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Sun Y, Tisdale RK, Yamashita A, Kilduff TS. Peripheral vs. core body temperature as hypocretin/orexin neurons degenerate: Exercise mitigates increased heat loss. Peptides 2023; 164:171002. [PMID: 36963505 PMCID: PMC10337601 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Hypocretins/Orexins (Hcrt/Ox) are hypothalamic neuropeptides implicated in diverse functions, including body temperature regulation through modulation of sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone. In the current study, we measured subcutaneous (Tsc) and core (Tb) body temperature as well as activity in a conditional transgenic mouse strain that allows the inducible ablation of Hcrt/Ox-containing neurons by removal of doxycycline (DOX) from their diet (orexin-DTA mice). Measurements were made during a baseline, when mice were being maintained on food containing DOX, and over 42 days while the mice were fed normal chow which resulted in Hcrt/Ox neuron degeneration. The home cages of the orexin-DTA mice were equipped with running wheels that were either locked or unlocked. In the presence of a locked running wheel, Tsc progressively decreased on days 28 and 42 in the DOX(-) condition, primarily during the dark phase (the major active period for rodents). This nocturnal reduction in Tsc was mitigated when mice had access to unlocked running wheels. In contrast to Tsc, Tb was largely maintained until day 42 in the DOX(-) condition even when the running wheel was locked. Acute changes in both Tsc and Tb were observed preceding, during, and following cataplexy. Our results suggest that ablation of Hcrt/Ox-containing neurons results in elevated heat loss, likely through reduced sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone, and that exercise may have some therapeutic benefit to patients with narcolepsy, a disorder caused by Hcrt/Ox deficiency. Acute changes in body temperature may facilitate prediction of cataplexy onset and lead to interventions to mitigate its occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
| | - Ryan K Tisdale
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Akira Yamashita
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; Department of Physiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Thomas S Kilduff
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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Maruyama T, Ueta Y. Internal and external modulation factors of the orexin system (REVIEW). Peptides 2023; 165:171009. [PMID: 37054895 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Orexin-A and -B (identical to hypocretin-1 and -2) are neuropeptides synthesized in the lateral hypothalamus and perifornical area, and orexin neurons project their axon terminals broadly throughout the entire central nervous system (CNS). The activity of orexins is mediated by two specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), termed orexin type1 receptor (OX1R) and orexin type2 receptor (OX2R). The orexin system plays a relevant role in various physiological functions, including arousal, feeding, reward, and thermogenesis, and is key to human health. Orexin neurons receive various signals related to environmental, physiological, and emotional stimuli. Previous studies have reported that several neurotransmitters and neuromodulators influence the activation or inhibition of orexin neuron activity. In this review, we summarize the modulating factors of orexin neurons in the sleep/wake rhythm and feeding behavior, particularly in the context of the modulation of appetite, body fluids, and circadian signaling. We also describe the effects of life activity, behavior, and diet on the orexin system. Some studies have observed phenomena that have been verified in animal experiments, revealing the detailed mechanism and neural pathway, while their applications to humans is expected in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Maruyama
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan.
| | - Yoichi Ueta
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
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Rotondo M, Honisch C, Tartaggia S, Ruzza P. Circular Dichroism Study of Orexin B under Oxidative Stress Conditions. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020484. [PMID: 36677542 PMCID: PMC9863598 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptides orexin A and B regulate various vital functions of the body, such as sleep/wake states, metabolism, and energy homeostasis. A loss of their physiological activity, with reduced ability to recognize their receptors, is suspected to be associated with oxidative stress conditions. These are related to excessive presence of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, as well as of reactive lipoxidation byproducts. With the aim of evaluating the effects of oxidative stress on the secondary structure of orexin peptides, orexin B was synthesized and characterized by circular dichroism spectroscopy under different conditions. In aqueous solution it presents an unordered conformation, while in a membrane mimetic environment it assumes a helical structure. The effects of oxidative stress were evaluated exposing it to both oxygen and nitrogen radicals as well as to lipoxidation byproducts. The results showed that ROS, but not NRS, induced appreciable conformational changes, and only in the membrane mimetic environment. Lipoxidation byproducts, instead, led to secondary structure modifications much more evident than those induced by the direct action of ROS and RNS, and in both analyzed media. Additionally, MALDI-TOF analyses detected mass variations in the peptide attributable to oxidation of the C-terminal Met residue and deamination of asparagine in the Asn-His sequence. Taken together, all these data seem to confirm the involvement of oxidative processes in dysfunctions of the orexinergic system.
