To assess whether propolis can modulate the activation of CD4+ T cells by stimulating DCs with heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit (EtxB) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we aimed to elucidate the mechanisms affected by propolis in the differential activation of T lymphocytes. Cell viability, lymphocyte proliferation, gene expression (GATA-3 and RORc), and cytokine production (interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-17A) were analyzed. Propolis, EtxB, and LPS induced a higher lymphoproliferation compared with the control. Propolis induced GATA-3 expression and, in combination with EtxB, maintained the baseline levels. Propolis alone or in combination with LPS inhibited RORc expression. EtxB alone and in combination with propolis increased IL-4 production. Propolis in combination with LPS prevented LPS-induced IL-17A production. These results opened perspectives for the study of biological events that may be favored by propolis by promoting Th2 activation or helping in the treatment of inflammatory conditions mediated by Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Conti
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas e Biológicas, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - K B Santiago
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas e Biológicas, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - E O Cardoso
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas e Biológicas, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - F L Conte
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas e Biológicas, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - M A Golim
- Hemocentro de Botucatu, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - M T Cruz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Center for Neurosciences and Cellular Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J M Sforcin
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas e Biológicas, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
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11
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Vaz CV, Oliveira AS, Silva A, Cortes L, Correia S, Ferreira R, Breitenfeld L, Martinez-de-Oliveira J, Palmeira-de-Oliveira R, Pereira CF, Cruz MT, Palmeira-de-Oliveira A. Protective role of Portuguese natural mineral waters on skin aging: in vitro evaluation of anti-senescence and anti-oxidant properties. Int J Biometeorol 2022; 66:2117-2131. [PMID: 35994120 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-022-02345-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Natural mineral waters (NMWs) emerge from the earth as springs and their beneficial therapeutic effect has been empirically recognized in different countries. Portugal has diverse NMW resources that are sought for the relief of different afflictions including dermatological complications. However, there is a lack of scientific validation supporting this empiric knowledge. In this study, we aimed to screen the in vitro bioactivity of Portuguese NMWs with different chemical profiles, namely sulfurous/bicarbonate/sodic (SBS), bicarbonate/magnesium, sulfated/calcic, sulfurous/chlorinated/sodic, sulfurous/bicarbonate/fluoridated/sodic, and chlorinated/sodic, focusing on aging-related skin alterations. Mouse skin fibroblasts and macrophages were exposed to culture medium prepared in different NMWs. Cellular viability was evaluated by MTT assay and etoposide-induced senescence was analyzed through the beta-galactosidase staining kit. Wound healing was investigated by the scratch assay, and phototoxicity/photoprotection after UVA irradiation was evaluated using a neutral red solution. ROS production was quantified using the 2'7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate dye, and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was analyzed by a commercial kit after lipopolysaccharide exposure. NMWs within the SBS profile demonstrated anti-senescence activity in skin fibroblasts, along with a variable effect on cellular viability. Among the tested NMWs, two decreased cellular senescence and preserved cell viability and were therefore selected for subsequent studies, together with a SBS NMW with therapeutic indications for dermatologic diseases. Overall, the selected NMW promoted wound healing in skin fibroblasts and activated SOD in macrophages, thus suggesting an anti-oxidant effect. None of the NMWs prevented phototoxicity after UV irradiation. Our results shed a light on the anti-aging potential of Portuguese NMW, supporting their putative application in cosmetic or medical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Vaz
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - A S Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - A Silva
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - L Cortes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - S Correia
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - R Ferreira
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - L Breitenfeld
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - J Martinez-de-Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - R Palmeira-de-Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
- Labfit-Health Products Research and Development Lda, Ubimedical, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - C F Pereira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M T Cruz
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A Palmeira-de-Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
- Labfit-Health Products Research and Development Lda, Ubimedical, Covilhã, Portugal.
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12
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Golshan F, Moss D, Sun G, Krigolson O, Cruz MT, Loehr J, Mickleborough M. ERP evidence of heightened attentional response to visual stimuli in migraine headache disorders. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:2499-2511. [PMID: 35951096 PMCID: PMC9458682 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
New findings from migraine studies have indicated that this common headache disorder is associated with anomalies in attentional processing. In tandem with the previous explorations, this study will provide evidence to show that visual attention is impacted by migraine headache disorders. 43 individuals were initially recruited in the migraine group and 33 people with non-migraine headache disorders were in the control group. The event-related potentials (ERP) of the participants were calculated using data from a visual oddball paradigm task. By analyzing the N200 and P300 ERP components, migraineurs, as compared to controls, had an exaggerated oddball response showing increased amplitude in N200 and P300 difference scores for the oddball vs. standard, while the latencies of the two components remained the same in the migraine and control groups. We then looked at two classifications of migraine with and without aura compared to non-migraine controls. One-Way ANOVA analysis of the two migraine groups and the non-migraine control group showed that the different level of N200 and P300 amplitude mean scores was greater between migraineurs without aura and the control group while these components’ latency remained the same relatively in the three groups. Our results give more neurophysiological support that people with migraine headaches have altered processing of visual attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faly Golshan
- Department of Psychology and Health Studies, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Administration Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A2, Canada.
| | - Daneil Moss
- Department of Psychology and Health Studies, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Administration Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Gloria Sun
- Department of Psychology and Health Studies, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Administration Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A2, Canada.,College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | - Maria T Cruz
- Department of Psychology and Health Studies, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Administration Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Janeen Loehr
- Department of Psychology and Health Studies, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Administration Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Marla Mickleborough
- Department of Psychology and Health Studies, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Administration Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A2, Canada
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13
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Resende DISP, Jesus A, Sousa Lobo JM, Sousa E, Cruz MT, Cidade H, Almeida IF. Up-to-Date Overview of the Use of Natural Ingredients in Sunscreens. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030372. [PMID: 35337168 PMCID: PMC8949675 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The photoprotective skincare segment is in high demand to meet consumer concerns on UV-induced skin damage, with a recent trend towards sunscreen alternatives with a natural origin. In this study, the use of natural ingredients, either from terrestrial or marine origin, in a panel of 444 sunscreen commercial formulations (2021) was analyzed. Ingredients from terrestrial organisms represent the large majority found in the analyzed sunscreen formulations (48%), whereas marine ingredients are present only in 13% of the analyzed products. A deeper analysis regarding the most prevalent families of ingredients from terrestrial and marine organisms used as top ingredients is also presented, as well as their mechanisms of action. This study provides an up-to-date overview of the sunscreen market regarding the use of natural ingredients, which is of relevance for scientists involved in the development of new sunscreens to identify opportunities for innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana I. S. P. Resende
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (D.I.S.P.R.); (H.C.)
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Jesus
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.J.); (J.M.S.L.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - José M. Sousa Lobo
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.J.); (J.M.S.L.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (D.I.S.P.R.); (H.C.)
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (I.F.A.); Tel.: +351-220-428-689 (E.S.); +351-220-428-621 (I.F.A.)
| | - Maria T. Cruz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Honorina Cidade
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (D.I.S.P.R.); (H.C.)
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel F. Almeida
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.J.); (J.M.S.L.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (I.F.A.); Tel.: +351-220-428-689 (E.S.); +351-220-428-621 (I.F.A.)
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14
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Jesus A, Sousa E, Cruz MT, Cidade H, Lobo JMS, Almeida IF. UV Filters: Challenges and Prospects. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030263. [PMID: 35337062 PMCID: PMC8955451 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of sunscreens is an established and recommended practice to protect skin from solar-induced damage. Around 30 UV filters can be used in sunscreen products in the European Union, which ought to follow the requirements of the regulation 1223/2009 to ensure their efficacy and safety for humans. Nevertheless, low photostability and putative toxicity for humans and environment have been reported for some UV filters. Particularly, the negative impact in marine organisms has recently raised concern on the scientific community. Therefore, it is important to develop new UV filters with improved safety profile and photostability. Over the last two decades, nearly 200 new compounds have revealed promising photoprotection properties. The explored compounds were obtained through different approaches, including exploration of natural sources, synthetic pathways, and nanotechnology. Almost 50 natural products and around 140 synthetic derivatives, such as benzimidazoles, benzotriazoles, hydroxycinnamic acids, xanthones, triazines, among others, have been studied aiming the discovery of novel, effective, and safer future photoprotective agents. Herein, we provide the reader with an overview about UV filters’ challenges and prospects, offering a forward-looking to the next-generation of UV filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Jesus
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.J.); (J.M.S.L.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Maria T. Cruz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Honorina Cidade
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (I.F.A.); Tel.: +351-220-428 (I.F.A.)
| | - José M. Sousa Lobo
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.J.); (J.M.S.L.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel F. Almeida
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.J.); (J.M.S.L.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (I.F.A.); Tel.: +351-220-428 (I.F.A.)
