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Michael OS, Kanthakumar P, Soni H, Rajesh Lenin R, Abhiram Jha K, Gangaraju R, Adebiyi A. Urotensin II system in chronic kidney disease. Curr Res Physiol 2024; 7:100126. [PMID: 38779598 PMCID: PMC11109353 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2024.100126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive and long-term condition marked by a gradual decline in kidney function. CKD is prevalent among those with conditions such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis. Affecting over 10% of the global population, CKD stands as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Despite substantial advances in understanding CKD pathophysiology and management, there is still a need to explore novel mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Urotensin II (UII), a potent vasoactive peptide, has garnered attention for its possible role in the development and progression of CKD. The UII system consists of endogenous ligands UII and UII-related peptide (URP) and their receptor, UT. URP pathophysiology is understudied, but alterations in tissue expression levels of UII and UT and blood or urinary UII concentrations have been linked to cardiovascular and kidney dysfunctions, including systemic hypertension, chronic heart failure, glomerulonephritis, and diabetes. UII gene polymorphisms are associated with increased risk of diabetes. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of UT mitigated kidney and cardiovascular disease in rodents, making the UII system a potential target for slowing CKD progression. However, a deeper understanding of the UII system's cellular mechanisms in renal and extrarenal organs is essential for comprehending its role in CKD pathophysiology. This review explores the evolving connections between the UII system and CKD, addressing potential mechanisms, therapeutic implications, controversies, and unexplored concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olugbenga S. Michael
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Praghalathan Kanthakumar
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hitesh Soni
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Raji Rajesh Lenin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kumar Abhiram Jha
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Rajashekhar Gangaraju
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Adebowale Adebiyi
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Yin L, Li N, Jia W, Wang N, Liang M, Shang J, Qiang G, Du G, Yang X. Urotensin receptor acts as a novel target for ameliorating fasting-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. Pharmacol Res 2022; 185:106468. [PMID: 36167277 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Urotensin receptor (UT) is a G-protein-coupled receptor, whose endogenous ligand is urotensin-II (U-II). Skeletal muscle mass is regulated by various conditions, such as nutritional status, exercise, and diseases. Previous studies have pointed out that the urotensinergic system is involved in skeletal muscle metabolism and function, but its mechanism remains unclear, especially given the lack of research on the effect and mechanism of fasting. In this study, UT receptor knockout mice were generated to evaluate whether UT has effects on fasting induced skeletal muscle atrophy. Furthermore, the UT antagonist palosuran (3, 10, 30mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered daily for 5 days to clarify the therapeutic effect of UT antagonism. Our results found the mice that fasted for 48hours exhibited skeletal muscle atrophy, accompanied by enhanced U-II levels in both skeletal muscles and blood. UT receptor knockout effectively prevented fasting-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. The UT antagonist ameliorated fasting-induced muscle atrophy in mice as determined by increased muscle strengths, weights, and muscle fiber areas (including fast, slow, and mixed types). In addition, the UT antagonist reduced skeletal muscle atrophic markers, including F-box only protein 32 (FBXO32) and tripartite motif containing 63 (TRIM63). Moreover, the UT antagonist was also observed to enhance PI3K/AKT/mTOR while inhibiting autophagy signaling. In summary, our study provides the first evidence that UT antagonism may represent a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of fasting-induced skeletal muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yin
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences,Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030032, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and New Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Na Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and New Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Weihua Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and New Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Nuoqi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and New Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Meidai Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and New Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jiamin Shang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and New Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guifen Qiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and New Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guanhua Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and New Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Xiuying Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and New Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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Lim CJ, Kim NH, Park HJ, Lee BH, Oh KS, Yi KY. Synthesis and SAR of 5-aryl-furan-2-carboxamide derivatives as potent urotensin-II receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:577-580. [PMID: 30611618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological evaluation as potential urotensin-II receptor antagonists of a series of 5-arylfuran-2-carboxamide derivatives 1, bearing a 4-(3-chloro-4-(piperidin-4-yloxy)benzyl)piperazin-1-yl group, are described. The results of a systematic SAR investigation of furan-2-carboxamides with C-5 aryl groups possessing a variety of aryl ring substituents led to identification of the 3,4-difluorophenyl analog 1y as a highly potent UT antagonist with an IC50 value of 6 nM. In addition, this substance was found to display high metabolic stability, and low hERG inhibition and cytotoxicity, and to have an acceptable PK profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Jo Lim
- Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, KRICT School, University of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nam Hui Kim
- Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, KRICT School, University of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Park
- Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, KRICT School, University of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Ho Lee
- Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Seok Oh
- Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, KRICT School, University of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Yang Yi
- Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, KRICT School, University of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Indole-2-carboxamide Derivatives as Potent Urotensin-II Receptor (UT) Antagonists. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Xu J, Han Q, Shi H, Liu W, Chu T, Li H. Role of PKA in the process of neonatal cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by urotensin II. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:499-504. [PMID: 28656205 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The model of urotensin II (UII)-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy has been widely used in studies on hypertrophy. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for UII-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy have not yet been fully elucidated. It has been demonstrated that cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by UII is associated with changes in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration. In the present study, we investigated whether the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA)‑mediated upregulation of the phosphorylation levels of phospholamban (PLN) at Ser16 contributes to UII-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. After primary cultures of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were exposed to UII for 48 h, cell size, protein/DNA contents and intracellular Ca2+ levels were detected. Western blot analysis was used to quantify the phosphorylated and total forms of PKA, PLN and the total amount of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA)2a. UII increased the cell size, the protein/DNA ratio and the intracellular Ca2+ levels, consistent with the characteristics of hypertrophic response. In addition, exposure to UII upregulated the phosphorylation levels of PKA, and the expression levels of its downstream proteins, PLN and SERCA2a. However, treatment with PKA inhibitor (KT-5720) reversed all these effects of UII. On the whole, our results suggest that UII induces cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through the PKA-mediated upregulation of PLN phosphorylation at Ser16, which provides a new experimental foundation for the prevention and/or treatment of cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Qinghua Han