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Chen PY, Chiu CC, Hsieh TH, Liu YR, Chen CH, Huang CY, Lu ML, Huang MC. The relationship of antipsychotic treatment with reduced brown adipose tissue activity in patients with schizophrenia. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 142:105775. [PMID: 35594830 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antipsychotic drug (APD) treatment has been associated with metabolic abnormalities. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is the main site of adaptive thermogenesis and secretes various metabolism-improving factors known as batokines. We explored the association of BAT activity with APD treatment and metabolic abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia by measuring the blood levels of bone morphogenetic protein 8b (BMP8b), a batokine secreted by mature BAT. METHODS BMP8b levels were compared among 50 drug-free, 32 aripiprazole-treated, and 91 clozapine-treated patients with schizophrenia. Regression analysis was used to explore factors, including APD types, that might be associated with BMP8b levels and the potential effect of BMP8b on metabolic syndrome (MS). RESULTS APD-treated patients had decreased BMP8b levels relative to drug-free patients. The difference still existed after adjustment for body mass index and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores. Among APD-treated group, clozapine was associated with even lower BMP8b levels than the less obesogenic APD, aripiprazole. Furthermore, higher BMP8b levels were associated with lower risks of MS after adjustment for BMI and APD treatment. CONCLUSION Using drug-free patients as the comparison group to understand the effect of APDs, this is the first study to show APD treatment is associated with reduced BAT activity that is measured by BMP8b levels, with clozapine associated a more significant reduction than aripiprazole treatment. BMP8b might have a beneficial effect against metabolic abnormalities and this effect is independent of APD treatment. Future studies exploring the causal relationship between APD treatment and BMP8b levels and the underlying mechanisms are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychology, National Cheng-chi University, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chiang Chiu
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Han Hsieh
- Joint Biobank, Office of Human Research, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ru Liu
- Joint Biobank, Office of Human Research, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsin Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cho-Yin Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mong-Liang Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chyi Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; Psychiatric Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, 110 Taipei, Taiwan.
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Orexin-a elevation in antipsychotic-treated compared to drug-free patients with schizophrenia: A medication effect independent of metabolic syndrome. J Formos Med Assoc 2022; 121:2172-2181. [PMID: 35396156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Orexin-A levels are reportedly increased in antipsychotic (APD)-treated patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls and have been associated with metabolic abnormalities. It is not clear whether the orexin-A elevation is related specifically to the drug (APDs) effect, which should be clarified by including a drug-free group for comparison, or related to drug-induced metabolic abnormalities. METHODS Blood orexin-A levels and metabolic profiles were compared between 37 drug-free, 45 aripiprazole-treated, and 156 clozapine-treated patients with schizophrenia. The association between orexin-A and metabolic outcomes were examined. We explored the effects of APDs treatment and metabolic status on orexin-A levels by linear regression. RESULTS Patients under APDs treatment had increased orexin-A levels compared to drug-free patients, with aripiprazole-treated group having higher orexin-A levels than clozapine-treated group. Higher orexin-A levels reduced the risks of metabolic syndrome (MS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus, indicating a relationship between orexin-A levels and metabolic problems. After adjusting the effect from metabolic problems, we found APD treatment is still associated with orexin-A regulation, with aripiprazole more significantly than clozapine. CONCLUSION With the inclusion of drug-free patients rather than healthy controls for comparison, we demonstrated that orexin-A is upregulated following APD treatment even after we controlled the potential effect from MS, suggesting an independent effect of APDs on orexin-A levels. Furthermore, the effect differed between APDs with dissimilar obesogenicity, i.e. less obesogenicity likely associated with higher orexin-A levels. Future prospective studies exploring the causal relationship between APDs treatment and orexin-A elevation as well as the underlying mechanisms are warranted.
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Polito R, Valenzano A, Monda V, Cibelli G, Monda M, Messina G, Villano I, Messina A. Heart Rate Variability and Sympathetic Activity Is Modulated by Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19042253. [PMID: 35206443 PMCID: PMC8872337 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by an energy imbalance and by the accumulation of visceral adipose tissue. The energy balance is controlled by a complex set of balanced physiological systems that provide hunger and satiety signals to the brain and regulate the body’s ability to consume energy. The central nervous system controls the metabolic state, influencing the activity of other systems and receiving information from them. Heart rate variability (HRV) is the natural variability of the heart rate in response to several factors. HRV is related to the interaction between the SNS and the parasympathetic. In the light of this evidence, the aim of this study is to investigate the possible effects of the two different dietary regimens such as very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) vs. low caloric diet (LCD), on the functions of the nervous system, with particular attention to the autonomous control of heart rate variability (HRV). A total of 26 obese subjects underwent diet therapy in order to reduce body weight; they were also randomly divided into two groups: the VLCKD group and the LCD group. Our results showed that in both groups, there is a reduction in heart rate as an indicator of sympathetic activity; we found a statistically significant variation only in the VLCKD group. Therefore, this study supports the notion that the sympathovagal balance can be modulated by a specific diet, but further studies are needed to clarify the molecular pathway undergoing this modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Polito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (R.P.); (A.V.); (G.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Anna Valenzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (R.P.); (A.V.); (G.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.M.); (M.M.); (I.V.)
| | - Giuseppe Cibelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (R.P.); (A.V.); (G.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.M.); (M.M.); (I.V.)
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (R.P.); (A.V.); (G.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Ines Villano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.M.); (M.M.); (I.V.)