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15
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Silva A, Oliveira AS, Vaz CV, Correia S, Ferreira R, Breitenfeld L, Martinez-de-Oliveira J, Palmeira-de-Oliveira R, Pereira CMF, Palmeira-de-Oliveira A, Cruz MT. Anti-inflammatory potential of Portuguese thermal waters. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22313. [PMID: 33339881 PMCID: PMC7749128 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79394-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In light of Medical Hydrology, thermal waters (TW) are all-natural mineral waters that emerge inside a thermal resort and have therapeutic applications. Their beneficial effect has been empirically recognized for centuries, being indicated for symptom alleviation and/or treatment of several diseases, almost all associated with inflammation. Indeed, an anti-inflammatory effect has been attributed to many different Portuguese TW but there is no scientific validation supporting this empiric knowledge. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of 14 TW pertaining to thermal centers located in the Central Region of Portugal, and grouped according to their ionic profile. Mouse macrophage cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a Toll-like receptor 4 agonist, were exposed to culture medium prepared in TW. Metabolism, nitric oxide (NO) production, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression levels and the scavenging capacity of TW, were investigated in vitro. 11 out of 14 TW reduced NO production and/or iNOS expression, and/or scavenging activity, in macrophages exposed to LPS. The sulphated/calcic TW did not show any effect on at least one of the inflammatory parameters evaluated. Two sulphurous/bicarbonate/sodic TW and the sulphurous/chlorinated/sodic TW promoted an increase in NO production and/or iNOS expression. Our results validate, for the first time, the anti-inflammatory properties of Portuguese TW, supporting their therapeutic use in the treatment of inflammation-related diseases and promoting their putative application in cosmetic products and medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Silva
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Polo I, 1st Floor, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Faculty of Medicine, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Polo 3, IBILI 3rd Floor, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - A S Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - C V Vaz
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - S Correia
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - R Ferreira
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - L Breitenfeld
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - J Martinez-de-Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - R Palmeira-de-Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.,Labfit-Health Products Research and Development Lda, Ubimedical, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - C M F Pereira
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A Palmeira-de-Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.,Labfit-Health Products Research and Development Lda, Ubimedical, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - M T Cruz
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Polo I, 1st Floor, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Pereira AC, Oliveira J, Silva S, Madeira N, Pereira CMF, Cruz MT. Inflammation in Bipolar Disorder (BD): Identification of new therapeutic targets. Pharmacol Res 2020; 163:105325. [PMID: 33278569 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic and cyclic mental disorder, characterized by unusual mood swings between mania/hypomania and depression, raising concern in both scientific and medical communities due to its deleterious social and economic impact. Polypharmacy is the rule due to the partial effectiveness of available drugs. Disease course is often unremitting, resulting in frequent cognitive deficits over time. Despite all research efforts in identifying BD-associated molecular mechanisms, current knowledge remains limited. However, the involvement of inflammation in BD pathophysiology is increasingly consensual, with the immune system and neuroinflammation playing a key role in disease course. Evidence includes altered levels of cytokines and acute-phase proteins, pathological microglial activation, deregulation of Nrf2-Keap1 system and changes in biogenic amines neurotransmitters, whose expression is regulated by TNF-α, a pro-inflammatory cytokine highly involved in BD, pointing out inflammation as a novel and attractive therapeutic target for BD. As result, new therapeutic agents including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, N-acetylcysteine and GSK3 inhibitors have been incorporated in BD treatment. Taking into consideration the latest pre-clinical and clinical trials, in this review we discuss recent data regarding inflammation in BD, unveiling potential therapeutic approaches through direct or indirect modulation of inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Pereira
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Joana Oliveira
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Sónia Silva
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Nuno Madeira
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Department of Psychiatry, 3004-561, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Cláudia M F Pereira
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Maria T Cruz
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Brites GS, Ferreira I, Sebastião AI, Silva A, Carrascal M, Neves BM, Cruz MT. Allergic contact dermatitis: From pathophysiology to development of new preventive strategies. Pharmacol Res 2020; 162:105282. [PMID: 33161140 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
As the body's first line of defense, the skin is the organ most frequently exposed to chemicals present in personal hygiene products, household products, or materials used in the work environment. In this context, skin disorders account for more than 40 % of all occupational and work-related diseases, constituting a significant public health burden. Among skin disorders, allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is the most prevalent occupational disease and the most common form of immunotoxicity in humans. ACD is a T-cell-mediated skin inflammation resulting from the priming and expansion of allergen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The clinical condition is characterized by local skin rash, itchiness, redness, swelling, and lesions, being mainly diagnosed by the patch test. Upon ACD diagnosis, avoiding the exposure to the triggering allergen is the mainstay of treatment to prevent future flares. In cases where avoidance is not possible, the use of a standard of care interim treatments such as steroid creams or ointments, barrier creams, and moisturizers are strongly recommended to alleviate symptoms. In this review, we sought to provide the reader with an overview of the pathophysiology of ACD as well as the currently available pharmacological treatment options. Furthermore, a comprehensive outline of several preventive strategies is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo Sousa Brites
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology - CNC, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-504, Portugal
| | - Isabel Ferreira
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology - CNC, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-504, Portugal
| | | | - Ana Silva
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology - CNC, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-504, Portugal
| | - Mylene Carrascal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology - CNC, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-504, Portugal; Tecnimede Group, Sintra, 2710-089, Portugal
| | - Bruno Miguel Neves
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Maria T Cruz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology - CNC, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-504, Portugal.
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Catarino MD, Silva A, Cruz MT, Mateus N, Silva AM, Cardoso SM. Phlorotannins from Fucus vesiculosus: Modulation of Inflammatory Response by Blocking NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6897. [PMID: 32962250 PMCID: PMC7554702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their large spectrum of bioactive properties, much attention has recently been drawn to phlorotannins-i.e., phenolic compounds characteristic from brown macroalgae. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of F. vesiculosus phlorotannin extracts and purified fractions. Overall, the crude extract and its ethyl acetate fraction (EtOAc) showed good radical scavenging activity, particularly towards nitric oxide (NO•). Subsequent subfractions of EtOAc (F1 to F9) with different molecular weights were then shown to inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced NO• production in macrophages, with stronger effects being observed for fractions of lower MWs. Of the three intracellular markers analyzed, inducible NO• synthase showed the highest sensitivity to almost all the phlorotannin-rich samples, followed by interleukin 1β and cyclooxygenase 2, which was only inhibited by F2. Furthermore, this subfraction inhibited the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitory protein κBα, thus preventing the activation of NF-κB and blocking the inflammatory cascade at the transcriptional level. This sample was characterized by the presence of a major compound with a deprotonated molecular ion at m/z 507 with a fragmentation pattern coherent with that of a phlorotannin derivative. Overall, this work unveiled some of the mechanistic aspects behind the anti-inflammatory capacity of phlorotannins from F. vesiculosus, endorsing its use as a possible natural source of anti-inflammatory compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo D. Catarino
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.D.C.); (A.M.S.S.)
| | - Ana Silva
- CNC.IBILI, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.S.); (M.T.C.)
| | - Maria T. Cruz
- CNC.IBILI, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.S.); (M.T.C.)
| | - Nuno Mateus
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Artur M.S. Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.D.C.); (A.M.S.S.)
| | - Susana M. Cardoso
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.D.C.); (A.M.S.S.)
