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Liu R, Han X, Gao J, Luo M, Guo D, Wang G. Metabolite Chemical Composition of the Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Reichb. f. Endophyte Penicillium oxalicum. MYCOBIOLOGY 2023; 51:148-156. [PMID: 37359957 PMCID: PMC10288904 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2023.2216944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Penicillium oxalicum strain can be isolated from the Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Reichb. f. tubers. Its solid-state fermentation products are concentrated by percolation extraction. Separation and purification have been conducted to the ethyl acetate extracts by preparative HPLC. Based on the use of spectrometry, we have determined 17 known compounds, 12,13-dihydroxy-fumitremorgin C (1), pseurotin A (2), tyrosol (3), cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Val) (4), cis-4-hydroxy-8-O-methylmellein (5), uracil (6), cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Ala) (7), 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-4-quinolin carboxylic acid (8), cyclo-(Gly-L-Pro) (9), 2'-deoxyuridine (10), 1-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)thymine (11), cyclo-(L-Val-Gly) (12), 2'-deoxythymidine (13), cyclo-(Gly-D-Phe) (14), cyclo-L-(4-hydroxyprolinyl)-D-leucine (15), cyclo-(L)-4-hydroxy-Pro-(L)-Phe (16), uridine (17). Here, we report compounds 1-3, 5, 7-8, 11-12, 14-17 are first found and isolated from this endophyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuehua Han
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu Pidu District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Dale Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangzhi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Sharma K, Sharma KK, Mahindra A, Sehra N, Bagra N, Aaghaz S, Parmar R, Rathod GK, Jain R. Design, synthesis, and applications of ring-functionalized histidines in peptide-based medicinal chemistry and drug discovery. Med Res Rev 2023. [PMID: 36710510 DOI: 10.1002/med.21936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Modified and synthetic α-amino acids are known to show diverse applications. Histidine, which possesses numerous applications when subjected to synthetic modifications, is one such amino acid. The utility of modified histidines varies widely from remarkable biological activities to catalysis, and from nanotechnology to polymer chemistry. This renders histidine residue an important place in scientific research. Histidine is a well-studied scaffold and constitutes the active site of various enzymes catalyzing important reactions in the biological systems. A rational modification in histidine structure with a distinctly developed protocol extensively changes its physical and chemical properties. The utilization of modified histidines in search of potent, target selective and proteostable scaffolds is vital in the development of bioactive peptides with enhanced drug-likeliness. This review is a compilation and analysis of reported side-chain ring modifications at histidine followed by applications of ring-modified histidines in the synthesis of various categories of bioactive peptides and peptidomimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Sharma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Krishna K Sharma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Amit Mahindra
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Naina Sehra
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Nitin Bagra
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Shams Aaghaz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Rajesh Parmar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Gajanan K Rathod
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Rahul Jain
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Nagar, Punjab, India
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Jia J, Yao J, Kong J, Yu A, Wei J, Dong Y, Song R, Shan D, Zhong X, Lv F, Fan Q, She G. 2,5-Diketopiperazines: A Review of Source, Synthesis, Bioactivity, Structure, and MS Fragmentation. Curr Med Chem 2023; 30:1060-1085. [PMID: 35927899 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220801143650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2,5-Diketopiperazines (DKPs), also called cyclic dipeptides, are the simplest peptide derivatives in nature that are formed by the condensation of two amino acids. They are an important category of bioactive substances with various structures. OBJECTIVE This review focuses on the natural sources, synthetic processes, biological properties and MS fragmentation regularity of simple DKPs, in order to provide a reference for exploring future scientific and therapeutic potentials of these compounds. METHODS Pertinent information was collected and organized from several electronic scientific databases (e.g., Web of Science, China Knowledge Resource Integrated, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Wanfang Data and Google Scholar), PhD and MS dissertations. There are 107 articles published from the early 20th century to 2021 that were reviewed in this work. RESULTS DKPs have been obtained from a broad range of natural resources, including fungi, bacteria, plants, and animals, and have been synthesized by chemical and biological methods. DKPs have various pharmacological activities, including anticancer, antibacterial, antithrombotic, neuron protective, analgesic, and other activities. Mass spectrometry is the most common method for the structural analysis of DKPs. DKPs can be quickly screened and identified by MS according to the mass spectrum fragmentation pattern. CONCLUSION As a category of relatively unexplored compounds, DKPs have been demonstrated to have various bioactivities, especially with antitumor and antibacterial activities. However, the existing research on DKPs is still in the early stage, and their application in drug development needs to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Jia