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.M.); (M.M.); (I.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-5665891
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Effects of Mixed of a Ketogenic Diet in Overweight and Obese Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312490. [PMID: 34886216 PMCID: PMC8656706 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a commonly occurring endocrine disorder characterized by hirsutism, anovulation, and polycystic ovaries. Often comorbid with insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and obesity, it also carries significant risk for the development of cardiovascular and metabolic sequelae, including diabetes and metabolic syndrome. The relationship between central obesity and the development of insulin resistance is widely verified. Adipose tissue excess and the coexistent dysregulation of adipocyte functions directly contribute to the pathogenesis of the metabolic complications observed in women with PCOS. In the light of these evidence, the most therapeutic option prescribed to obese women with PCOS, regardless of the phenotype e from the severity of clinical expression, is lifestyle correction by diet and physical activity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the beneficial effects of ketogenic diet in 17 obese women with PCOS. Our results showed that the ketogenic diet inducing therapeutic ketosis, improves the anthropometric and many biochemical parameters such as LH, FSH, SHBG, insulin sensitivity and HOMA index. In addition, it induces a reduction in androgenic production, whereas the contextual reduction of fat mass reduced the acyclic production of estrogens deriving from the aromatization in the adipose tissue of the androgenic excess, with an improvement of the LH/FSH ratio. This is the first study on the effects of the ketogenic diet on PCOS, however, further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism underlying ketogenic diet effects.
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The Role of Very Low Calorie Ketogenic Diet in Sympathetic Activation through Cortisol Secretion in Male Obese Population. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10184230. [PMID: 34575351 PMCID: PMC8470486 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10184230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is considered an endocrine organ, and its excess compromises the immune response and metabolism of hormones and nutrients. Furthermore, the accumulation of visceral fat helps to increase the synthesis of cortisol. The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a neuroendocrine system involved in maintaining homeostasis in humans under physiological conditions and stress, and cortisol is the main hormone of the HPA axis. It is known that a stress-induced diet and cortisol reactivity to acute stress factors may be related to dietary behavior. In obesity, to reduce visceral adipose tissue, caloric restriction is a valid strategy. In light of this fact, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of a commercial dietary ketosis program for weight loss on the sympathetic nervous system and HPA axis, through evaluation of salivary cortisol and GSR levels. Thirty obese subjects were recruited and assessed before and after 8 weeks of Very Low Calorie Ketogenic Diet (VLCKD) intervention to evaluate body composition and biochemical parameters. Salivary cortisol levels and GSR significantly decreased after dietary treatment; in addition, body composition and biochemical features were ameliorated. The VLCKD had a short-term positive effect on the SNS and HPA axes regulating salivary cortisol levels. Finally, the effects of the VLCKD on the SNS and HPA axis may lead to more individualized treatment strategies that integrate obesity and stress and support the usefulness of such therapeutic interventions in promoting the reduction of the individual disease burden.
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Polito R, Valenzano A, Scarinci A, Villano I, Monda M, Messina A, Cibelli G, Porro C, La Torre E, Pisanelli D, Moscatelli F, Messina G, Monda V. Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet Modulates the Autonomic Nervous System Activity through Salivary Amylase in Obese Population Subjects. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168475. [PMID: 34444230 PMCID: PMC8393849 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In obesity, to reduce visceral adipose tissue (VAT), caloric restriction is a valid strategy. Salivary amylase is an enzyme that cleaves large starch carbohydrates molecules and its production is modulated by the central nervous system. In addition, heart rate variability (HRV) is simply a measure of the variation in time between each heartbeat. This variation is controlled by the autonomic nervous system. In the light of this evidence, the aim of this study is to characterize the effect of a very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) on the autonomic nervous system in obese patients. Twenty subjects affected by obesity were recruited before and after 8 weeks of VLCKD intervention to evaluate salivary amylase by the ELISA test and HRV analysis. These parameters significantly increased after dietary treatment, and positively correlate to each other. VLCKD exerts a positive effect on salivary amylase and HRV, ameliorating body composition and biochemical features. In brief, this dietary intervention improves the autonomic nervous system activity. This is the first study about the effects of VLCKD upon the autonomic nervous system, but further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism undergone VLCKD effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Polito
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (A.V.); (G.C.); (C.P.); (E.L.T.); or (D.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Anna Valenzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (A.V.); (G.C.); (C.P.); (E.L.T.); or (D.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Alessia Scarinci
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Ines Villano
- Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (I.V.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (I.V.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (I.V.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Cibelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (A.V.); (G.C.); (C.P.); (E.L.T.); or (D.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Chiara Porro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (A.V.); (G.C.); (C.P.); (E.L.T.); or (D.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Ester La Torre
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (A.V.); (G.C.); (C.P.); (E.L.T.); or (D.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Daniela Pisanelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (A.V.); (G.C.); (C.P.); (E.L.T.); or (D.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Fiorenzo Moscatelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (A.V.); (G.C.); (C.P.); (E.L.T.); or (D.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (A.V.); (G.C.); (C.P.); (E.L.T.); or (D.P.); (F.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-088-1588-095
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (I.V.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (V.M.)