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Silva FALS, Brites G, Ferreira I, Silva A, Miguel Neves B, Costa Pereira JLGFS, Cruz MT. Evaluating Skin Sensitization Via Soft and Hard Multivariate Modeling. Int J Toxicol 2020; 39:547-559. [PMID: 32757797 DOI: 10.1177/1091581820944395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis is the most frequent manifestation of immunotoxicity in humans with a prevalence rate of 15% to 20% over general population. Skin sensitization is a complex end point that was for a long time being evaluated using animal testing. Great efforts have been made to completely substitute the use of animals and replace them by integrating data from in vitro and in chemico assays with in silico calculated parameters. However, it remains undefined how to make the best use of the cumulative data in such a way that information gain is maximized and accomplished with the fewest number of tests possible. In this work, 3 skin sensitization prediction models were considered: one to discriminate sensitizers from non-sensitizers, considering a 2-level scale; one according to the GHS, considering a 3-level scale; and the other to categorize potency in a 6-level scale, according to available human data. We used a data set of known human skin allergens for which in vitro, in chemico, and in silico descriptors where available to build classifiers based on soft and hard multivariate modeling. Model building, optimization, and refinement resulted in 100% accuracy in distinguishing between sensitizers and non-sensitizers. The same model was able to perform the characterization, in 3 and 6 levels, respectively, with 98.8 and 97.5% accuracy. Combining data from in vitro and in chemico tests with in silico descriptors is relatively simple to implement and some predictors are fitting the adverse outcome pathway for skin sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa A L S Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Coimbra Chemistry Centre, 56069University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Brites
- 530237Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, 530237University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Ferreira
- 530237Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, 530237University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Silva
- 530237Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Miguel Neves
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jorge L G F S Costa Pereira
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Coimbra Chemistry Centre, 56069University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria T Cruz
- 530237Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, 530237University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, Coimbra, Portugal
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Kriegler C, Cruz MT, Sun G, Friedrich TE, Elias LJ, Mickleborough MJS. Evidence for abnormal visuospatial attentional processes in the interictal migraineur. Laterality 2020; 25:583-598. [PMID: 32508228 DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2020.1776311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Research shows decreased brain region activity in the right temporo-parietal junction (rTPJ) in people with migraine headache relative to headache-free controls when performing an orienting visuospatial attention task. Functional inactivation of the rTPJ has been associated with rightward performance deviations on laterality-based attention Landmark (LM) and greyscale (GRE) tasks in individuals with unilateral neglect and heightened activation in the rTPJ is associated with leftward deviation, known as pseudoneglect, in controls on these tasks. Given this, we investigated whether migraineurs would lack the leftward deviation found in headache-free controls on visuospatial attention tasks. 36 migraineurs and 38 controls were presented with LM and GRE tasks. Response bias scores showed a significant difference in responses between groups (p = 0.036) on the GRE, a luminance-based task, but not on the LM, a size-based task (p = 0.826). This study is the first to show laterality-based attentional differences in migraineurs, as compared to controls. Specifically, migraineurs were found to have smaller leftward biases on luminance-based visuospatial attention tasks, as compared to controls, aligning with previous research suggesting that migraine may be having an impact on a variety of attention tasks in migraineurs in between headache attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conley Kriegler
- College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Maria T Cruz
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Gloria Sun
- College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | - Lorin J Elias
- College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Alves-Silva JM, Zuzarte M, Gonçalves MJ, Cruz MT, Cavaleiro C, Salgueiro L. Unveiling the bioactive potential of the essential oil of a Portuguese endemism, Santolina impressa. J Ethnopharmacol 2019; 244:112120. [PMID: 31352022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Santolina species are widely used in traditional medicine in the Mediterranean region for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, digestive, and analgesic properties. S. impressa, a Portuguese endemism, is traditionally recognized for its beneficial anti-inflammatory properties in several gastrointestinal affections and is also used in oropharyngeal infections. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study aims to characterize the essential oil of S. impressa growing in Portugal and validate its traditional uses by assessing the anti-inflammatory potential of its essential oil at concentrations without toxicity. The antifungal properties of the oil are also addressed, as well as, the putative mechanism of action underlying these effects. MATERIAL AND METHODS The essential oil was obtained in accordance with the European Pharmacopoeia and characterized by GC and GC-MS. The anti-inflammatory potential of the oil was assessed on LPS-stimulated macrophages, through the production of nitric oxide (NO) using the Griess reaction. Putative mechanisms of action included the role of the oil as a NO scavenger, as well as its effect on the expression of two key pro-inflammatory enzymes, iNOS and COX-2 by Western blot analysis. The antifungal effect of the oil was evaluated according to the CLSI guidelines on several yeast and filamentous strains and on two major virulence factors in Candida albicans, namely germ tubes and biofilms. Ultrastructural modifications on dermatophytes were also unveiled by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS S. impressa essential oil was primarily characterized by the presence of monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenes, being the main compounds β-pinene (22.5%), 1,8-cineole (10.0%), limonene (9.1%), camphor (8.1%) and β-phellandrene (8.0%). A significant decrease (ca 60.0%) in nitrite levels was observed in LPS-stimulated macrophages treated with the oil without affecting cell viability. This effect could be explained by a great reduction on iNOS expression (85.0% inhibition), thus underpinning the anti-inflammatory potential of the oil. The oil also showed a fungicidal effect, being more active against Cryptococcus neoformans, Epidermophyton floccosum and Trichophytum rubrum. For these dermatophytes, significant ultrastructural modifications in cell wall structure were detected. Strikingly, for C. albicans, the oil showed a significant anti-infective potential (at 0.07 mg/mL for germ tube inhibition and 0.02 mg/mL for biofilm disruption) before fungal growth inhibition occurred. CONCLUSIONS Our results validate the main traditional use ascribed to S. impressa, namely its anti-inflammatory effect. In addition, an antifungal potential is pointed out, thus corroborating the antimicrobial uses and adding new value to an endemic species poorly recognized by the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Alves-Silva
- CNC.IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; CIEPQPF and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - M Zuzarte
- CNC.IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - M J Gonçalves
- CIEPQPF and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - M T Cruz
- CNC.IBILI, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - C Cavaleiro
- CIEPQPF and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - L Salgueiro
- CIEPQPF and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Matos P, Figueirinha A, Paranhos A, Nunes F, Cruz P, Geraldes CFGC, Cruz MT, Batista MT. Bioactivity of Acanthus mollis - Contribution of benzoxazinoids and phenylpropanoids. J Ethnopharmacol 2018; 227:198-205. [PMID: 30201231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Acanthus mollis is a plant native to the Mediterranean region, traditionally used as diuretic, anti-inflammatory and soothing of the mucous membranes of the digestive and urinary tract and externally as healing of wounds and burns, also demonstrating analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. However, studies focused on its phytochemical composition as well as scientific proof of Acanthus mollis efficacy are scarce. AIM OF THE STUDY The proposed work aims to perform a phytochemical characterization and evaluation of the therapeutic potential of Acanthus mollis, based on biological properties that support its traditional uses. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this study, an 96% ethanol extract from Acanthus mollis leaves was obtained and its phytochemical composition evaluated using High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Photodiode Array Detector coupled to Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-PDA-ESI/MSn). The chemical structure of the compound isolated was elucidated using 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), 1H-correlation spectroscopy (1H-COSY), heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC) and heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation (HMBC). The quantification of the constituents was performed using two external standards (2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one and verbascoside). The antioxidant activity was determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Anti-inflammatory activity was determined measuring the inhibition of nitric oxide production by RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with the TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and through lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition assay. The cytotoxicity was screened on two lines (RAW 264.7 and HaCaT) using the resazurin assay. RESULTS Compounds such as verbascoside and its derivatives, as well as benzoxazinoids were found as the main constituents. A percentage of 5.58% was verified for the 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIBOA) derivatives. DIBOA was the main compound of the extract. Significant concentrations were also found for phenylpropanoids, which constitute about 4.39% of the total compounds identified. This extract showed antioxidant capacity against DPPH (IC50 = 40.00 ± 1.59 μg/mL) and superoxide anion (IC50 = 29.42 ± 1.99 μg/mL). It also evidenced anti-inflammatory potential in RAW 264.7 macrophages, presenting capacity for nitric oxide reduction (IC50 = 28.01 μg/mL). Moreover, in vitro studies have shown that this extract was able to inhibit the lipoxygenase, with an IC50 of 104.39 ± 4.95 µg/mL. Importantly, all effective concentrations were devoid of cytotoxicity in keratinocytes, thus highlighting the safety of the extract for the treatment of skin inflammatory related diseases. Concerning macrophages it was also possible to disclose concentrations showing anti-inflammatory activity and without cytotoxicity (up to 30 µg/mL). The benzoxazinoid DIBOA demonstrated a considerable anti-inflammatory activity suggesting its important contribution to this activity. CONCLUSIONS These results corroborate the anti-inflammatory properties traditionally attributed to this plant. Among the compounds identified in this study, benzoxazinoids exhibited a significant anti-inflammatory activity that was never previously described. Ethanol seems to be a good option for the extraction of these bioactive compounds, since relevant antioxidant/anti-radical and anti-inflammatory activities were found for this extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Matos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; LAQV, REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A Figueirinha
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; LAQV, REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - A Paranhos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - F Nunes
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - P Cruz
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC), Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - C F G C Geraldes
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC), Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-393 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M T Cruz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M T Batista
- Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
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Santos SAO, Trindade SS, Oliveira CSD, Parreira P, Rosa D, Duarte MF, Ferreira I, Cruz MT, Rego AM, Abreu MH, Rocha SM, Silvestre AJD. Lipophilic Fraction of Cultivated Bifurcaria bifurcata R. Ross: Detailed Composition and In Vitro Prospection of Current Challenging Bioactive Properties. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15110340. [PMID: 29104253 PMCID: PMC5706030 DOI: 10.3390/md15110340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroalgae have been seen as an alternative source of molecules with promising bioactivities to use in the prevention and treatment of current lifestyle diseases. In this vein, the lipophilic fraction of short-term (three weeks) cultivated Bifurcaria bifurcata was characterized in detail by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). B. bifurcata dichloromethane extract was composed mainly by diterpenes (1892.78 ± 133.97 mg kg−1 dry weight (DW)), followed by fatty acids, both saturated (550.35 ± 15.67 mg kg−1 DW) and unsaturated (397.06 ± 18.44 mg kg−1 DW). Considerable amounts of sterols, namely fucosterol (317.68 ± 26.11 mg kg−1 DW) were also found. In vitro tests demonstrated that the B. bifurcata lipophilic extract show antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities (against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria), using low extract concentrations (in the order of µg mL−1). Enhancement of antibiotic activity of drug families of major clinical importance was observed by the use of B. bifurcata extract. This enhancement of antibiotic activity depends on the microbial strain and on the antibiotic. This work represents the first detailed phytochemical study of the lipophilic extract of B. bifurcata and is, therefore, an important contribution for the valorization of B. bifurcata macroalgae, with promising applications in functional foods, nutraceutical, cosmetic and biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia A O Santos
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Stephanie S Trindade
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Catia S D Oliveira
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Paula Parreira
- Centro de Biotecnologia Agrícola e Agro-Alimentar do Alentejo (CEBAL)/Instituto Politécnico de Beja (IPBeja), 7801-908 Beja, Portugal.
| | - Daniela Rosa
- Centro de Biotecnologia Agrícola e Agro-Alimentar do Alentejo (CEBAL)/Instituto Politécnico de Beja (IPBeja), 7801-908 Beja, Portugal.
| | - Maria F Duarte
- Centro de Biotecnologia Agrícola e Agro-Alimentar do Alentejo (CEBAL)/Instituto Politécnico de Beja (IPBeja), 7801-908 Beja, Portugal.
- ICAAM-Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal.
| | - Isabel Ferreira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.
- FFUC-Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Maria T Cruz
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.
- FFUC-Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Andreia M Rego
- ALGAplus-Prod. e Comerc. De Algas e Seus Derivados, Lda., 3830-196 Ílhavo, Portugal.
| | - Maria H Abreu
- ALGAplus-Prod. e Comerc. De Algas e Seus Derivados, Lda., 3830-196 Ílhavo, Portugal.
| | - Silvia M Rocha
- QOPNA and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Armando J D Silvestre
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Gaspar MC, Fonseca DA, Antunes MJ, Frigerio C, Gomes NGM, Vieira M, Santos AE, Cruz MT, Cotrim MD, Campos MG. Polyphenolic characterisation and bioactivity of an Oxalis pes-caprae L. leaf extract. Nat Prod Res 2017. [PMID: 28627294 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1335728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The present work is focused on the characterisation of the polyphenolic content of an Oxalis pes-caprae L. leaf extract and on the evaluation of its bioactivity with particular interest on its vascular activity and antioxidant potential. The polyphenolic content was characterised by HPLC-DAD and LC-MS/MS. The vascular activity was evaluated according to the influence on the serotonergic and adrenergic systems of the human internal mammary artery (HIMA). Antioxidant and neuroprotective studies were also conducted. Several luteolin and apigenin derivatives were identified as main constituents of the extract, which did not present any contractile effect nor had any effect on the serotonergic system of HIMA. However, it showed antagonistic effect on the adrenergic system, inhibiting the contraction to noradrenaline (reduction of 58.44% of maximum contraction). The extract showed antioxidant activity and standardised luteolin and apigenin derivatives showed neuroprotective potential, particularly homoorientin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa C Gaspar
- a Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC) , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.,b Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Care Group , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.,c CNC.IBILI , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Diogo A Fonseca
- b Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Care Group , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.,c CNC.IBILI , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.,d Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI) , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Manuel J Antunes
- e Center of Cardiothoracic Surgery , Coimbra University Hospitals , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Christian Frigerio
- f Faculty of Sciences, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department and Requimte , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Nelson G M Gomes
- g Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - M Vieira
- a Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC) , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Armanda E Santos
- a Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC) , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.,h Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Maria T Cruz
- a Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC) , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.,h Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Maria D Cotrim
- b Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Care Group , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.,c CNC.IBILI , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.,d Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI) , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Maria G Campos
- g Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.,i Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry , Chemistry Center of Coimbra, University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