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Hongtao Shi
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Chu
- Department of Cardiology, Linfen People's Hospital, Linfen, Shanxi 041000, P.R. China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
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The potential of novel peptides in the management of children with Congenital Heart Disease: Above and beyond the BNP. PROGRESS IN PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, Egea-Guerrero JJ, Vilches-Arenas Á, Quintanilla-Vázquez MJ, Murillo-Cabezas F, Muñoz-Sánchez MÁ. Comparison of two competitive enzyme immunoassay kits for quantification of plasma Urotensin-II in rats. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2017; 38:247-256. [DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2016.1250772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Kim MY, Ilyosbek S, Lee BH, Yi KY, Jung YS. A novel urotensin II receptor antagonist, KR-36676, prevents ABCA1 repression via ERK/IL-1β pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 803:174-178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Zhang H, Luo H, Sun J, Liu C, Tian Y, Chen H, Zhang C. Mild coronary artery stenosis has no impact on cardiac and vascular parameters in miniature swine exposed to positive acceleration stress. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2017; 17:713-8. [PMID: 25799013 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure of pilots' heart to acceleration-associated stress (+Gz stress) is an adverse effect of high-performance aviation. The occurrence of coronary heart diseases is one of the most frequent medical causes leading to cessation of flying. AIM To assess the effects of +Gz stress on coronary artery stenosis (CAS) in a minimally invasive miniature swine model with a fast recovery. METHODS The proximal left anterior descending branch was ligated in 20 swine using silk suture. CAS degree (mild, moderate, severe) was analyzed by quantitative computerized angiography. Five swine underwent a sham operation. +Gz stress exposure was performed and venous blood was collected before/after exposure. Plasma C-reactive protein (CRP), endothelin (ET)-1, angiotensin (Ang) II and urotensin 2 (U2) levels were measured. RESULTS CAS models were successful in 18 animals. Two swine exhibited ventricular fibrillation during the procedure and died. Plasma CRP, ET-1, Ang II and U2 changed significantly after maximal tolerated +Gz stress exposure (all P < 0.05). After maximal tolerated +Gz stress exposure, plasma CRP, ET-1, Ang II and U2 levels increased in the moderate and severe stenosis groups, compared with the sham group (all P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the mild stenosis group and the sham group (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The fully endoscopic operation method successfully generated animal models of different degrees of CAS. Plasma CRP, ET-1, Ang II and U2 levels increased after +Gz stress exposure with increasing CAS severity. Animals with mild stenosis showed no ill effect under +Gz stress, suggesting that pilots with mild stenosis might be allowed to continue flying, but it must be confirmed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Zhang
- aDepartment of Cardiology, Air Force Clinic Institution of Anhui Medical University bDepartment of Cardiology, General Hospital of Air Force, PLA cAnimal Experimental Center of Fuwai Hospital, National Heart Center of China, Beijing, China
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Benzo[ b ]thiophene-2-carboxamide derivatives as potent urotensin-II receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:4684-4686. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Freeman BM, Univers J, Fisher RK, Kirkpatrick SS, Klein FA, Freeman MB, Mountain DJH, Grandas OH. Testosterone replacement attenuates intimal hyperplasia development in an androgen deficient model of vascular injury. J Surg Res 2016; 207:53-62. [PMID: 27979488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen deficiency (AD) is associated with increased risk of vascular disease. Dysfunctional remodeling of the vessel wall and atypical proliferative potential of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are fundamental processes in the development of intimal hyperplasia (IH). We have demonstrated an inverse relationship between dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels, matrix metalloproteinase activity, and VSMC migration and proliferation in vitro. Here, we investigated the role of AD and testosterone (TST) replacement in IH development in an animal model of vascular injury to elucidate mechanisms modulated by AD that could be playing a role in the development of vascular pathogenesis. METHODS Aged orchiectomized male rats underwent TST supplementation via controlled release pellet (0.5-35 mg). Young adult and middle-age adult intact (MI) and orchiectomized placebo (Plac) groups served as controls. All groups underwent balloon angioplasty of the left common carotid at a 14-d post-TST. Carotid tissue was collected at a 14-d post-balloon angioplasty and subjected to morphologic and immunohistochemical analyses. Human male VSMCs were treated with DHT (0-3000 nM) for 24 h then subjected to quantitative PCR for gene expression analyses and costained for F-actin and G-actin for visualization of cytoskeletal organization. RESULTS I:M ratio was increased in Plac, subphysiological, low-physiological, and high pharmacologic level TST animals compared with MI controls but was decreased with high-physiological TST supplementation. Injury-induced expression of previously defined matrix metalloproteinase remodeling enzymes was not significantly affected by TST status. Urotensin (UTS) receptor (UTSR) staining was low in injured vessels of all young adult intact, MI, and Plac controls but was significantly upregulated in all groups receiving exogenous TST supplementation, irrespective of dose. In vitro DHT exposure increased the expression of UTSR in VSMCs in a dose-dependent manner. However, this did not correlate with any change in proliferative markers. F:G actin staining revealed that DHT-induced cytoskeletal organization in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS AD increased IH development in response to vascular injury, whereas physiological TST replacement attenuated this effect. AD-induced IH occurs independent of matrix remodeling mechanisms known to be heavily involved in vascular dysfunction, and AD alone does not affect the UTS and/or UTSR mechanism. Exogenous TST and/or DHT increases UTSR pathway signaling in vitro and in vivo. This modulation correlates to a shift in cytoskeletal organization and may exacerbate vasoconstrictive pathogenesis. While physiological TST replacement attenuates AD-modulated IH development, its UTS-mediated effect on vasotone may prove deleterious to overall vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Freeman
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Junior Univers
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Richard K Fisher
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Stacy S Kirkpatrick
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Frederick A Klein
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Michael B Freeman
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Deidra J H Mountain
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Oscar H Grandas
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee.