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Jianling Yao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Jiao Kong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Axiang Yu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Jing Wei
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Ying Dong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Ruolan Song
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Dongjie Shan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Xiangjian Zhong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Fang Lv
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Qiqi Fan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Gaimei She
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
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Probing Anti-Leukemic Metabolites from Marine-Derived Streptomyces sp. LY1209. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040320. [PMID: 35448507 PMCID: PMC9025307 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The unmet need for specific anti-leukemic agents for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia led us to screen a variety of marine-derived bacteria. The fermentation broth extract of Streptomyces sp. LY1209 exhibited the most potent anti-proliferative effect against Molt 4 leukemia cells. A chromatographic anti-proliferative profiling approach was applied to characterize the metabolites with bioactive potential. Among all the metabolites, the major anti-leukemic constituents were staurosporine and a series of diketopiperazines (DKPs), including one novel and two known DKPs identified from nature for the first time. The structures of these compounds were identified using extensive spectroscopic analysis. The anti-proliferative potential of these metabolites against the Molt 4 cancer cell line was also determined. According to the in silico analysis utilizing a chemical global positioning system for natural products (ChemGPS-NP), it was suggested that these DKPs are potential anti-microtubule and alkylating agents, while staurosporine was proposed to be a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Our findings not only identified a series of anti-proliferative metabolites, but also suggested a strategic workflow for the future discovery of natural product drug leads.
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Li X, Guo T, Feng Q, Bai T, Wu L, Liu Y, Zheng X, Jia J, Pei J, Wu S, Song Y, Zhang Y. Progress of thrombus formation and research on the structure-activity relationship for antithrombotic drugs. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 228:114035. [PMID: 34902735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Many populations suffer from thrombotic disorders such as stroke, myocardial infarction, unstable angina and thromboembolic disease. Thrombus is one of the major threatening factors to human health and the prevalence of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases induced by thrombus is growing worldwide, even some persons got rare and severe blood clots after receiving the AstraZeneca COVID vaccine unexpectedly. In terms of mechanism of thrombosis, antithrombotic drugs have been divided into three categories including anticoagulants, platelet inhibitors and fibrinolytics. Nowadays, a large number of new compounds possessing antithrombotic activities are emerging in an effort to remove the inevitable drawbacks of previously approved drugs such as the high risk of bleeding, a slow onset of action and a narrow therapeutic window. In this review, we describe the causes and mechanisms of thrombus formation firstly, and then summarize these reported active compounds as potential antithrombotic candidates based on their respective mechanism, hoping to promote the development of more effective bioactive molecules for treating thrombotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoan Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China; Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Tiantian Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Qian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Tiantian Bai
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yubo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Xu Zheng
- Shaanxi Institute for Food and Drug, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Jianzhong Jia
- Shaanxi Institute for Food and Drug, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Jin Pei
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Shaoping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Yiming Song
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China.