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Abu-Darwish MS, Cabral C, Gonçalves MJ, Cavaleiro C, Cruz MT, Paoli M, Tomi F, Efferth T, Salgueiro L. Ziziphora tenuior L. essential oil from Dana Biosphere Reserve (Southern Jordan); Chemical characterization and assessment of biological activities. J Ethnopharmacol 2016; 194:963-970. [PMID: 27815078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGIC RELEVANCE Ziziphora tenuior L. (Lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant in Jordan, which is included in various antimicrobial, antiseptic, expectorant and wound healing preparations. It is used for the treatment of cough, stomach ache, dysentery, fever, uterus infection, gut inflammation and painful menstruation. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to assess, for the first time, the chemical composition of the essential oil of Z. tenuior originated from southern Jordan and its antifungal effects against several yeasts. Concomitantly, the mechanisms behind the anti-fungal activity against Candida albicans were also disclosed. Since the Z. tenuior traditional uses are related with inflammatory-associated conditions, the putative anti-inflammatory activity of the oil was also unveiled. Importantly, the potential toxicity of pharmacologically active concentrations was screened in different types of mammalian cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Z. tenuior essential oil, isolated by hydrodistillation, was analyzed by gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Antifungal activity was evaluated against yeasts, dermatophytes and Aspergillus strains. Germ tube inhibition and biofilm formation assays were evaluated using C. albicans. Assessment of cell viability was made by the MTT assay using different types of mammalian cells, including hepatocytes, keratinocytes and macrophages. The in vitro anti-inflammatory potential of the oil was evaluated by measuring nitric oxide production using lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mouse macrophages. RESULTS Oxygen-containing monoterpenes are the main oil compounds: pulegone (46.8%), p-menth-3-en-8-ol (12.5%), isomenthone (6.6%) and 8-hydroxymenthone (6.2%). The highest antifungal activity was against Cryptococcus neoformans, with a MIC value of 0.16µL/mL. The oil revealed an important inhibitory effect on germ tube formation with a filamentation inhibition rate higher than 80% at 0.16µL/mL. The amount of the attached biomass was reduced. Importantly, concentrations devoid of toxicity on several mammalian cell types still displayed anti-inflammatory activity (0.16 and 0.32µL/mL). CONCLUSIONS These findings add significant information to the pharmacological activity of Z. tenuior, thus justifying and reinforcing the use of this plant in traditional medicine. Additionally, the antifungal and anti-inflammatory potential of the oil at non-toxic concentrations, opens new avenues for its further exploitation, for instance in health-care product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Abu-Darwish
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, Shouback University College/ Maan College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt 19117, Jordan; Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Cabral
- CNC.IBILI/ Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de S. Comba 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - M J Gonçalves
- CNC.IBILI/ Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de S. Comba 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - C Cavaleiro
- CNC.IBILI/ Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de S. Comba 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M T Cruz
- CNC.IBILI/ Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de S. Comba 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M Paoli
- Université de Corse-CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Equipe Chimie et Biomasse, 20000 Ajaccio, France
| | - F Tomi
- Université de Corse-CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Equipe Chimie et Biomasse, 20000 Ajaccio, France
| | - T Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - L Salgueiro
- CNC.IBILI/ Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de S. Comba 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
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Martins JD, Silva A, Ferreira I, Gonçalo M, Custódio JBA, Lopes MC, Domingues MRM, Neves BM, Cruz MT. Adenosine diphosphate involvement in THP-1 maturation triggered by the contact allergen 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:1512-1521. [PMID: 30090452 PMCID: PMC6060794 DOI: 10.1039/c6tx00240d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells' (DC) activation is considered a key event in the adverse outcome pathway for skin sensitization elicited by covalent binding of chemicals to proteins. The mechanisms underlying DC activation by contact sensitizers are not completely understood. However, several "danger signals" are pointed as relevant effectors. Among these extra-cellular early danger signals, purines may be crucial for the development of xenoinflammation and several reports indicate their involvement in contact allergic reactions. In the present work we used the DC-surrogate monocytic cell line THP-1, cultured alone or co-cultured with the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT, to explore the contribution of extracellular adenine nucleotides to THP-1 maturation triggered by the extreme contact sensitizer, 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB). We found that THP-1 maturation induced by DNFB is impaired after purinergic signaling inhibition, and that the transcription of the purinergic metabotropic receptors P2Y2 and P2Y11 is modulated by the sensitizer. We also detected that THP-1 cells only partially hydrolyse extracellular adenosine triphosphate, leading to accumulation of the mono-phosphate derivative, AMP. We detected different and non-overlapping activation patterns of mitogen activated protein kinases by DNFB and extracellular nucleotides. Overall, our results indicate that THP-1 maturation induced by DNFB is strongly modulated by extracellular adenine nucleotides through metabotropic purinergic receptors. This knowledge unveils a molecular toxicity pathway evoked by sensitizers and involved in THP-1 maturation, a DC-surrogate cell line thoroughly used in in vitro tests for the identification of skin allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Martins
- Faculty of Pharmacy University of Coimbra , 3000-548 Coimbra , Portugal . ; ; ; Tel: +351 239 480 209
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , 3004-517 Coimbra , Portugal
| | - A Silva
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , 3004-517 Coimbra , Portugal
| | - I Ferreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , 3004-517 Coimbra , Portugal
| | - M Gonçalo
- Department of Dermatology , University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine , University of Coimbra , 3000-075 Coimbra , Portugal
| | - J B A Custódio
- Faculty of Pharmacy University of Coimbra , 3000-548 Coimbra , Portugal . ; ; ; Tel: +351 239 480 209
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , 3004-517 Coimbra , Portugal
| | - M C Lopes
- Faculty of Pharmacy University of Coimbra , 3000-548 Coimbra , Portugal . ; ; ; Tel: +351 239 480 209
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , 3004-517 Coimbra , Portugal
| | - M R M Domingues
- Department of Chemistry , Mass Spectrometry Center , QOPNA , University of Aveiro , Campus Universitário de Santiago , 3810-193 Aveiro , Portugal
| | - B M Neves
- Faculty of Pharmacy University of Coimbra , 3000-548 Coimbra , Portugal . ; ; ; Tel: +351 239 480 209
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , 3004-517 Coimbra , Portugal
- Department of Chemistry , Mass Spectrometry Center , QOPNA , University of Aveiro , Campus Universitário de Santiago , 3810-193 Aveiro , Portugal
| | - M T Cruz
- Faculty of Pharmacy University of Coimbra , 3000-548 Coimbra , Portugal . ; ; ; Tel: +351 239 480 209
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , 3004-517 Coimbra , Portugal
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Abu-Darwish MS, Cabral C, Gonçalves MJ, Cavaleiro C, Cruz MT, Zulfiqar A, Khan IA, Efferth T, Salgueiro L. Chemical composition and biological activities of Artemisia judaica essential oil from southern desert of Jordan. J Ethnopharmacol 2016; 191:161-168. [PMID: 27318275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGIC RELEVANCE Artemisia judaica L. (Arabic name: Beithran), is a medicinal and aromatic plant growing in the valley bottoms of desert areas, particularly in the southern desert of Jordan nearest to the Jordan-Saudi Arabia borders and in Wadi Araba in the Southern Badia. In Jordan, A. judaica is widely used in traditional medicine being recommended by aboriginal Bedouins in the North Badia region of Jordan as calmative. Furthermore, it is used for the treatment of stomach ache, heart diseases, sexual weakness, diabetes, gastro-intestinal disorders and external wounding. Additionally, other folk medicines of the Arabic region commonly use this aromatic plant for the treatment of inflammatory-related diseases, for instance fungal infections, diabetes, atherosclerosis, cancer and arthritis. AIM OF THE STUDY Considering the traditional medicinal uses and the lack of scientific studies addressing the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind A. judaica claimed activities, the present study was designed to validate some of the traditional uses ascribed to this species, specifically the antifungal and anti-inflammatory activities of A. judaica essential oil at doses devoid of cytotoxicity to mammalian cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical analysis of A. judaica essential oil isolated by hydrodistillation from aerial parts was carried out by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antifungal activity (minimal inhibitory concentrations and minimal lethal concentrations) was evaluated against yeasts, dermatophyte and Aspergillus strains. In order to deeply explore the mechanisms behind the anti-fungal effect of the essential oil, the germ tube inhibition assay and the biofilms formation assay were evaluated using Candida albicans. The assessment of cell viability was accomplished using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay in both hepatocytes and macrophages. Furthermore, the in vitro anti-inflammatory potential of A. judaica oil was evaluated by measuring nitric oxide (NO) production using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse macrophages. RESULTS Oxygen containing monoterpenes are a representative group of constituents (68.7%) with piperitone (30.4%), camphor (16.1%) and ethyl cinnamate (11.0%) as main compounds. The highest antifungal activity of the oil was observed against Cryptococcus neoformans, with a MIC value of 0.16µL/mL. The oil revealed an important inhibitory effect on germ tube formation in C. albicans with 80% inhibition of filamentation at a concentration of 0.16µL/mL. Importantly, the oil also interfered with pre-formed biofilms by reducing the amount of the attached biomass. Furthermore, the essential oil significantly inhibited NO production evoked by LPS on macrophages at concentrations with very low toxicity (0.32µL/mL) or without toxicity (0.16µL/mL) to both macrophages and hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed that A. judaica essential oil from Jordan significantly inhibited germ tube formation and disrupted preformed biofilms of C. albicans, emphasizing the therapeutic potential for the treatment of disseminated candidiasis. Additionally, safe concentrations of this essential oil significantly inhibited NO production elicited by LPS in macrophages, highlighting its potential anti-inflammatory activity. Overall, A. judaica bears promising therapeutic potential for further drug development. Importantly, this work also validates some of the traditional uses of A. judaica.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Abu-Darwish