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Cadirci E, Halici Z, Yayla M, Toktay E, Bayir Y, Karakus E, Topcu A, Buyuk B, Albayrak A. Blocking of urotensin receptors as new target for treatment of carrageenan induced inflammation in rats. Peptides 2016; 82:35-43. [PMID: 27208703 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated possible role of U-II and its receptor expression in inflammation by using UTR agonist and antagonist in carrageenan induced acute inflammation. Rats were divided into 5 groups as (1) Healthy control, (2) Carrageenan control, (3) Carrageenan +Indomethacin 20mg/kg, orally, (4) Carrageenan +AC7954 (U-II receptor agonist, intraperitoneally) 30mg/kg and (5) Carrageenan +SB657510 (UTR antagonist, intraperitoneally) 30mg/kg. 1h after drug administration, carrageenan was injected. At the 3rd hour after carrageenan injection, agonist produced no effect while antagonist 63% anti-inflammatory effect respectively. UTR and UT-II expression increased in carrageenan induced paw tissue. Antagonist administration prevented the decrease in an antioxidant system and also capable to decrease TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expressions. This study showed the role of urotensin II receptors in the physiopathogenesis of acute inflammatory response that underlying many diseases accompanied by inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Cadirci
- Department of Pharmacology, Ataturk University Faculty of Medicine, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Zekai Halici
- Department of Pharmacology, Ataturk University Faculty of Medicine, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Muhammed Yayla
- Department of Pharmacology, Kafkas University Faculty of Medicine, 36240 Kars, Turkey
| | - Erdem Toktay
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ataturk University Faculty of Medicine, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Yasin Bayir
- Department of Biochemistry, Ataturk University Faculty of Pharmacy, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Emre Karakus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ataturk University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Atilla Topcu
- Department of Pharmacology, RTE University Faculty of Medicine, 53240 Rize, Turkey
| | - Basak Buyuk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, 19 Mart University, Faculty of Medicine, 25240 Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Abdulmecit Albayrak
- Department of Pharmacology, Ataturk University Faculty of Medicine, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
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Urotensin II induction of neonatal cardiomyocyte hypertrophy involves the CaMKII/PLN/SERCA 2a signaling pathway. Gene 2016; 583:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Luo SY, Chen S, Qin YD, Chen ZW. Urotensin-ⅡReceptor Antagonist SB-710411 Protects Rat Heart against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury via RhoA/ROCK Pathway. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146094. [PMID: 26771557 PMCID: PMC4714846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim SB-710411 is a rat selective urotensin-II (U-II) receptor antagonist, which can block U-II-induced contraction of the aorta and inhibit U-II-induced myocardial fibrosis in rats. However, the effect of SB-710411 on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is unclear. The present study was designed to investigate whether SB-710411 has a protective effect on myocardial I/R injury in rats and the possible mechanisms. Methods and Results Myocardial I/R injury was induced by occluding the left anterior descending coronary artery in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Hemodynamic parameters, electrocardiogram (ECG), infarct size, histological alteration, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine phosphokinase-MB (CK-MB), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), RhoA, and the protein expressions of U-II receptor (UTR), ROCK1 and ROCK2 were evaluated. Cardiac I/R injury significantly up-regulated the expressions of UTR, ROCK1 and ROCK2 proteins in rat myocardium. SB-710411 1.0 and 2.0 μg/kg significantly reduced cardiac I/R-induced the infarct size and histological damage in rat myocardium, markedly inhibited the changes of hemodynamic parameters and the increases of ST-segment in ECG, the serum LDH and CK-MB activities and cTnI level in rats subjected to myocardial I/R injury. Furthermore, SB-710411 obviously prevented myocardial I/R-increased RhoA activity and UTR, ROCK1 and ROCK2 protein expressions. Conclusions Our results indicate that cardiac I/R injury increases myocardial UTR expression, and SB-710411 has a potent protective effect on myocardial I/R injury in rats. The cardioprotection may be associated with the inhibition of UTR-RhoA/ROCK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yong Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui academy of medical sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Xinglin College of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yi-De Qin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhi-Wu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Lim CJ, Jang JY, Kim SH, Lee BH, Oh KS, Yi KY. 1,3,4-Thiadiazol-2-amine Derivatives as Urotensin-II Receptor (UT) Antagonists. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chae Jo Lim
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejeon 34114 Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology; University of Science and Technology; Daejeon 34113 Korea
| | - Ju Young Jang
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejeon 34114 Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology; University of Science and Technology; Daejeon 34113 Korea
| | - Sung Hwan Kim
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejeon 34114 Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology; University of Science and Technology; Daejeon 34113 Korea
| | - Byung Ho Lee
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejeon 34114 Korea
| | - Kwang-Seok Oh
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejeon 34114 Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology; University of Science and Technology; Daejeon 34113 Korea
| | - Kyu Yang Yi
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejeon 34114 Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology; University of Science and Technology; Daejeon 34113 Korea