| | - Yongmin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 8232, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
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Celik S, Yilmaz G, Ozel AE, Akyuz S. Structural and spectral analysis of anticancer active cyclo(Ala-His) dipeptide. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:660-672. [PMID: 32909514 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1817150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The theoretically possible most stable conformation of the cyclic dipeptide, which has a significant anticancer activity, was examined by conformational analysis method and then by DFT calculations. With DFT calculations, cyclo(Ala-His) dipeptide was found to be more stable in boat form than in planar conformation. Moreover, conformations of the dimeric forms of the title molecule were investigated. The dimeric forms of the cyclo(Ala-His) dipeptide were created by combining two identical cyclo(Ala-His) monomers, in lowest energy configuration and as a result three energetically possible dimeric structures were obtained. The solid phase FTIR and Raman spectra of cyclo(Ala-His) have been recorded. The spectra were interpreted with the aid of quantum chemical calculations based on density functional theory, using B3LYP and wb97xd methods with 6-311++G(d,p) basis set, in order to elucidate structural and spectral properties of the investigated molecule. Experimental vibrational spectra are found to be in accord with the simulated vibrational spectra. The assignment of the vibrational modes was performed depending on the calculated potential energy distribution (PED). In slico molecular docking of cyclo(Ala-His) was also carried out with DNA. The drug likeness and ADMET properties were analyzed for the prediction of pharmacokinetic profiles. The results revealed that the compound has the potential to be the leading molecule in the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sefa Celik
- Physics Department, Science Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gozde Yilmaz
- Alternative Energy Resources Program, Vocational School, Istanbul Kultur University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysen E Ozel
- Physics Department, Science Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevim Akyuz
- Physics Department, Science and Letters Faculty, Istanbul Kultur University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Frikha Dammak D, Zarai Z, Najah S, Abdennabi R, Belbahri L, Rateb ME, Mejdoub H, Maalej S. Antagonistic Properties of Some Halophilic Thermoactinomycetes Isolated from Superficial Sediment of a Solar Saltern and Production of Cyclic Antimicrobial Peptides by the Novel Isolate Paludifilum halophilum. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:1205258. [PMID: 28819625 PMCID: PMC5551467 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1205258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study has focused on the isolation of twenty-three halophilic actinomycetes from two ponds of different salinity and the evaluation of their ability to exert an antimicrobial activity against both their competitors and several other pathogens. From the 23 isolates, 18 strains showed antagonistic activity, while 19 showed activities against one or more of the seven pathogen strains tested. Six strains exhibited consistent antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens characterized at the physiological and molecular levels. These strains shared only 94-95% 16S rRNA sequence identity with the closely related species of the Thermoactinomycetaceae family. Among them, the potent strain SMBg3 was further characterized and assigned to a new genus in the family for which the name Paludifilum halophilum (DSM 102817T) is proposed. Sequential extraction of the antimicrobial compounds with ethyl acetate revealed that the crude extract from SMBg3 strain had inhibitory effect on the growth of the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens and the human pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Based on the HRESI-MS spectral data, the cyclic lipopeptide Gramicidin S and four cyclic dipeptides (CDPs) named cyclo(L-4-OH-Pro-L-Leu), cyclo(L-Tyr-L-Pro), cyclo(L-Phe-L-Pro), and cyclo(L-Leu-L-Pro) were detected in the fermentation broth of Paludifilum halophilum. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the isolation of these compounds from members of the Thermoactinomycetaceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donyez Frikha Dammak
- Unité Biodiversité et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques Environnementaux (UR/11ES/72), Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, BP 1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ziad Zarai
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, ENIS, BPW, 1173 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Soumaya Najah
- Institut de Biologie Integrative, UMR 9198, Université Paris-Sud, Bat 400, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Rayed Abdennabi
- Laboratory of Soil Biology, University of Neuchatel, 11 Rue Emile Argand, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Lassaad Belbahri
- Laboratory of Soil Biology, University of Neuchatel, 11 Rue Emile Argand, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Mostafa E. Rateb
- School of Science & Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK
| | - Hafedh Mejdoub
- Laboratoire des Biotechnologies Végétales Appliquées à l'Amélioration des Cultures, FSS, Université de Sfax, BP 1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sami Maalej
- Unité Biodiversité et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques Environnementaux (UR/11ES/72), Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, BP 1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