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Chen PY, Chen CH, Chang CK, Kao CF, Lu ML, Lin SK, Huang MC, Hwang LL, Mondelli V. Orexin-A Levels in Relation to the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Schizophrenia Taking Antipsychotics. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 22:28-36. [PMID: 30204875 PMCID: PMC6313111 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyy075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of orexin-A in regulating metabolic homeostasis has been recognized, but its association with antipsychotic-induced metabolic abnormalities remains unclear. We investigated the association between orexin-A levels and metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia treated with clozapine or less obesogenic antipsychotics compared with nonpsychiatric controls. METHODS Plasma orexin-A levels and metabolic parameters were determined in 159 patients with schizophrenia: 109 taking clozapine; 50 taking aripiprazole, amisulpride, ziprasidone, or haloperidol; and 60 nonpsychiatric controls. RESULTS Orexin-A levels were significantly higher in the group taking less obesogenic antipsychotics, followed by the clozapine group and the controls (F=104.6, P<.01). Higher orexin-A levels were correlated with better metabolic profiles in the patient groups but not in the controls. Regression analyses revealed that the patients with higher orexin-A levels had significantly lower risk of metabolic syndrome (adjusted odds ratio [OR]=0.04, 95% CI: 0.01-0.38 for the 2nd tertile; OR=0.04, 95% CI: 0.01-0.36 for the 3rd tertile, compared with the first tertile), after adjustment for age, sex, smoking history, types of antipsychotics (clozapine vs less obesogenic antipsychotics), duration of antipsychotic treatment, and disease severity. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed that the orexin-A level was upregulated in patients with schizophrenia treated with antipsychotics, especially for the group taking less obesogenic antipsychotics. Furthermore, higher orexin-A levels were independently associated with better metabolic profiles. These observations suggest that an upregulation of orexin-A has a protective effect against the development of metabolic abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia receiving antipsychotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chun-Hsin Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan,Department of Psychiatry, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Kuo Chang
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom,Department of Health and Welfare, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Feng Kao
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mong-Liang Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan,Department of Psychiatry, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ku Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chyi Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan,Psychiatric Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital,Correspondence: Ming-Chyi Huang, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, 309 Song-de Road, Taipei 110, Taiwan (); and Ling-Ling Hwang, PhD, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan ()
| | - Ling-Ling Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan,Correspondence: Ming-Chyi Huang, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, 309 Song-de Road, Taipei 110, Taiwan (); and Ling-Ling Hwang, PhD, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan ()
| | - Valeria Mondelli
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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Monda V, Salerno M, Sessa F, Bernardini R, Valenzano A, Marsala G, Zammit C, Avola R, Carotenuto M, Messina G, Messina A. Functional Changes of Orexinergic Reaction to Psychoactive Substances. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6362-6368. [PMID: 29307079 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0865-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly apparent the importance of the central nervous system (CNS) as the major contributor to the regulation of systemic metabolism. Antipsychotic drugs are used often to treat several psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder However, antipsychotic drugs prescription, particularly the second-generation ones (SGAs), such as clozapine and olanzapine, is related to a considerable weight gain which usually leads to obesity. The aim of this paper is to assess the influence of orexin A on sympathetic and hyperthermic reactions to several neuroleptic drugs. Orexin A is a neuropeptide which effects both body temperature and food intake by increasing sympathetic activity. Orexin A-mediated hyperthermia is reduced by haloperidol and is blocked by clozapine and olanzapine. Orexin A-mediated body temperature elevation is increased by risperidone. These hyperthermic effects are delayed by quietapine. In this paper, it is discussed the orexinergic pathway activation by neuroleptic drugs and its influence on human therapeutic strategies. With the aim to determine that neuroleptic drugs mediate body temperature control through to the orexinergic system, we summarized our previously published data. Psychiatric disorders increase the risk of developing metabolic disorders (e.g., weight gain, increased blood pressure, and glucose or lipid levels). Therefore, the choice of antipsychotic drug to be prescribed, based on the relevant risks and benefits of each individual drug, has an essential role in human health prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Salerno
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 1, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesco Sessa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 1, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Renato Bernardini
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Anna Valenzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 1, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gabriella Marsala
- Struttura Complessa di Farmacia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Ospedali Riuniti di Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Christian Zammit
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Roberto Avola
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Carotenuto
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 1, 71122, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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12