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Lim CJ, Oh SA, Lee BH, Oh KS, Yi KY. Synthesis and SAR of thieno[3,2- b ]pyridinyl urea derivatives as urotensin-II receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5832-5835. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Chiu CZ, Wang BW, Shyu KG. Angiotensin II and the JNK pathway mediate urotensin II expression in response to hypoxia in rat cardiomyocytes. J Endocrinol 2014; 220:233-46. [PMID: 24481965 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte hypoxia causes cardiac hypertrophy through cardiac-restricted gene expression. Urotensin II (UII) cooperates with activating protein 1 (AP1) to regulate cardiomyocyte growth in response to myocardial injuries. Angiotensin II (AngII) stimulates UII expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and cardiac hypertrophy. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of UII, ROS, and AngII as well as their genetic transcription after hypoxia treatment in neonatal cardiomyocytes. Cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were subjected to hypoxia for different time periods. UII (Uts2) protein levels increased after 2.5% hypoxia for 4 h with earlier expression of AngII and ROS. Both hypoxia and exogenously added AngII or Dp44mT under normoxia stimulated UII expression, whereas AngII receptor blockers, JNK inhibitors (SP600125), JNK siRNA, or N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) suppressed UII expression. The gel shift assay indicated that hypoxia induced an increase in DNA-protein binding between UII and AP1. The luciferase assay confirmed an increase in transcription activity of AP1 to the UII promoter under hypoxia. After hypoxia, an increase in (3)H-proline incorporation in the cardiomyocytes and expression of myosin heavy chain protein, indicative of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, were observed. In addition, hypoxia increased collagen I expression, which was inhibited by SP600125, NAC, and UII siRNA. In summary, hypoxia in cardiomyocytes increases UII and collagen I expression through the induction of AngII, ROS, and the JNK pathway causing cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Zuan Chiu
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan, Republic of China Division of Cardiology, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, 95 Wen-Chang Road, Taipei 111, Taiwan, Republic of China College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, Republic of China
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18
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Hsu YH, Chen TH, Chen YC, Cheng CY, Sue YM, Chen JR, Chen CH. Urotensin II exerts antiapoptotic effect on NRK-52E cells through prostacyclin-mediated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and Akt activation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 381:168-74. [PMID: 23933501 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Urotensin II (UII) is a cyclic vasoactive peptide which is mainly expressed in kidneys. Although elevated plasma UII levels are associated with renal impairment, the influence of UII on renal injury is unclear. In this study, we monitored the influence of UII on gentamicin-induced apoptosis in rat tubular cells (NRK-52E). We found that UII significantly reduced gentamicin-induced apoptosis and apoptotic signals. Blocking endogenous UII secretion caused cells to be more susceptible to gentamicin. In gentamicin-treated mice, UII also expressed protective effect on renal tubular cells. UII was also found to induce prostacyclin (PGI2) production, which caused peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) activation as revealed by both PGI2 synthase siRNA transfection and piroxicam treatment. Blockage of PPARα by siRNA transfection inhibited UII-induced Akt phosphorylation and the antiapoptotic effect of UII. Our results suggest that UII can protect renal tubular cells from gentamicin-induced apoptosis through PGI2-mediated PPARα and Akt activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Ho Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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19
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Taylor SJ, Soleymanzadeh F, Muegge I, Akiba I, Taki N, Ueda S, Mainolfi E, Eldrup AB. Deconstruction of sulfonamide inhibitors of the urotensin receptor (UT) and design and synthesis of benzylamine and benzylsulfone antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2177-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.01.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Domínguez-Rodríguez A, Díaz I, Rodríguez-Moyano M, Calderón-Sánchez E, Rosado JA, Ordóñez A, Smani T. Urotensin-II signaling mechanism in rat coronary artery: role of STIM1 and Orai1-dependent store operated calcium influx in vasoconstriction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:1325-32. [PMID: 22223729 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.243014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human urotensin-II (UII) is considered the most potentendogenous vasoconstrictor discovered to date, although the precise mechanism activated downstream of its receptor UTS2R in blood vessels remains elusive. The aim of this study was to determine the role of the store operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) signaling pathway in UII-induced coronary artery vasoconstriction. METHODS AND RESULTS We used a combination of isometric tension measurement, Ca(2+) imaging, pharmacology, and molecular approaches to study UII-mediated rat coronary artery vasoconstriction and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in coronary smooth muscle cells. We found that UII promoted dose-dependent vasoconstriction and elicited Ca(2+) and Mn(2+) influx, which were sensitive to classical SOCE inhibitors. In addition, knockdown of either STIM1 or Orai1 essentially inhibited UII-mediated SOCE and prevented UII but not high-KCL evoked contraction in transfected coronary artery. Moreover, we found that Ca(2+)-independent phospholipase A(2)β was involved in UII effects and that is colocalized with STIM1 in different submembrane compartments. Importantly, STIM1 but not Orai1 downregulation inhibits significantly independent phospholipase A(2) activation. Furthermore, lysophosphatidylcholine, an independent phospholipase A(2) product, activated Orai1 but not STIM1-dependent contraction and SOCE. CONCLUSIONS Here, we demonstrated that different critical players of SOCE signaling pathway are required for UII-induced vasoconstriction of rat coronary artery.