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, Shouback University College/Maan College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt 19117, Jordan; National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - C Cabral
- Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular e Faculdade de Farmácia, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-295 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M J Gonçalves
- Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular e Faculdade de Farmácia, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-295 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - C Cavaleiro
- Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular e Faculdade de Farmácia, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-295 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M T Cruz
- Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular e Faculdade de Farmácia, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-295 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ali Zulfiqar
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - I A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - T Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - L Salgueiro
- Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular e Faculdade de Farmácia, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-295 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Francisco V, Figueirinha A, Costa G, Liberal J, Ferreira I, Lopes MC, García-Rodríguez C, Cruz MT, Batista MT. The Flavone Luteolin Inhibits Liver X Receptor Activation. J Nat Prod 2016; 79:1423-1428. [PMID: 27135143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Luteolin is a dietary flavonoid with medicinal properties including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory. However, the effect of luteolin on liver X receptors (LXRs), oxysterol sensors that regulate cholesterol homeostasis, lipogenesis, and inflammation, has yet to be studied. To unveil the potential of luteolin as an LXRα/β modulator, we investigated by real-time RT-PCR the expression of LXR-target genes, namely, sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) in hepatocytes and ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC)A1 in macrophages. The lipid content of hepatocytes was evaluated by Oil Red staining. The results demonstrated, for the first time, that luteolin abrogated the LXRα/β agonist-induced LXRα/β transcriptional activity and, consequently, inhibited SREBP-1c expression, lipid accumulation, and ABCA1 expression. Therefore, luteolin could abrogate hypertriglyceridemia associated with LXR activation, thus presenting putative therapeutic effects in diseases associated with deregulated lipid metabolism, such as hepatic steatosis, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Francisco
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra , 3000-214 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra , Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Artur Figueirinha
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra , 3000-214 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra , Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gustavo Costa
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra , 3000-214 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra , Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Liberal
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra , 3000-214 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra , Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Ferreira
- Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra , Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria C Lopes
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra , 3000-214 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra , Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carmen García-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC , C/Sanz y Forés 3, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Maria T Cruz
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra , 3000-214 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra , Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria T Batista
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra , 3000-214 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra , Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra , Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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Constantino J, Gomes C, Falcão A, Cruz MT, Neves BM. Antitumor dendritic cell-based vaccines: lessons from 20 years of clinical trials and future perspectives. Transl Res 2016; 168:74-95. [PMID: 26297944 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are versatile elements of the immune system and are best known for their unparalleled ability to initiate and modulate adaptive immune responses. During the past few decades, DCs have been the subject of numerous studies seeking new immunotherapeutic strategies against cancer. Despite the initial enthusiasm, disappointing results from early studies raised some doubts regarding the true clinical value of these approaches. However, our expanding knowledge of DC immunobiology and the definition of the optimal characteristics for antitumor immune responses have allowed a more rational development of DC-based immunotherapies in recent years. Here, after a brief overview of DC immunobiology, we sought to systematize the knowledge provided by 20 years of clinical trials, with a special emphasis on the diversity of approaches used to manipulate DCs and their consequent impact on vaccine effectiveness. We also address how new therapeutic concepts, namely the combination of DC vaccines with other anticancer therapies, are being implemented and are leveraging clinical outcomes. Finally, optimization strategies, new insights, and future perspectives on the field are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Constantino
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Célia Gomes
- Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI) and Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria T Cruz
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno M Neves
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Centre, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Abu-Darwish MS, Cabral C, Gonçalves MJ, Cavaleiro C, Cruz MT, Efferth T, Salgueiro L. Artemisia herba-alba essential oil from Buseirah (South Jordan): Chemical characterization and assessment of safe antifungal and anti-inflammatory doses. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 174:153-60. [PMID: 26277492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGIC RELEVANCE Artemisia herba-alba Asso ("desert wormwood" in English; "armoise blanche" in French; "shaih" in Arabic), is a medicinal and strongly aromatic plant widely used in traditional medicine by many cultures since ancient times. It is used to treat inflammatory disorders (colds, coughing, bronchitis, diarrhea), infectious diseases (skin diseases, scabies, syphilis) and others (diabetes, neuralgias). In Jordanian traditional medicine, this plant is used as antiseptic and against skin diseases, scabies, syphilis, fever as well as menstrual and nervous disorders. AIM OF THE STUDY Considering the traditional medicinal uses and the lack of scientific studies addressing the cellular and molecular players involved in these biological activities, the present study was designed to unveil the antifungal and anti-inflammatory activities of A. herba-alba Asso essential oil at doses devoid of toxicity to mammalian cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical analysis of A. herba-alba essential oil isolated by hydrodistillation from aerial parts was carried out by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antifungal activity (minimal inhibitory concentrations and minimal lethal concentrations) was evaluated against yeasts, dermatophyte and Aspergillus strains. In order to explore the mechanisms behind the anti-fungal effect of the essential oil, the germ tube inhibition assay was evaluated using Candida albicans. The assessment of cell viability was accomplished using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and the in vitro anti-inflammatory potential of A. herba-alba oil at the periphery and central nervous system was evaluated by measuring nitric oxide (NO) production using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse macrophages and microglia, respectively. RESULTS Oxygen-containing monoterpenes are the main compounds of the oil, namely 1,8-cineole (20.1%), β-thujone (25.1%), α-thujone (22.9%) and camphor (10.5%). Among the fungal strains tested, the oil demonstrated potential against Trichophyton rubrum and Epidermophyton floccosum, with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal lethal concentration (MCL) values of 0.32 mg/mL and Cryptococcus neoformans with MIC of 0.64 mg/mL. The oil revealed a strong inhibitory effect on germ tube formation in C. albicans with inhibition of filamentation around 90% at a concentration 0.16 mg/mL. Importantly, the essential oil significantly inhibited NO production evoked by LPS without cytotoxicity at concentrations up to 1.25 µL/mL in macrophages and up to 0.32 µL/mL in microglia. Furthermore, evaluation of cell viability in RAW 264.7 macrophages, BW2 microgliacells and HaCaT keratinocytes showed no cytotoxicity at concentrations up to 0.32 μL/mL. CONCLUSIONS It was possible to find appropriate doses of A. herba-alba oil with both antifungal and anti-inflammatory activities and without detrimental effects towards several mammalian cell types. These findings add significant information to the pharmacological activity of A. herba-alba essential oil, specifically to its antifungal and anti-inflammatory therapeutic value, thus justifying and reinforcing the use of this plant in traditional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Abu-Darwish
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, Shouback University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Shouback 71911, Jordan
| | - C Cabral