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Goedert JJ, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Xiao Q, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Ahn J, Shi J, Sinha R. Fecal metabolomics: assay performance and association with colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:2089-96. [PMID: 25037050 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomic analysis of feces may provide insights on colorectal cancer (CRC) if assay performance is satisfactory. In lyophilized feces from 48 CRC cases, 102 matched controls, and 48 masked quality control specimens, 1043 small molecules were detected with a commercial platform. Assay reproducibility was good for 527 metabolites [technical intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) >0.7 in quality control specimens], but reproducibility in 6-month paired specimens was lower for the majority of metabolites (within-subject ICC ≤0.5). In the CRC cases and controls, significant differences (false discovery rate ≤0.10) were found for 41 of 1043 fecal metabolites. Direct cancer association was found with three fecal heme-related molecules [covariate-adjusted 90th versus 10th percentile odds ratio (OR) = 17-345], 18 peptides/amino acids (OR = 3-14), palmitoyl-sphingomyelin (OR = 14), mandelate (OR = 3) and p-hydroxy-benzaldehyde (OR = 4). Conversely, cancer association was inverse with acetaminophen metabolites (OR <0.1), tocopherols (OR = 0.3), sitostanol (OR = 0.2), 3-dehydrocarnitine (OR = 0.4), pterin (OR = 0.3), conjugated-linoleate-18-2N7 (OR = 0.2), N-2-furoyl-glycine (OR = 0.3) and p-aminobenzoate (PABA, OR = 0.2). Correlations suggested an independent role for palmitoyl-sphingomyelin and a central role for PABA (which was stable over 6 months, within-subject ICC 0.67) modulated by p-hydroxy-benzaldehyde. Power calculations based on ICCs indicate that only 45% of metabolites with a true relative risk 5.0 would be found in prospectively collected, prediagnostic specimens from 500 cases and 500 controls. Thus, because fecal metabolites vary over time, very large studies will be needed to reliably detect associations of many metabolites that potentially contribute to CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Goedert
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-9704, USA, Information Management Services, 6110 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852, USA and Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, 650 First Avenue, #518, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Joshua N Sampson
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-9704, USA, Information Management Services, 6110 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852, USA and Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, 650 First Avenue, #518, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Steven C Moore
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-9704, USA, Information Management Services, 6110 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852, USA and Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, 650 First Avenue, #518, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Qian Xiao
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-9704, USA, Information Management Services, 6110 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852, USA and Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, 650 First Avenue, #518, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Xiaoqin Xiong
- Information Management Services, 6110 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852, USA and
| | - Richard B Hayes
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, 650 First Avenue, #518, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jiyoung Ahn
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, 650 First Avenue, #518, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-9704, USA, Information Management Services, 6110 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852, USA and Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, 650 First Avenue, #518, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Rashmi Sinha
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-9704, USA, Information Management Services, 6110 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852, USA and Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, 650 First Avenue, #518, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Nishanth SK, Nambisan B, Dileep C. Three bioactive cyclic dipeptides from the Bacillus sp. N strain associated with entomopathogenic nematode. Peptides 2014; 53:59-69. [PMID: 24291459 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In continuation of our search for new bioactive secondary metabolites from Bacillus cereus associated with entomopathogenic nematode (EPN), three cyclic dipeptides (CDPs), cyclo(L-Leu-D-Arg) (1), cyclo(2-hydroxy-Pro-L-Leu) (2), and cyclo(L-Val-L-Pro) (3) were purified from the ethyl acetate extract of B. cereus. The chemical structure of the compounds was identified by 1D, 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS. Cyclo(L-Leu-D-Arg) recorded best antifungal activity and the highest activity was recorded against Cryptococcus neoformans (1 μg/mL), which is better than the standard antifungal agent amphotericin B. MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was used for finding cell proliferation inhibition and cyclo(L-Leu-D-Arg) recorded significant activity against breast cancer cell line (MDAM-B231) (IC50 value: 25 μM) and the three cyclic dipeptides recorded no toxicity against normal human cell (fore skin (FS) normal fibroblast) up to 50 μM except cyclo(L-Val-L-Pro). Cyclo(L-Leu-D-Arg) induced significant morphological changes and DNA fragmentation associated with apoptosis in MDAM-B231 cells by acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining and flow cytometry analysis. Out of three cyclic dipeptides tested only cyclo(2-hydroxy-Pro-L-Leu) recorded significant antioxidant activity. The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of cyclo(2-hydroxy-Pro-L-Leu) is greater than BHA, the standard antioxidant agent. Cyclo(L-Leu-D-Arg) was isolated for the first time from a natural source with a d-arginine residue. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the bioactivity of the isolated cyclic dipeptides is reported against medically important fungi and cancer cells. This study is a significant contribution to the knowledge of cyclo(L-Leu-D-Arg) from B. cereus as potential sources of new drugs in the pharmacological industry, especially as potent antifungal and anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasidharan Kumar Nishanth
- Division of Crop Protection, Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Sreekariyam, Thiruvananthapuram 695017, India.