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21
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Gao S, Yuan K, Shah A, Kim JS, Park WH, Kim SH. Suppression of high pacing-induced ANP secretion by antioxidants in isolated rat atria. Peptides 2011; 32:2467-73. [PMID: 22063193 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed as a natural by-product of the normal metabolism of oxygen and have important roles in cell signaling. The aim of this study was to investigate direct effects of ROS on atrial hemodynamics and ANP secretion in isolated perfused beating rat atria with antioxidants. When atria were paced at 1.2 Hz, N-acetyl cystein (antioxidant, NAC), α-lipoic acid (antioxidant), tempol (superoxide dismutase mimic), and apocynin (NADPH oxidase inhibitor; NOX inhibitor) did not affect ANP secretion and atrial contractility. When pacing frequency was increased from 1.2 Hz to 4 Hz, the ANP secretion increased and atrial contractility decreased. H(2)O(2) level was increased in perfusate obtained from atria stimulated by high pacing frequency. NAC, α-lipoic acid and tempol attenuated high pacing frequency-induced ANP secretion but apocynin did not. In contrast, pyrogallol (a superoxide generator) augmented high pacing frequency-induced ANP secretion. NOX-4 protein was increased by high pacing stimulation and in diabetic rat atria. In diabetic rat atria, high pacing frequency caused an increased ANP secretion and a decreased atrial contractility, that were markedly attenuated as compared to control rats. NAC and apocynin reduced high pacing frequency-induced ANP secretion in diabetic rat atria. These results suggest that intracellular ROS formation partly through an increasing NOX activity in response to high pacing frequency is associated with an increased ANP secretion in rat atria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gao
- Department of Physiology, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School, 2-20 Keum-Am-Dong-San, Jeonju 561-180, Republic of Korea
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22
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Tsoukas P, Kane E, Giaid A. Potential Clinical Implications of the Urotensin II Receptor Antagonists. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:38. [PMID: 21811463 PMCID: PMC3143724 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Urotensin II (UII) binds to its receptor, UT, playing an important role in the heart, kidneys, pancreas, adrenal gland, and central nervous system. In the vasculature, it acts as a potent endothelium-independent vasoconstrictor and endothelium-dependent vasodilator. In disease states, however, this constriction–dilation equilibrium is disrupted. There is an upregulation of the UII system in heart disease, metabolic syndrome, and kidney failure. The increase in UII release and UT expression suggest that UII system may be implicated in the pathology and pathogenesis of these diseases by causing an increase in acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase-1 (ACAT-1) activity leading to smooth muscle cell proliferation and foam cell infiltration, insulin resistance (DMII), as well as inflammation, high blood pressure, and plaque formation. Recently, UT antagonists such as SB-611812, palosuran, and most recently a piperazino-isoindolinone based antagonist have been developed in the hope of better understanding the UII system and treating its associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Tsoukas
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University Health Center Montreal, QC, Canada
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23
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Nitescu N, Grimberg E, Guron G. Urotensin-II receptor antagonism does not improve renal haemodynamics or function in rats with endotoxin-induced acute kidney injury. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2011; 37:1170-5. [PMID: 20880186 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2010.05449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1. Urotensin-II (U-II) is a vasoactive peptide that influences renal haemodynamics and kidney function. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of the selective U-II receptor antagonist, urantide, on renal haemodynamics, oxygenation and function in endotoxaemic rats. 2. Endotoxaemia was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by an intraperitoneal dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; Escherichia coli O127:B8, 7.5 mg/kg). At 16 h after endotoxin was given, renal clearance experiments were carried out in thiobutabarbital anaesthetized rats. Group 1, sham-saline; group 2, sham-urantide; group 3 LPS-saline; and group 4, LPS-urantide received isotonic saline or urantide (0.2 mg/kg bolus intravenously, followed by an infusion of 1.2 mg/kg/h throughout) after baseline measurements. Kidney function, renal blood flow (RBF), and cortical and outer medullary perfusion (laser-Doppler flowmetry) and oxygen tension (Clark-type microelectrodes) were analysed during 2 h of drug administration. 3. At baseline, endotoxaemic rats showed approximately 50% reductions in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and RBF (P < 0.05), a decline in cortical and outer medullary perfusion and pO(2) (P < 0.05), and a significant increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP; P < 0.05) compared with saline-injected controls. In sham animals, urantide in a dose that did not significantly influence MAP or RBF, increased GFR (P < 0.05 time × treatment interaction) and filtration fraction (P < 0.05 treatment effect). However, urantide had no statistically significant effects on any of the investigated variables in endotoxaemic rats. 4. These findings show that U-II, through the UT receptor, does not contribute to abnormalities in renal haemodynamics and function in endotoxaemic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Nitescu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Gao S, Oh YB, Shah A, Park WH, Chung MJ, Lee YH, Kim SH. Urotensin II receptor antagonist attenuates monocrotaline-induced cardiac hypertrophy in rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 299:H1782-9. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00438.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Urotensin II (UII) is a vasoactive peptide with potent cardiovascular effects through a G protein-coupled receptor. Hypoxia stimulates the secretion of UII and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). However, the effect of UII on hypoxia-induced cardiac hypertrophy is still controversial. The present study was conducted to determine whether human UII (hUII)-mediated ANP secretion influences hypoxia-induced cardiac hypertrophy using in vitro and in vivo models. Hypoxia caused an increase in ANP secretion and a decrease in atrial contractility in isolated perfused beating rat atria. hUII (0.01 and 0.1 nM) attenuated hypoxia-induced ANP secretion without changing the atrial contractility, and the hUII effect was mediated by the UII receptor signaling involving phospholipase C, inositol 1,3,4 trisphosphate receptor, and protein kinase C. Rats treated with monocrotaline (MCT, 60 mg/kg) showed right ventricular hypertrophy with increases in pulmonary arterial pressure and its diameter and plasma levels of UII and ANP that were attenuated by the pretreatment with an UII receptor antagonist, urantide. An acute administration of hUII (5 μM injection plus 2.5 μM infusion for 15 min) decreased the plasma ANP level in MCT-treated rats but increased the plasma ANP level in MCT plus urantide-treated and sham-operated rats. These results suggest that hUII may deteriorate MCT-induced cardiac hypertrophy mainly through a vasoconstriction of the pulmonary artery and partly through the suppression of ANP secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Myoung Ja Chung