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Monda V, Salerno M, Fiorenzo M, Villano I, Viggiano A, Sessa F, Triggiani AI, Cibelli G, Valenzano A, Marsala G, Zammit C, Ruberto M, Messina G, Monda M, De Luca V, Messina A. Role of Sex Hormones in the Control of Vegetative and Metabolic Functions of Middle-Aged Women. Front Physiol 2017; 8:773. [PMID: 29046646 PMCID: PMC5632804 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: In women's life, menopause is characterized by significant physiological changes often associated with an increase in body mass and obesity-associated sicknesses. Numerous researches described interdependencies of estrogen deficiency, aging, and resting energy expenditure (REE) downfall in the obesity correlated with the menopause. The aim of this study was to determining whether healthy, obese menopausal women underwent HRT treatment, showed changes in their REE, autonomic asset, and assessment of oxidative stress in comparison with obese pre- and post-menopausal women. Methodology: In this study, we measured the body composition, the REE, the oxidative stress, the diet assimilation, and the autonomic nervous system activity in three groups: pre-menopause women (n = 50), post-menopause women following hormone-replacement therapy (HRT; n = 50), and post-menopause women not following HRT (n = 50). Results: In the group with HRT a significant increase of the sympathetic activity and REE was described. Finally this group showed a notable increment of oxidative stress compared with the others, and utilizing BIA instrument, the free fat mass was increased respect to the fat mass of obese women. Conclusion: The study highlights the importance of the HRT-related physiological changes that influence body weight in menopause women. This results are important because have a practical implications for prevention and/or treatment of the obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Salerno
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Moscatelli Fiorenzo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Ines Villano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Viggiano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Francesco Sessa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonio I Triggiani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cibelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Anna Valenzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gabriella Marsala
- Struttura Complessa di Farmacia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Foggia, Italy
| | - Christian Zammit
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Maria Ruberto
- Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Luca
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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13
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Chieffi S, Carotenuto M, Monda V, Valenzano A, Villano I, Precenzano F, Tafuri D, Salerno M, Filippi N, Nuccio F, Ruberto M, De Luca V, Cipolloni L, Cibelli G, Mollica MP, Iacono D, Nigro E, Monda M, Messina G, Messina A. Orexin System: The Key for a Healthy Life. Front Physiol 2017; 8:357. [PMID: 28620314 PMCID: PMC5450021 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The orexin-A/hypocretin-1 and orexin-B/hypocretin-2 are neuropeptides synthesized by a cluster of neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and perifornical area. Orexin neurons receive a variety of signals related to environmental, physiological and emotional stimuli, and project broadly to the entire CNS. Orexin neurons are “multi-tasking” neurons regulating a set of vital body functions, including sleep/wake states, feeding behavior, energy homeostasis, reward systems, cognition and mood. Furthermore, a dysfunction of orexinergic system may underlie different pathological conditions. A selective loss orexin neurons was found in narcolepsia, supporting the crucial role of orexins in maintaining wakefulness. In animal models, orexin deficiency lead to obesity even if the consume of calories is lower than wildtype counterpart. Reduced physical activity appears the main cause of weight gain in these models resulting in energy imbalance. Orexin signaling promotes obesity resistance via enhanced spontaneous physical activity and energy expenditure regulation and the deficiency/dysfunction in orexins system lead to obesity in animal models despite of lower calories intake than wildtype associated with reduced physical activity. Interestingly, orexinergic neurons show connections to regions involved in cognition and mood regulation, including hippocampus. Orexins enhance hippocampal neurogenesis and improve spatial learning and memory abilities, and mood. Conversely, orexin deficiency results in learning and memory deficits, and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Chieffi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Carotenuto
- Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Valenzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of FoggiaFoggia, Italy
| | - Ines Villano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Precenzano
- Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Tafuri
- Department of Motor Sciences and Wellness, University of Naples "Parthenope"Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Salerno
- Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Filippi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Nuccio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Ruberto
- Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Luca
- Department of Psychiatry, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Luigi Cipolloni
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma La SapienzaRome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cibelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of FoggiaFoggia, Italy
| | - Maria P Mollica
- Department of Biology Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico IINaples, Italy
| | - Diego Iacono
- Neurodevelopmental Research Lab, Biomedical Research Institute of New JerseyMorristown, NJ, United States.,Neuroscience Research, MidAtlantic Neonatology Associates, Atlantic Health SystemMorristown, NJ, United States.,Neuropathology Research, MANA/Biomedical Research Institute of New JerseyMorristown, NJ, United States
| | | | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of FoggiaFoggia, Italy
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
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14
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Messina G, Di Bernardo G, Viggiano A, De Luca V, Monda V, Messina A, Chieffi S, Galderisi U, Monda M. Exercise increases the level of plasma orexin A in humans. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 27:611-616. [PMID: 27665420 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2015-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this research was to study the effects of exercise on the concentration of plasma orexin A, a peptide regulating several physiological functions. METHODS Blood samples were collected from participants (men, n=10; age: 24.4±2.93 years) 15, 0 min before the start of exercise, and 30, 45, 60 min after a cycle ergometer exercise at 75 W for 15 min. Also heart rate (HR), galvanic skin response (GSR), and rectal temperature were monitored. RESULTS The exercise induced a significant increase (p<0.01) in plasmatic orexin A with a peak at 30 min after the exercise bout, in association with an increase of the other three monitored variables: HR (p<0.01), GSR (p<0.05), and rectal temperature (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that plasmatic orexin A is involved in the reaction to physical activity.