| | - Bala Nambisan
- Division of Crop Protection, Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Sreekariyam, Thiruvananthapuram 695017, India
| | - C Dileep
- Department of Botany, SD College, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
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Optimization of selected liposome-encapsulated diketopiperazines. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(14)50023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Li X, Hopmann KH, Hudecová J, Isaksson J, Novotná J, Stensen W, Andrushchenko V, Urbanová M, Svendsen JS, Bouř P, Ruud K. Determination of absolute configuration and conformation of a cyclic dipeptide by NMR and chiral spectroscopic methods. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:1721-36. [PMID: 23347158 DOI: 10.1021/jp311151h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Increasing precision of contemporary computational methods makes spectroscopies such as vibrational (VCD) and electronic (ECD) circular dichroism attractive for determination of absolute configurations (AC) of organic compounds. This is, however, difficult for polar, flexible molecules with multiple chiral centers. Typically, a combination of several methods provides the best picture of molecular behavior. As a test case, all possible stereoisomers with known AC (RS, SR, SS, and RR) of the cyclic dipeptide cyclo(Arg-Trp) (CAT) were synthesized, and the performances of the ECD, infrared (IR), VCD, Raman, Raman optical activity (ROA), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques for AC determination were investigated. The spectra were interpreted with the aid of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Folded geometries stabilized by van der Waals and electrostatic interactions between the diketopiperazine (DKP) ring and the indole group are predicted to be preferred for CAT, with more pronounced folding due to Arg-Trp stacking in the case of SS/RR-CAT. The RS/SR isomers prefer a twist-boat puckering of the DKP ring, which is relatively independent of the orientation of the side chains. Calculated conformer-averaged VCD and ECD spectra explain most of the experimentally observed bands and allow for AC determination of the tryptophan side-chain, whereas the stereochemical configuration of the arginine side-chain is visible only in VCD. NMR studies provide characteristic long-range (2)J(C,H) and (3)J(C,H) coupling constants, and nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) correlations, which in combination with either ECD or VCD also allow for complete AC determination of CAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Li
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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12
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Kumar SN, Nambisan B, Mohandas C. Purification and identification of two antifungal cyclic dipeptides from Bacillus cereus subsp. thuringiensis associated with a rhabditid entomopathogenic nematode especially against Fusarium oxysporum. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2013; 29:190-7. [PMID: 23402421 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2013.765414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell-free culture filtrate of Bacillus cereus subsp. thuringiensis associated with an entomopathogenic nematode (EPN), Rhabditis (Oscheius) sp., exhibited strong antimicrobial activity. The ethyl acetate extract of the bacterial culture filtrate was purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain two cyclic dipeptides (CDPs). The structure and absolute stereochemistry of this compound were determined based on extensive spectroscopic analyses (FABMS, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, (1)H-(1)H COSY, (1)H-(13)C HMBC) and Marfey's method. The compounds were identified as cyclo(D-Pro-L-Met) and cyclo(D-Pro-D-Tyr). CDPs showed significantly higher activity than the standard fungicide bavistin against agriculturally important fungi, viz., Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani and Penicillium expansum. The highest activity of 2 µg/ml by cyclo(D-Pro-D-Tyr) was recorded against F. oxysporum, a plant pathogen responsible for causing fusarium wilt followed by R. solani, a pathogen that causes root rot and P. expansum. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the isolation of these compounds from Rhabditis EPN bacterial strain Bacillus cereus subsp. thuringiensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nishanth Kumar
- Division of Crop Protection/Division of Crop Utilisation, Central Tuber Crops Research Institute , Sreekariyam, Thiruvananthapuram , India
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13
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Elkahoui S, Abdel rahim H, Tabbene O, Shaaban M, Limam F, Laatsch H. Cyclo-(His,Leu): A new microbial diketopiperazine from a terrestrialBacillus subtilisstrain B38. Nat Prod Res 2013; 27:108-16. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2012.660635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Wickrama Arachchilage AP, Wang F, Feyer V, Plekan O, Prince KC. Photoelectron spectra and structures of three cyclic dipeptides: PhePhe, TyrPro, and HisGly. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:124301. [PMID: 22462851 DOI: 10.1063/1.3693763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the electronic structure of three cyclic dipeptides: cyclo(Histidyl-Glycyl) (cHisGly), cyclo(Tyrosyl-Prolyl) (cTyrPro), and cyclo(Phenylalanyl-Phenylalanyl) (cPhePhe) in the vapor phase, by means of photoemission spectroscopy and theoretical modeling. The last compound was evaporated from the solid linear dipeptide, but cyclised, losing water to form cPhePhe in the gas phase. The results are compared with our previous studies of three other cyclopeptides. Experimental valence and core level spectra have been interpreted in the light of calculations to identify the basic chemical properties associated with the central diketopiperazine ring, and with the additional functional groups. The valence spectra are generally characterized by a restricted set of outer valence orbitals separated by a gap from most other valence orbitals. The theoretically simulated core and valence spectra of all three cyclic dipeptides agree reasonably well with the experimental spectra. The central ring and the side chains act as independent chromophores whose spectra do not influence one another, except for prolyl dipeptides, where the pyrrole ring is fused with the central ring. In this case, significant changes in the valence and core level spectra were observed, and explained by stronger hybridization of the valence orbitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoja P Wickrama Arachchilage
- eChemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia
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15
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Borthwick AD. 2,5-Diketopiperazines: synthesis, reactions, medicinal chemistry, and bioactive natural products. Chem Rev 2012; 112:3641-716. [PMID: 22575049 DOI: 10.1021/cr200398y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 606] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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16
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Li X, Hopmann KH, Hudecová J, Stensen W, Novotná J, Urbanová M, Svendsen JS, Bouř P, Ruud K. Absolute Configuration of a Cyclic Dipeptide Reflected in Vibrational Optical Activity: Ab Initio and Experimental Investigation. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:2554-63. [DOI: 10.1021/jp211454v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Li
- Centre for
Theoretical and Computational
Chemistry (CTCC), Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Jana Hudecová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences,
166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Wenche Stensen
- Lytix Biopharma AS, Tromsø Research
Park, N-9294 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jana Novotná
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, 166 28 Prague, Czech
Republic
| | - Marie Urbanová
- Department of
Physics and Measurements, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, 166 28 Prague, Czech
Republic
| | | | - Petr Bouř
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences,
166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kenneth Ruud
- Centre for
Theoretical and Computational
Chemistry (CTCC), Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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17
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Belin P, Moutiez M, Lautru S, Seguin J, Pernodet JL, Gondry M. The nonribosomal synthesis of diketopiperazines in tRNA-dependent cyclodipeptide synthase pathways. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:961-79. [DOI: 10.1039/c2np20010d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Manchineella S, Govindaraju T. Hydrogen bond directed self-assembly of cyclic dipeptide derivatives: gelation and ordered hierarchical architectures. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20342a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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19
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Wang SL, Ding J, Jiang B, Gao Y, Tu SJ. Microwave-assisted solvent-dependent reaction: chemoselective synthesis of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones, benzo[d]imidazoles and dipeptides. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2011; 13:572-7. [PMID: 21815688 DOI: 10.1021/co2001247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A microwave-assisted solvent-dependent chemoselective reaction dealing with 4-arylidene-2-phenyloxazol-5-ones and diverse ortho-diamines to achieve three types of molecular scaffolds, 3-benzylquinoxalin-2(1H)-ones, benzimidazole and β-amino dipeptides is reported. The procedures feature short reaction time, good to excellent yields, operational simplicity, as well as easily available starting materials. These compounds are of importance for organic chemistry and medicinal chemistry research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Liang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Xuzhou Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China
| | - Jie Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Xuzhou Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China
| | - Bo Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Xuzhou Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenzhen University, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Jiang Tu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Xuzhou Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China
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20
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Czapor H, Bielińska S, Kamysz W, Szyrwiel Ł, Brasuń J. The cyclopeptides with the multi-His motif as ligands for copper(II). J Inorg Biochem 2010; 105:297-302. [PMID: 21194631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The coordination properties of cyclic octapeptides with multi-His motif: c(His-Gly-His-Xaa-His-Gly-His-Xaa) where Xaa = Asp or Lys, were investigated. The binding abilities of this peptides towards Cu(II) ions were studied by using different analytic methods as: potentiometry, spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The obtained results show that the studied peptides in physiological related pH prefer formation of the species with the {4N(Im)} binding mode. The efficiency of Cu(II) binding depends on additional side chain groups Asp or Lys. Additionally the analysis of results for His containing cyclopeptides with different numbers of amino acid residues in cyclopeptide ring e.g. four, eight shows that in higher pH in both cases the binding by four amide nitrogens is not observed in the case of α-amino acid peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Czapor
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Wrocław Medical University, Szewska 38, 50-139 Wrocław, Poland