- Pathology, Diabetic Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju; and
| | - Young-Ho Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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25
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Gruson D, Ginion A, Decroly N, Lause P, Vanoverschelde JL, Ketelslegers JM, Bertrand L, Thissen JP. Urotensin II induction of adult cardiomyocytes hypertrophy involves the Akt/GSK-3beta signaling pathway. Peptides 2010; 31:1326-33. [PMID: 20416349 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Urotensin II (UII) a potent vasoactive peptide is upregulated in the failing heart and promotes cardiomyocytes hypertrophy, in particular through mitogen-activated protein kinases. However, the regulation by UII of GSK-3beta, a recognized pivotal signaling element of cardiac hypertrophy has not yet been documented. We therefore investigated in adult cardiomyocytes, if UII phosphorylates GSK-3beta and Akt, one of its upstream regulators and stabilizes beta-catenin, a GSK-3beta dependent nuclear transcriptional co-activator. Primary cultures of adult rat cardiomyocytes were stimulated for 48h with UII. Cell size and protein/DNA contents were determined. Phosphorylated and total forms of Akt, GSK-3beta and the total amount of beta-catenin were quantified by western blot. The responses of cardiomyocytes to UII were also evaluated after pretreatment with the chemical phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase inhibitor, LY294002, and urantide, a competitive UII receptor antagonist. UII increased cell size and the protein/DNA ratio, consistent with a hypertrophic response. UII also increased phosphorylation of Akt and its downstream target GSK-3beta. beta-Catenin protein levels were increased. All of these effects of UII were prevented by LY294002, and urantide. The UII-induced adult cardiomyocytes hypertrophy involves the Akt/GSK-3beta signaling pathways and is accompanied by the stabilization of the beta-catenin. All these effects are abolished by competitive inhibition of the UII receptor, consistent with new therapeutic perspectives for heart failure treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gruson
- Université catholique de Louvain, Unit of Diabetes and Nutrition, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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26
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Ross B, McKendy K, Giaid A. Role of urotensin II in health and disease. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 298:R1156-72. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00706.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Urotensin II (UII) is an 11 amino acid cyclic peptide originally isolated from the goby fish. The amino acid sequence of UII is exceptionally conserved across most vertebrate taxa, sharing structural similarity to somatostatin. UII binds to a class of G protein-coupled receptor known as GPR14 or the urotensin receptor (UT). UII and its receptor, UT, are widely expressed throughout the cardiovascular, pulmonary, central nervous, renal, and metabolic systems. UII is generally agreed to be the most potent endogenous vasoconstrictor discovered to date. Its physiological mechanisms are similar in some ways to other potent mediators, such as endothelin-1. For example, both compounds elicit a strong vascular smooth muscle-dependent vasoconstriction via Ca2+ release. UII also exerts a wide range of actions in other systems, such as proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and cancer cells. It also 1) enhances foam cell formation, chemotaxis of inflammatory cells, and inotropic and hypertrophic effects on heart muscle; 2) inhibits insulin release, modulates glomerular filtration, and release of catecholamines; and 3) may help regulate food intake and the sleep cycle. Elevated plasma levels of UII and increased levels of UII and UT expression have been demonstrated in numerous diseased conditions, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, diabetes, renal failure, and the metabolic syndrome. Indeed, some of these reports suggest that UII is a marker of disease activity. As such, the UT receptor is emerging as a promising target for therapeutic intervention. Here, a concise review is given on the vast physiologic and pathologic roles of UII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Ross
- McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Adel Giaid
- McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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27
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Gao S, Shah A, Oh YB, Park WH, Kim SH. Urotensin II stimulates high frequency-induced ANP secretion via PLC-PI 3K-PKC pathway. Peptides 2010; 31:164-9. [PMID: 19896516 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Urotensin II (U-II) and its receptor are coexpressed in the heart and show various cardiovascular functions. However, the relationship between U-II and cardiac hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is still unknown. The aim of the present study is to test whether U-II affects ANP secretion using in vitro perfusion experiments and in vivo studies. Human U-II (hU-II) (10(-11), 5x10(-11), 10(-10), 5x10(-10)M) stimulated ANP secretion from isolated perfused rat atria paced with high frequency (6.0Hz). However, atrial contractility and translocation of extracellular fluid (ECF) did not change. An increase in ANP secretion by rat U-II was similar to that by hU-II; however, urotensin-related peptide showed no significant effect on ANP secretion. Pretreatment with urotensin receptor antagonist and inhibitor for phospholipase C (PLC), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), or protein kinase C (PKC) attenuated hU-II-induced ANP secretion from atria paced with high frequency, but an inhibitor for inositol triphosphate did not. Intravenous infusion of hU-II at a dose of 2.5microM for 20min increased plasma ANP level, along with increased heart rate and pulse pressure in anesthetized rats. Therefore, we suggest that U-II stimulates high stimulation frequency-induced ANP secretion partly through the urotensin receptor and the PLC/PI3K/PKC pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gao
- Department of Physiology, Diabetic Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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28
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Tran L, Kompa AR, Kemp W, Phrommintikul A, Wang BH, Krum H. Chronic urotensin-II infusion induces diastolic dysfunction and enhances collagen production in rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 298:H608-13. [PMID: 20008268 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00942.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The vasoactive peptide urotensin-II (U-II) is likely to play a key causal role in cardiac remodeling that ultimately leads to heart failure. Its contribution, specifically to the development of diastolic dysfunction and the downstream intracellular signaling, however, remains unresolved. This study interrogates the effect of chronic U-II infusion in normal rats on cardiac structure and function. The contribution of Rho kinase (ROCK) signaling to these pathophysiological changes is evaluated in cell culture studies. Chronic high-dose U-II infusion over 4 wk significantly impaired diastolic function in rats on echocardiography-derived Doppler indexes, including E-wave deceleration time (vehicle 56.7 +/- 3.3 ms, U-II 118.0 +/- 21.5 ms; P < 0.01) and mitral valve annulus peak early/late diastolic tissue velocity (vehicle 2.01 +/- 0.19 ms, U-II 1.04 +/- 0.25 ms; P < 0.01). A lower dose of U-II infusion (1 nmol.kg(-1).h(-1)) yielded comparable changes. Diastolic dysfunction was accompanied by molecular [significant increases in procollagen-alpha(1)(I) gene expression on real-time PCR] and morphological (increases in total collagen, P < 0.05, and collagen type-I protein deposition, P < 0.001) evidence of left ventricular (LV) fibrosis following high-dose U-II infusion. The ROCK inhibitor GSK-576371 (10(-7) to 10(-5) M) elicited concentration-dependent inhibition of U-II (10(-7) M)-stimulated cardiac fibroblast collagen synthesis and cardiac myocyte protein synthesis. Chronic U-II infusion causes diastolic dysfunction, caused by fibrosis of the LV. The in vitro data suggest that this may be in part occurring via a ROCK-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Tran