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15
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Messina G, Valenzano A, Moscatelli F, Salerno M, Lonigro A, Esposito T, Monda V, Corso G, Messina A, Viggiano A, Triggiani AI, Chieffi S, Guglielmi G, Monda M, Cibelli G. Role of Autonomic Nervous System and Orexinergic System on Adipose Tissue. Front Physiol 2017; 8:137. [PMID: 28344558 PMCID: PMC5344930 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue, defined as white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT), is a biological caloric reservoir; in response to over-nutrition it expands and, in response to energy deficit, it releases lipids. The WAT primarily stores energy as triglycerides, whereas BAT dissipates chemical energy as heat. In mammals, the BAT is a key site for heat production and an attractive target to promote weight loss. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) exerts a direct control at the cellular and molecular levels in adiposity. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) provides a complex homeostatic control to specifically coordinate function and crosstalk of both fat pads, as indicated by the increase of the sympathetic outflow to BAT, in response to cold and high-fat diet, but also by the increase or decrease of the sympathetic outflow to selected WAT depots, in response to different lipolytic requirements of these two conditions. More recently, a role has been attributed to the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) in modulating both adipose tissue insulin-mediated glucose uptake and fatty free acid (FFA) metabolism in an anabolic way and its endocrine function. The regulation of adipose tissue is unlikely to be limited to the autonomic control, since a number of signaling cytokines and neuropeptides play an important role, as well. In this review, we report some experimental evidences about the role played by both the ANS and orexins into different fat pads, related to food intake and energy expenditure, with a special emphasis on body weight status and fat mass (FM) content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of FoggiaFoggia, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of NaplesNaples, Italy
| | - Anna Valenzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Moscatelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Monica Salerno
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonio Lonigro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Teresa Esposito
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano Corso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Viggiano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno Salerno, Italy
| | - Antonio I Triggiani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Sergio Chieffi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Guglielmi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cibelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
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16
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Oruch R, Pryme IF, Engelsen BA, Lund A. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: an easily overlooked neurologic emergency. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2017; 13:161-175. [PMID: 28144147 PMCID: PMC5248946 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s118438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is an unpredictable iatrogenic neurologic emergency condition, mainly arising as an idiosyncratic reaction to antipsychotic agent use. It is characterized by distinctive clinical features including a change in mental status, generalized rigidity, hyperpyrexia, and dysautonomia. It can be lethal if not diagnosed and treated properly. Mortality and morbidity attributed to this syndrome have recently declined markedly due to greater awareness, earlier diagnosis, and intensive care intervention. In most cases, the syndrome occurs as a result of a rapid increase in a dose of neuroleptic, especially one of the long-acting ones. Pathophysiology behind this syndrome is attributed to a dopamine receptor blockade inside the neurons rendered by the offending drug and excessive calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal myocytes. Laboratory tests, although not diagnostic, may assist in assessing the severity of the syndrome and also the consequent complications. The syndrome has been described in all age groups and occurs more in males than in females. Genetics appears to be central regarding the etiology of the syndrome. Stopping the use of the offending agent, cold intravenous fluids, and removal of the causative agent and its possible active metabolites is the cornerstone of treatment. Periodic observation of psychotic patients recently started on antipsychotic medications, especially those being treated with depot preparations, may aid to an early diagnosis of the syndrome and lead to early treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramadhan Oruch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Benghazi University, Benghazi, Libya
| | | | | | - Anders Lund
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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17
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Esposito T, Lobaccaro JM, Esposito MG, Monda V, Messina A, Paolisso G, Varriale B, Monda M, Messina G. Effects of low-carbohydrate diet therapy in overweight subjects with autoimmune thyroiditis: possible synergism with ChREBP. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:2939-2946. [PMID: 27695291 PMCID: PMC5028075 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s106440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The thyroid is one of the metabolism regulating glands. Its function is to determine the amount of calories that the body has to burn to maintain normal weight. Thyroiditides are inflammatory processes that mainly result in autoimmune diseases. We have conducted the present study in order to have a clear picture of both autoimmune status and the control of body weight. We have evaluated the amount of either thyroid hormones, or antithyroid, or anti-microsomal, or anti-peroxidase antibodies (Abs) in patients with high amounts of Abs. In a diet devoid of carbohydrates (bread, pasta, fruit, and rice), free from goitrogenic food, and based on body mass index, the distribution of body mass and intracellular and extracellular water conducted for 3 weeks gives the following results: patients treated as above showed a significant reduction of antithyroid (−40%, P<0.013), anti-microsomal (−57%, P<0.003), and anti-peroxidase (−44%, P<0,029) Abs. Untreated patients had a significant increase in antithyroid (+9%, P<0.017) and anti-microsomal (+30%, P<0.028) Abs. Even the level of anti-peroxidase Abs increased without reaching statistical significance (+16%, P>0064). With regard to the body parameters measured in patients who followed this diet, reduction in body weight (−5%, P<0.000) and body mass index (−4%, P<0.000) were observed. Since 83% of patients with high levels of autoantibodies are breath test positive to lactase with a lactase deficit higher than 50%, this fact led us to hypothesize a correlation with carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein and therefore a possible role of carbohydrate metabolism in the development and maintenance of autoimmune thyroiditis associated with body weight increase and slower basic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Esposito
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Jean Marc Lobaccaro
- UMR, Clermont Université, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, Aubière Cedex, France
| | | | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine
| | - Giuseppe Paolisso