- Centro de Estudos Interdisciplinares do Século XX da Universidade de Coimbra-CEIS20, Rua Filipe Simões no. 33, 3000-186 Coimbra, Portugal; Centro de Estudos Farmacêuticos/Faculdade de Farmácia, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular e Faculdade de Farmácia, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-295 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M J Gonçalves
- Centro de Estudos Farmacêuticos/Faculdade de Farmácia, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular e Faculdade de Farmácia, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-295 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - C Cavaleiro
- Centro de Estudos Farmacêuticos/Faculdade de Farmácia, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular e Faculdade de Farmácia, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-295 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M T Cruz
- Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular e Faculdade de Farmácia, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-295 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - T Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - L Salgueiro
- Centro de Estudos Farmacêuticos/Faculdade de Farmácia, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular e Faculdade de Farmácia, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-295 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Moura LIF, Cruz MT, Carvalho E. The effect of neurotensin in human keratinocytes--implication on impaired wound healing in diabetes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 239:6-12. [PMID: 24198343 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213510665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcers are an important complication of diabetes mellitus characterized by chronic, non-healing ulcers resulting from poor proliferation and migration of fibroblasts and keratinocytes, thus impairing a correct re-epithelialization of wounded tissues. This healing process can be modulated by neuropeptides released from peripheral nerves; however, little is known regarding the role of neurotensin (NT) as a modulator of human keratinocyte function under hyperglycemic conditions. Therefore, this work is focused on the effect of NT in human keratinocytes, under normal and hyperglycemic conditions at different functional levels, namely NT receptors, cytokine, and growth factor expression, as well as proliferation and migration. Human keratinocyte cells were maintained at either 10/30 mM glucose and treated with or without NT (10 nM). The results show that NT did not affect keratinocyte viability. In addition, NT and all NT receptor expression levels were significantly reduced by hyperglycemia; however, NT treatment stimulated expression of NT and neurotensin receptor 2 (NTR2) while neurotensin receptor 1 (NTR1) and neurotensin receptor 3 (NTR3) expression levels were unchanged. Keratinocyte proliferation was not affected by NT and hyperglycemia, while cell migration was reduced by NT treatment. These results demonstrated that hyperglycemic conditions strongly impaired endogenous NT and NTR2 expression in keratinocytes. Despite the addition of exogenous NT to stimulate the endogenous NT and NTR2 expression, these changes do not translate into functional modifications on keratinocytes, particularly in terms of migration, proliferation, and production of cytokines or growth factors. These results suggest that NT production by keratinocytes may exert a paracrine effect on other skin cells, namely fibroblasts, macrophages, and dendritic cells for correct wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane I F Moura
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
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Moura J, da Silva L, Cruz MT, Carvalho E. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of bone morphogenetic proteins and activins in the skin: potential benefits for wound healing. Arch Dermatol Res 2013; 305:557-69. [PMID: 23800970 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-013-1381-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and activins are phylogenetically conserved proteins, belonging to the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, that signal through the phosphorylation of receptor-regulated Smad proteins, activating different cell responses. They are involved in various steps of skin morphogenesis and wound repair, as can be evidenced by the fact that their expression is increased in skin injuries. BMPs play not only a role in bone regeneration but are also involved in cartilage, tendon-like tissue and epithelial regeneration, maintain vascular integrity, capillary sprouting, proliferation/migration of endothelial cells and angiogenesis, promote neuron and dendrite formation, alter neuropeptide levels and are involved in immune response modulation, at least in animal models. On the other hand, activins are involved in wound repair through the regulation of skin and immune cell migration and differentiation, re-epithelialization and granulation tissue formation, and also promote the expression of collagens by fibroblasts and modulate scar formation. This review aims at enunciating the effects of BMPs and activins in the skin, namely in skin development, as well as in crucial phases of skin wound healing, such as inflammation, angiogenesis and repair, and will focus on the effects of these proteins on skin cells and their signaling pathways, exploring the potential therapeutic approach of the application of BMP-2, BMP-6 and activin A in chronic wounds, particularly diabetic foot ulcerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Moura
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
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do Carmo A, Patricio I, Cruz MT, Carvalheiro H, Oliveira CR, Lopes MC. CXCL12/CXCR4 promotes motility and proliferation of glioma cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2010; 9:56-65. [PMID: 19923906 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.9.1.10342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and malignant brain tumor. Recent studies indicated that glioma samples are characterized by increased expression of CXCR4, the CXCL12/SDF-1 chemokine receptor. To better understand the role of CXCR4 in GBM biology we performed an integrated study where we simultaneously evaluate the contribution of the CXCR4/CXCL12 signaling pathway to the proliferation, survival and motility of a human GBM cell line. Our results indicated that CXCR4/CXCL12 axis induced an increase in cell proliferation and in cell motility. The blockage of CXCR4 induced a significant increase of apoptosis. Together, our results indicated that CXCR4/CXCL12 signalling pathway may contribute to GBM development and emphasize the therapeutic potential of this pathway in patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anália do Carmo
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIMAGO, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Cruz MT, Neves BM, Gonçalo M, Figueiredo A, Duarte CB, Lopes MC. Effect of Skin Sensitizers on Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression and Nitric Oxide Production in Skin Dendritic Cells: Role of Different Immunosuppressive Drugs. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2008; 29:225-41. [PMID: 17849269 DOI: 10.1080/08923970701512304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions, namely in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). However, the mechanism by which NO acts in ACD remains elusive. The present study focuses on the effects of different contact sensitizers (2,4-dinitrofluorbenzene, 1,4-phenylenediamine, nickel sulfate), the inactive analogue of DNFB, 2,4-dichloronitrobenzene, and two irritants (sodium dodecyl sulphate and benzalkonium chloride) on the expression of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and NO production in skin dendritic cells. It was also studied the role of different immunosuppressive drugs on iNOS expression and NO production. Only nickel sulfate increased the expression of iNOS and NO production being these effects inhibited by dexamathasone. In contrast, cyclosporin A and sirolimus, two other immunosuppressive drugs tested, did not affect iNOS expression triggered by nickel.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Cruz
- Faculdade de Farmácia, and Centro de Neurociênciase Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Gonçalo M, Vital AL, Cruz MT, Figueiredo A, Lopes MC. P32
Dexamethasone inhibits dendritic cell activation by skin sensitizers. Contact Dermatitis 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-1873.2004.0309fn.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Paneque HM, Prieto AL, Reynaldo RR, Cruz MT, Santos FN, Almaguer ML, Velázquez PL, Heredero BL. Psychological Aspects of Presymptomatic Diagnosis of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2 in Cuba. Public Health Genomics 2007; 10:132-9. [PMID: 17575457 DOI: 10.1159/000101754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this paper, we present a descriptive study of the first year of implementation of the predictive genetic testing program for spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) in Cuba, which has been structured along the international guidelines for Huntington disease. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Medical records were retrospectively reviewed from 100 individuals who requested presymptomatic diagnosis. They had been seen between February 2001 and May 2002 at the Ataxia Clinic in the province of Holguín and had completed the protocol. The participants had psychological evaluations before testing and 1 week after being informed of the result. RESULTS The average age of the participants in the presymptomatic testing for SCA2 was 39.3 years, 62% were female. The main reasons for taking the test were family planning and risk assessment in their children. Family participation in the process was high and there were several additional sources of social support. Before the test, the subjects did not present high levels of anxiety or depression. On informing the patients of the test results indicators for anxiety and depression significantly decreased, and there were no significant differences according to whether the test result had been positive or negative. Catastrophic events were rare during the first week after the test. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate a strong interest in presymptomatic diagnosis among individuals at risk for SCA2 in Holguín and a lack of significant psychological drawbacks up to 1 week after information of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Paneque
- Clinic for Research and Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxias, Holguín, Cuba.