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Health Medical Research Council Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Bousette N, D'Orleans-Juste P, Kiss RS, You Z, Genest J, Al-Ramli W, Qureshi ST, Gramolini A, Behm D, Ohlstein EH, Harrison SM, Douglas SA, Giaid A. Urotensin II Receptor Knockout Mice on an ApoE Knockout Background Fed a High-Fat Diet Exhibit an Enhanced Hyperlipidemic and Atherosclerotic Phenotype. Circ Res 2009; 105:686-95, 19 p following 695. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.168799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bousette
- From the Division of Cardiology and Department of Medicine (N.B., R.S.K., Z.Y., J.G., W.A.-R., S.T.Q., A.G.), Montreal General Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada; Sherbrooke Institute of Pharmacology (P.D.-J.), Quebec, Canada; Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Cardiovascular and Urogenital-CEDD (D.B., E.H.O., S.A.D.), GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pa; the Department of Comparative Genomics (S.M.H.), GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, UK; and the Department of Physiology (A.G.),
| | - Pedro D'Orleans-Juste
- From the Division of Cardiology and Department of Medicine (N.B., R.S.K., Z.Y., J.G., W.A.-R., S.T.Q., A.G.), Montreal General Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada; Sherbrooke Institute of Pharmacology (P.D.-J.), Quebec, Canada; Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Cardiovascular and Urogenital-CEDD (D.B., E.H.O., S.A.D.), GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pa; the Department of Comparative Genomics (S.M.H.), GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, UK; and the Department of Physiology (A.G.),
| | - Robert S. Kiss
- From the Division of Cardiology and Department of Medicine (N.B., R.S.K., Z.Y., J.G., W.A.-R., S.T.Q., A.G.), Montreal General Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada; Sherbrooke Institute of Pharmacology (P.D.-J.), Quebec, Canada; Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Cardiovascular and Urogenital-CEDD (D.B., E.H.O., S.A.D.), GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pa; the Department of Comparative Genomics (S.M.H.), GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, UK; and the Department of Physiology (A.G.),
| | - Zhipeng You
- From the Division of Cardiology and Department of Medicine (N.B., R.S.K., Z.Y., J.G., W.A.-R., S.T.Q., A.G.), Montreal General Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada; Sherbrooke Institute of Pharmacology (P.D.-J.), Quebec, Canada; Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Cardiovascular and Urogenital-CEDD (D.B., E.H.O., S.A.D.), GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pa; the Department of Comparative Genomics (S.M.H.), GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, UK; and the Department of Physiology (A.G.),
| | - Jacques Genest
- From the Division of Cardiology and Department of Medicine (N.B., R.S.K., Z.Y., J.G., W.A.-R., S.T.Q., A.G.), Montreal General Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada; Sherbrooke Institute of Pharmacology (P.D.-J.), Quebec, Canada; Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Cardiovascular and Urogenital-CEDD (D.B., E.H.O., S.A.D.), GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pa; the Department of Comparative Genomics (S.M.H.), GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, UK; and the Department of Physiology (A.G.),
| | - Wisam Al-Ramli
- From the Division of Cardiology and Department of Medicine (N.B., R.S.K., Z.Y., J.G., W.A.-R., S.T.Q., A.G.), Montreal General Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada; Sherbrooke Institute of Pharmacology (P.D.-J.), Quebec, Canada; Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Cardiovascular and Urogenital-CEDD (D.B., E.H.O., S.A.D.), GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pa; the Department of Comparative Genomics (S.M.H.), GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, UK; and the Department of Physiology (A.G.),
| | - Salman T. Qureshi
- From the Division of Cardiology and Department of Medicine (N.B., R.S.K., Z.Y., J.G., W.A.-R., S.T.Q., A.G.), Montreal General Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada; Sherbrooke Institute of Pharmacology (P.D.-J.), Quebec, Canada; Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Cardiovascular and Urogenital-CEDD (D.B., E.H.O., S.A.D.), GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pa; the Department of Comparative Genomics (S.M.H.), GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, UK; and the Department of Physiology (A.G.),
| | - Anthony Gramolini
- From the Division of Cardiology and Department of Medicine (N.B., R.S.K., Z.Y., J.G., W.A.-R., S.T.Q., A.G.), Montreal General Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada; Sherbrooke Institute of Pharmacology (P.D.-J.), Quebec, Canada; Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Cardiovascular and Urogenital-CEDD (D.B., E.H.O., S.A.D.), GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pa; the Department of Comparative Genomics (S.M.H.), GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, UK; and the Department of Physiology (A.G.),
| | - David Behm
- From the Division of Cardiology and Department of Medicine (N.B., R.S.K., Z.Y., J.G., W.A.-R., S.T.Q., A.G.), Montreal General Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada; Sherbrooke Institute of Pharmacology (P.D.-J.), Quebec, Canada; Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Cardiovascular and Urogenital-CEDD (D.B., E.H.O., S.A.D.), GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pa; the Department of Comparative Genomics (S.M.H.), GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, UK; and the Department of Physiology (A.G.),
| | - Eliot H. Ohlstein
- From the Division of Cardiology and Department of Medicine (N.B., R.S.K., Z.Y., J.G., W.A.-R., S.T.Q., A.G.), Montreal General Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada; Sherbrooke Institute of Pharmacology (P.D.-J.), Quebec, Canada; Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Cardiovascular and Urogenital-CEDD (D.B., E.H.O., S.A.D.), GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pa; the Department of Comparative Genomics (S.M.H.), GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, UK; and the Department of Physiology (A.G.),
| | - Stephen M. Harrison
- From the Division of Cardiology and Department of Medicine (N.B., R.S.K., Z.Y., J.G., W.A.-R., S.T.Q., A.G.), Montreal General Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada; Sherbrooke Institute of Pharmacology (P.D.-J.), Quebec, Canada; Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Cardiovascular and Urogenital-CEDD (D.B., E.H.O., S.A.D.), GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pa; the Department of Comparative Genomics (S.M.H.), GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, UK; and the Department of Physiology (A.G.),