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21
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Arachchilage APW, Wang F, Feyer V, Plekan O, Prince KC. Correlation of electronic structures of three cyclic dipeptides with their photoemission spectra. J Chem Phys 2010; 133:174319. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3499740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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22
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Stereoselective ring contraction of 2,5-diketopiperazines: An innovative approach to the synthesis of promising bioactive 5-membered scaffolds. Bioorg Chem 2010; 38:210-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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23
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Brasun J, Matera-Witkiewicz A, Kamysz E, Kamysz W, Ołdziej S. The influence of the cyclopeptide sequence on its coordination abilities towards Cu(II). Polyhedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2010.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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25
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Xing J, Yang Z, Lv B, Xiang L. Rapid screening for cyclo-dopa and diketopiperazine alkaloids in crude extracts of Portulaca oleracea L. using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:1415-1422. [PMID: 18384195 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A simple and rapid qualitative liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method was developed and validated for screening cyclo-dopa and diketopiperazine alkaloids in crude extracts of Portulaca oleracea L. at sub-ppm levels. An electrospray ionization orbitrap mass spectrometer, which provides accurate full scan MS and MS/MS data, was used in this study. After simple extraction with ethanol and purification by AB-8 resin, the extracts were subjected to LC/MS/MS analysis. A high mass tolerance (10 ppm) was used in the initial screening to filter the full scan MS data. The cyclo-dopa and diketopiperazine alkaloid standards gave limits of detection (LODs) at or below 5 ng/mL. The results also indicated that the method had an acceptable precision for day-to-day use in the identification of compounds. The alkaloids could be identified based on their MS/MS data, elemental compositions, and retention behavior. This system was used to assay trace amounts of cyclo-dopa and diketopiperazine alkaloids in crude extracts of Portulaca oleracea L., leading to the identification of 5/2 confirmed/unconfirmed cyclo-dopa and 7/6 confirmed/unconfirmed diketopiperazine alkaloids, respectively. The screening method considerably reduces the time and cost involved in the identification of cyclo-dopa and diketopiperazine alkaloids in Portulaca oleracea L., as well as being a simple and convenient approach to the identification of other structural families of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xing
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
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26
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Focus on cyclo(His-Pro): history and perspectives as antioxidant peptide. Amino Acids 2007; 35:283-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-007-0629-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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Synthesis and Conformational Study of Ser and Cys Derivatives of N-Hydroxy Diketopiperazine. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2007. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2007.28.12.2414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Öztürk G, Gümgüm B, Kizil M, Emen S. Solvent-Free Synthesis of Nitrilotriacetamide and Diketopiperazines from Nitrilotriacetic Acid under Microwave Irradiation and Their Antimicrobial Activity. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910701572795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Sohn MJ, Hur GM, Byun HS, Kim WG. Cyclo(dehydrohistidyl-l-tryptophyl) inhibits nitric oxide production by preventing the dimerization of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 75:923-30. [PMID: 18061143 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Revised: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dimerization of inducible NOS has been known to be a potential therapeutic target for iNOS-mediated pathologies. Cyclic dipeptides are among the simplest peptides commonly found as by-products of food processing or metabolites of microorganisms. In this study, we found that cyclo(dehydrohistidyl-l-tryptophyl) (CDHT), a cyclic dipeptide from an unidentified fungal strain Fb956, prevents iNOS dimerization in activated microglial BV-2 cells. CDHT inhibited NO production with an IC50 of 6.5 microM in LPS-treated BV-2 cells. Western blot analysis and iNOS activity measurement of fractions from size-exclusion chromatography of cell lysates indicated that CDHT inhibits dimerization of iNOS, while it has no effect on iNOS expression or enzyme activity. The CDHT inhibition of iNOS dimerization was confirmed by partially denaturing SDS-PAGE analysis. In contrast, CDHT did not affect cGMP production in endothelial HUVEC cells, which indicates no inhibition of endothelial NOS activity. These results reveal that CDHT, one of the simplest and cyclic dipeptides, selectively inhibits NO production by inhibiting iNOS dimerization, and could be a useful therapeutic agent for inflammation-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Jin Sohn
- Functional Metabolites Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yusong, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
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30
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Anti-inflammatory activity of albumin. Crit Care Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000257246.40096.ba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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