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Cruz MT, Gonçalo M, Paiva A, Morgado JM, Figueiredo A, Duarte CB, Lopes MC. Contact sensitizers downregulate the expression of the chemokine receptors CCR6 and CXCR4 in a skin dendritic cell line. Arch Dermatol Res 2005; 297:43-7. [PMID: 15924226 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-005-0574-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2005] [Revised: 04/12/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are involved in the control of dendritic cell (DC) trafficking, which is critical for the immune response, namely in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). In this work, we investigated by flow cytometry the effect of the contact sensitizers 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB), 1,4-phenylenediamine (PPD) and nickel sulfate (NiSO(4)), on the surface expression of the chemokine receptors CCR6 and CXCR4 in DC. As an experimental model of a DC we used a fetal skin-derived dendritic cell line (FSDC), which has morphological, phenotypical and functional characteristics of skin DC. Our results show that all the skin sensitizers studied decreased the membrane expression of the chemokine receptors CCR6 and CXCR4. In contrast, 2,4-dichloronitrobenzene (DCNB), the inactive analogue of DNFB without contact sensitizing properties, was without effect on the surface expression of these receptors. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which induces the maturation of DC, also reduced surface CCR6 and CXCR4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Cruz
- Rua do Norte, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Cruz MT, Duarte CB, Gonçalo M, Figueiredo A, Carvalho AP, Lopes MC. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor activates the transcription of nuclear factor kappa B and induces the expression of nitric oxide synthase in a skin dendritic cell line. Immunol Cell Biol 2001; 79:590-6. [PMID: 11903618 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.2001.01041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) produced by skin dendritic cells and keratinocytes plays an important role in skin physiology, growth and remodelling. Nitric oxide is also involved in skin inflammatory processes and in modulating antigen presentation (either enhancing or suppressing it). In this study, we found that GM-CSF stimulates the expression of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in a fetal-skin-derived dendritic cell line (FSDC) and, consequently, increases the nitrite production from 11.9 +/- 3.2 micromol/L (basal level) to 26.9 +/- 4.2 micromol/L. Pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC) inhibits nitrite production, with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 19.3 micromol/L and the iNOS protein expression in FSDC. In addition, western blot assays revealed that exposure of FSDC to GM-CSF induces the phosphorylation and degradation of the inhibitor of NF-kappaB (IkB), with subsequent translocation of the p50, p52 and RelB subunits of the transcription nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) from the cytosol to the nucleus. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) showed that FSDC exposure to GM-CSF activates the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Together, these results show that GM-CSF induces iNOS expression in skin dendritic cells by a mechanism involving activation of the NF-kappaB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Cruz
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
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Paneque HM, Santos FN, Tamayo CH, Reynaldo AR, Velázquez Pérez L, Almaguer Mederos L, Hechavarría R, Mouriño FT, Cruz MT. [Type 2 spinocerebellar ataxia: acceptance of prenatal diagnosis in descendents at risk]. Rev Neurol 2001; 33:904-8. [PMID: 11784998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Type 2 spinocerebellar ataxia is a hereditary degenerative disorder of the nervous system. Advances in molecular genetics have made it possible to carry out presymptomatic and prenatal studies. A programme to define the strategies and principles for doing this has been devised. OBJECTIVE To find the level of acceptance of prenatal diagnosis in couples at risk, and to determine the effect of different variables on this acceptance. PATIENTS AND METHODS We made a descriptive type study of a series of cases. The study group included 226 persons. Forty of these were couples of descendents and the remainder were asymptomatic descendents. We applied a questionnaire, after prior information as to the aims of the study and obtaining the consent of the participants. RESULTS Regarding acceptance of prenatal diagnosis by couples of descendents, we found that most (77.5%) accepted this and only 2.5% did not. Prenatal diagnosis was accepted by 67.74% of the descendents themselves. CONCLUSIONS In general there was a high level of acceptance. 159 of the 226 questioned claimed that they would like to have more children and 98.7% of these accepted the test, whilst only 0.01% refused it. The main reasons given were the hope of having healthy children and that the disease would not occur in future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Paneque
- Clínica para la Investigación y Rehabilitación de las Ataxias Hereditarias (CIRAH), Holguín, Cuba
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Cruz MT, Duarte CB, Gonçalo M, Carvalho AP, Lopes MC. LPS induction of I kappa B-alpha degradation and iNOS expression in a skin dendritic cell line is prevented by the janus kinase 2 inhibitor, Tyrphostin b42. Nitric Oxide 2001; 5:53-61. [PMID: 11178937 DOI: 10.1006/niox.2000.0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK) family of protein tyrosine kinases are activated in response to a wide variety of external stimuli. Here we have investigated whether the janus kinase 2 (JAK2) is involved in the induction of nitric oxide synthase type II (iNOS) expression in a mouse fetal skin dendritic cell line (FSDC). In FSDC the expression of iNOS protein and nitric oxide production, in response to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulus (5 microg/ml), is inhibited by the specific inhibitor of the JAK2, tyrphostin B42 with an half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of 9.65 microM. The antioxidant compound pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC) inhibits both the nitrite production with an IC(50) of 16.6 microM and the iNOS protein expression in FSDC. In addition, LPS induces the activation of NF-kappa B, and tyrphostin B42 prevents the degradation of the cytosolic factor I kappa B-alpha and blocks the translocation of the NF-kappa B p65 protein subunit into the nucleus. These results indicate that the JAK family of protein kinases and the transcription factor NF-kappa B are involved in the induction of iNOS protein expression in FSDC stimulated with LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Cruz
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
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Cruz MT, Duarte CB, Gonçalo M, Carvalho AP, Lopes MC. Involvement of JAK2 and MAPK on type II nitric oxide synthase expression in skin-derived dendritic cells. Am J Physiol 1999; 277:C1050-7. [PMID: 10600756 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1999.277.6.c1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we demonstrate that a fetal mouse skin-derived dendritic cell line produces nitric oxide (NO) in response to the endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] and to cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)]. Expression of the inducible isoform of NO synthase (iNOS) was confirmed by immunofluorescence with an antibody against iNOS. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein decreased LPS- and GM-CSF-induced nitrite (NO(-2)) production. The effect of LPS and cytokines on NO(-2) production was inhibited by the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) inhibitor tyrphostin B42. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) inhibitor SB-203580 also reduced the NO(-2) production evoked by LPS, TNF-alpha, or GM-CSF, but it was not as effective as tyrphostin B42. Inhibition of MAPK kinase with PD-098059 also slightly reduced the effect of TNF-alpha or GM-CSF on NO(-2) production. Immunocytochemistry studies revealed that the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB was translocated from the cytoplasm into the nuclei of fetal skin-derived dendritic cells (FSDC) stimulated with LPS, and this translocation was inhibited by tyrphostin B42. Our results show that JAK2 plays a major role in the induction of iNOS in FSDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Cruz
- Faculdade de Farmácia e, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
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Abstract
We examined the conversion of L-[3H]arginine to L-[3H]citrulline in lysate from rat thymocytes, which was dependent on Ca2+ and cofactors (FAD, BH4, NADPH). Removal of Ca2+ of the medium, reduced the total L-[3H]citrulline formation by about 97%. The L-[3H]citrulline formation was completely inhibited by the NO synthase inhibitors, NG-nitro-L-arginine and NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, with values for IC50 of 1.2 microM and 19.4 microM, respectively. In intact thymocytes, the L-[3H]citrulline formation was dependent on the intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) concentration. Increasing the extracellular free-Ca2+ concentration up to 1.5 mM, was accompanied by an increase in [Ca2+]i inside the thymocytes and there was a parallel increase in the intracellular L-[3H]citrulline formation, which reached a maximal value of 371.2 nM of [Ca2+]i. Addition of NG-nitro-L-arginine to the medium, completely inhibited the formation of L-[3H]citrulline. The immunolabeling study revealed that 15% of the thymocytes isolated from rat thymus constitutively expressed the endothelial isoform of NO synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Cruz
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
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Abstract
Integrins exist in different activation states on the surfaces of cells. Addition of the proper signal, ligand, or antibody can alter the activation state of these molecules. We report here the identification of two immunocytochemically distinct populations of beta1 integrins on fixed embryonic chick dermal fibroblasts. One population, recognized by the integrin activating mAb TASC, localizes to discrete regions of the cell, most likely focal contacts. These integrins co-localize with other proteins, such as vinculin and F-actin, and their retention at these sites is dependent on the actin cytoskeleton. The other population, identified with the inhibitory mAb W1B10, is more evenly distributed throughout the cell surface, and its pattern remains unchanged after disruption of the actin cytoskeleton. Double labeling experiments using Fab fragments of TASC alongside whole W1B10 IgG revealed non-overlapping staining patterns. These results show that it is possible to visualize and study discrete populations of integrins on cell surfaces using two different antibodies. We hypothesize that these antibodies report differences in the distribution of receptors in two different states. A model is proposed describing the ligand independent recruitment of integrins based on these findings and results from other labs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Cruz
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, 94720, USA
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del Castillo LM, Nieto Z, Arce E, Inei-Shizukawa G, Cruz MT, Castañeda-Agulló M. Interpretation of rate profiles of the pH-dependent trypsin- and alpha-chymotrypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of esters with a free alpha-amino group. Biochim Biophys Acta 1971; 235:358-69. [PMID: 5317640 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(71)90215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Plato CC, Cruz MT, Kurland LT. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-Parkinsonism dementia complex of Guam: further genetic investigations. Am J Hum Genet 1969; 21:133-41. [PMID: 5770171 PMCID: PMC1706441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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