- Department of Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche, Neurologiche, Metaboliche e dell'Invecchiamento, Second University of Naples, Naples
| | - Bruno Varriale
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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18
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Messina A, De Fusco C, Monda V, Esposito M, Moscatelli F, Valenzano A, Carotenuto M, Viggiano E, Chieffi S, De Luca V, Cibelli G, Monda M, Messina G. Role of the Orexin System on the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis. Front Neural Circuits 2016; 10:66. [PMID: 27610076 PMCID: PMC4997012 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypocretin/orexin (ORX) are two hypothalamic neuropeptides discovered in 1998. Since their discovery, they have been one of the most studied neuropeptide systems because of their projecting fields innervating various brain areas. The orexinergic system is tied to sleep-wakefulness cycle, and narcolepsy is a consequence of their system hypofunction. Orexinergic system is also involved in many other autonomic functions such as feeding, thermoregulation, cardiovascular and neuroendocrine regulation. The main aim of this mini review article is to investigate the relationship between ORX and thyroid system regulation. Although knowledge about the ORX system is evolving, its putative effects on hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis still appear unclear. We analyzed some studies about ORX control of HPT axis to know better the relationship between them. The studies that were analyzed suggest Hypocretin/ORX to modulate the thyroid regulation, but the nature (excitatory or inhibitory) of this possible interaction remains actually unclear and needs to be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Carolina De Fusco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Esposito
- Neapolitan Brain Group (NBG), Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Mental, Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Moscatelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Anna Valenzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Marco Carotenuto
- Neapolitan Brain Group (NBG), Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Mental, Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuela Viggiano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Sergio Chieffi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Luca
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Giuseppe Cibelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Second University of NaplesNaples, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of FoggiaFoggia, Italy
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19
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Razzoli M, Bartolomucci A. The Dichotomous Effect of Chronic Stress on Obesity. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:504-515. [PMID: 27162125 PMCID: PMC4912918 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and metabolic diseases are linked to chronic stress and low socioeconomic status. The mechanistic link between stress and obesity has not been clarified, partly due to the inherent complexity exemplified by the bidirectional effect of stress on eating and body weight. Recent studies focusing on adaptive thermogenesis and brown adipose tissue (BAT) function support a dichotomous relation to explain the impact of stress on obesity: stress promotes obesity in the presence of hyperphagia and unchanged BAT function; stress results in weight loss and/or obesity resistance in the presence of hypophagia, or when hyperphagia is associated with BAT recruitment and enhanced thermogenesis. Mechanistically dissecting the bidirectional effects of stress on metabolic outcomes might open new avenues for innovative pharmacotherapies for the treatment of obesity-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Razzoli
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Alessandro Bartolomucci
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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20
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Messina G, Chieffi S, Viggiano A, Tafuri D, Cibelli G, Valenzano A, Triggiani AI, Messina A, De Luca V, Monda M. Parachute Jumping Induces More Sympathetic Activation Than Cortisol Secretion in First-Time Parachutists. Asian J Sports Med 2016; 7:e26841. [PMID: 27217924 PMCID: PMC4870822 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.26841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The word “stress” describes the status of the body affected by external or internal forces, or “stressors”, threatening to alter its dynamic balance or homeostasis. The adaptive changes which occur in reply to stressors are either behavioral or physical. Once a given threshold is surpassed, a systemic reaction takes place involving the “stress system” in the brain together with its peripheral components, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic sympathetic. Objectives: Stress induces an activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the SNS and the HPA axis would show parallel or divergent stress response patterns in a session of first parachute jump. Patients and Methods: Activation of the SNS was evaluated by dosage of salivary alpha-amylase, galvanic skin responses, and heart rate in seven male novice parachutists. Activation of HPA axis was tested by dosage of cortisol. These variables were measured before and 1 minute and 90 minute after the jump. Results: All variables reached a peak at 1 minute post-jump. Salivary alpha-amylase, galvanic skin responses and heart rate did not return to basal value at 90 minutes post-jump, while cortisol returned to basal value at 90 minutes post-jump. Conclusions: This evidence indicates that parachute jumping is accompanied by a dissociation of SNS and HPA response patterns in novice parachutists, showing a slower recovery in sympathetic activity than in cortisol secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Second University Of Naples, Naples, Italy
- Corresponding author: Giovanni Messina, Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. Tel: +39-815665804, E-mail:
| | - Sergio Chieffi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Second University Of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Viggiano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Domenico Tafuri
- Department of Motor Sciences and Wellness, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cibelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University Of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Anna Valenzano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University Of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Second University Of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Luca
- Department of Psychiatry, University Of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Second University Of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Messina G, Dalia C, Tafuri D, Monda V, Palmieri F, Dato A, Russo A, De Blasio S, Messina A, De Luca V, Chieffi S, Monda M. Orexin-A controls sympathetic activity and eating behavior. Front Psychol 2014; 5:997. [PMID: 25250003 PMCID: PMC4157463 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is extremely important for the health to understand the regulatory mechanisms of energy expenditure. These regulatory mechanisms play a central role in the pathogenesis of body weight alteration. The hypothalamus integrates nutritional information derived from all peripheral organs. This region of the brain controls hormonal secretions and neural pathways of the brainstem. Orexin-A is a hypothalamic neuropeptide involved in the regulation of feeding behavior, sleep-wakefulness rhythm, and neuroendocrine homeostasis. This neuropeptide is involved in the control of the sympathetic activation, blood pressure, metabolic status, and blood glucose level. This minireview focuses on relationship between the sympathetic nervous system and orexin-A in the control of eating behavior and energy expenditure. The “thermoregulatory hypothesis” of food intake is analyzed, underlining the role played by orexin-A in the control of food intake related to body temperature. Furthermore, the paradoxical eating behavior induced orexin-A is illustrated in this minireview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Messina