| | - Stephen A. Douglas
- From the Division of Cardiology and Department of Medicine (N.B., R.S.K., Z.Y., J.G., W.A.-R., S.T.Q., A.G.), Montreal General Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada; Sherbrooke Institute of Pharmacology (P.D.-J.), Quebec, Canada; Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Cardiovascular and Urogenital-CEDD (D.B., E.H.O., S.A.D.), GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pa; the Department of Comparative Genomics (S.M.H.), GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, UK; and the Department of Physiology (A.G.),
| | - Adel Giaid
- From the Division of Cardiology and Department of Medicine (N.B., R.S.K., Z.Y., J.G., W.A.-R., S.T.Q., A.G.), Montreal General Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada; Sherbrooke Institute of Pharmacology (P.D.-J.), Quebec, Canada; Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Cardiovascular and Urogenital-CEDD (D.B., E.H.O., S.A.D.), GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pa; the Department of Comparative Genomics (S.M.H.), GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, UK; and the Department of Physiology (A.G.),
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Lawson EC, Luci DK, Ghosh S, Kinney WA, Reynolds CH, Qi J, Smith CE, Wang Y, Minor LK, Haertlein BJ, Parry TJ, Damiano BP, Maryanoff BE. Nonpeptide Urotensin-II Receptor Antagonists: A New Ligand Class Based on Piperazino-Phthalimide and Piperazino-Isoindolinone Subunits. J Med Chem 2009; 52:7432-45. [PMID: 19731961 DOI: 10.1021/jm900683d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward C. Lawson
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - Diane K. Luci
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - Shyamali Ghosh
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - William A. Kinney
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - Charles H. Reynolds
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - Jenson Qi
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - Charles E. Smith
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - Yuanping Wang
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - Lisa K. Minor
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - Barbara J. Haertlein
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - Tom J. Parry
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - Bruce P. Damiano
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - Bruce E. Maryanoff
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
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Papadopoulos P, Bousette N, Al-Ramli W, You Z, Behm DJ, Ohlstein EH, Harrison SM, Douglas SA, Giaid A. Targeted overexpression of the human urotensin receptor transgene in smooth muscle cells: Effect of UT antagonism in ApoE knockout mice fed with Western diet. Atherosclerosis 2009; 204:395-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Chen YL, Liu JC, Loh SH, Chen CH, Hong CY, Chen JJ, Cheng TH. Involvement of reactive oxygen species in urotensin II-induced proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 593:24-9. [PMID: 18671962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Urotensin II, a cyclic dodecapeptide, has recently been demonstrated to play an important role in cardiac remodeling and fibrosis. Cardiac fibroblast is the cell type known to proliferate during cardiac fibrosis and to produce the excess matrix proteins characteristic of cardiac remodeling. However, the effect of urotensin II on cardiac fibroblast proliferation and the intracellular mechanisms remain to be clarified. Cultured neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts were stimulated with urotensin II, cell proliferation and the reactive oxygen species generation were examined. We also examined the effects of antioxidant pretreatment on urotensin II-induced cell proliferation, extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation, and the tyrosine phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor, to elucidate the redox-sensitive pathway in urotensin II-induced cell proliferation. Urotensin II-increased cell proliferation and intracellular reactive oxygen species levels which were inhibited by antioxidants N-acetylcysteine, and the flavin inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium. Urotensin II potently activated the tyrosine phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptors and extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Pretreatment of cells with U0126, an inhibitor of the upstream activator of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, or with AG1478, a selective epidermal growth factor receptor kinase inhibitor, reduced the urotensin II-increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation. Antioxidants, U0126, and AG1478, all significantly inhibited urotensin II-increased cell proliferation in cardiac fibroblasts. Our data suggest that the redox-sensitive intracellular signaling pathway plays a role in urotensin II-induced proliferation in rat cardiac fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ling Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Palosuran inhibits binding to primate UT receptors in cell membranes but demonstrates differential activity in intact cells and vascular tissues. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 155:374-86. [PMID: 18587423 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The recent development of the UT ligand palosuran (1-[2-(4-benzyl-4-hydroxy-piperidin-1-yl)-ethyl]-3-(2-methyl-quinolin-4-yl)-urea sulphate salt) has led to the proposition that urotensin-II (U-II) plays a significant pathological role in acute and chronic renal injury in the rat. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In the present study, the pharmacological properties of palosuran were investigated further using a series of radioligand binding and functional bioassays. KEY RESULTS Palosuran functioned as a 'primate-selective' UT ligand in recombinant cell membranes (monkey and human UT K(i) values of 4 +/- 1 and 5 +/- 1 nM), lacking appreciable affinity at other mammalian UT isoforms (rodent and feline K(i) values >1 microM). Paradoxically, however, palosuran lost significant (10- to 54-fold) affinity for native and recombinant human UT when radioligand binding was performed in intact cells (K(i) values of 50 +/- 3 and 276 +/- 67 nM). In accordance, palosuran also exhibited diminished activity in hUT (human urotensin-II receptor)-CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cells (IC50 323 +/- 67 nM) and isolated arteries (K(b)>10 microM in rat aorta; K(b)>8.5 microM in cat arteries; K(b)>1.6 microM in monkey arteries; K(b) 2.2 +/- 0.6 microM in hUT transgenic mouse aorta). Relative to recombinant binding K(i) values, palosuran was subjected to a 392- to 690-fold reduction in functional activity in monkey isolated arteries. Such phenomena were peculiar to palosuran and were not apparent with an alternative chemotype, SB-657510 (2-bromo-N-[4-chloro-3-((R)-1-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yloxy)-phenyl]-4,5-dimethoxybenzenesulphonamide HCl). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Collectively, such findings suggest that caution should be taken when interpreting data generated using palosuran. The loss of UT affinity/activity observed in intact cells and tissues cf. membranes offers a potential explanation for the disappointing clinical efficacy reported with palosuran in diabetic nephropathy patients. As such, the (patho)physiological significance of U-II in diabetic renal dysfunction remains uncertain.
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