- Section of Human Physiology and Clinical Dietetic Service, Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Carmine Dalia
- Section of Human Physiology and Clinical Dietetic Service, Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Tafuri
- Faculty of Motor Sciences, Parthenope University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Section of Human Physiology and Clinical Dietetic Service, Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena Palmieri
- Section of Human Physiology and Clinical Dietetic Service, Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Amelia Dato
- Section of Human Physiology and Clinical Dietetic Service, Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Angelo Russo
- Section of Human Physiology and Clinical Dietetic Service, Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Saverio De Blasio
- Section of Human Physiology and Clinical Dietetic Service, Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Section of Human Physiology and Clinical Dietetic Service, Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Luca
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sergio Chieffi
- Section of Human Physiology and Clinical Dietetic Service, Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Section of Human Physiology and Clinical Dietetic Service, Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
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Zhang Q, Lian J, He M, Deng C, Wang H, Huang XF. Olanzapine reduced brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and locomotor activity in female rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 51:172-80. [PMID: 24548587 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Excessive weight gain has been identified as a serious metabolic side-effect of second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs), including olanzapine. While hyperphagia has been suggested to be the main contributor for this side-effect in the short term, reduced energy expenditure, in particular thermogenesis and locomotor activity, has been considered to contribute to the maintenance of heavy weight under long-term SGA treatments. Recent studies have identified metabolically active brown adipose tissues (BAT) in adult humans, suggesting potential clinical significance for the involvement of BAT thermogenesis in SGA-induced weight gain. However, to date there has been little research elucidating the central neuronal pathways affecting BAT thermogenesis or the morphological changes of the BAT. The present study aimed to investigate the role of BAT thermogenesis and locomotor activity in olanzapine-induced weight gain during the prolonged time courses of olanzapine treatment in an established female rat model. Although short- to mid-term olanzapine treatment had no effect on BAT temperature, we observed that long-term olanzapine treatment (from day 18 to 34) induced a significant reduction in BAT temperature, with an acute effect being observed between 45 and 150 min post-treatment in the long-term cohort. Additionally, in the long-term olanzapine group, the reduced BAT temperature was accompanied by decreased UCP1 and PGC-1α expressions in the BAT. Moreover, TH mRNA expressions in both hypothalamus and brainstem were also downregulated after mid- to long-term olanzapine treatment. Further, olanzapine led to reduced percentage of brown adipocytes in BAT during mid- to long-term treatments. Finally, locomotor activity was reduced throughout the three treatment cohorts. In summary, our results suggest that the reduction of BAT thermogenesis plays an important role during the long-term of olanzapine-induced weight gain, which was accompanied by an earlier onset of BAT adipocyte morphological changes and biochemical changes in the hypothalamus and the brainstem, while locomotor activity contributes to the entire olanzapine treatment courses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsheng Zhang
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522 NSW, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, 2522 NSW, Australia
| | - Jiamei Lian
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522 NSW, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, 2522 NSW, Australia
| | - Meng He
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522 NSW, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, 2522 NSW, Australia
| | - Chao Deng
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522 NSW, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, 2522 NSW, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, 2010 NSW, Australia
| | - Hongqin Wang
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522 NSW, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, 2522 NSW, Australia
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522 NSW, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, 2522 NSW, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, 2010 NSW, Australia.
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Zhang Q, Deng C, Huang XF. The role of ghrelin signalling in second-generation antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:2423-38. [PMID: 23953928 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Based on clinical and animal studies, this review suggests a tri-phasic effect of second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) on circulating ghrelin levels: an initial increase exerted by the acute effect of SGAs; followed by a secondary decrease possibly due to the negative feedback from the SGA-induced body weight gain or hyperphagia; and a final re-increase to reach the new equilibrium. Moreover, the results can also vary depending on individual SGAs, other hormonal states, dietary choices, and other confounding factors including medical history, co-treatments, age, gender, and ghrelin measurement techniques. Interestingly, rats treated with olanzapine, an SGA with high weight gain liabilities, are associated with increased hypothalamic ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a) levels. In addition, expressions of downstream ghrelin signalling parameters at the hypothalamus, including neuropeptide Y (NPY)/agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) are also altered under SGA treatments. Thus, understanding the role of ghrelin signalling in antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain should offer potential novel pharmacological targets for tackling the obesity side-effect of SGAs and its associated metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsheng Zhang
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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Li X, Johnson MS, Smith DL, Li Y, Kesterson RA, Allison DB, Nagy TR. Effects of risperidone on energy balance in female C57BL/6J mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:1850-7. [PMID: 23408466 PMCID: PMC3657586 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of risperidone on energy expenditure and weight gain in female C57BL/6J mice. DESIGN AND METHODS Body weight and composition, food intake, energy expenditure, and activity were determined weekly. mRNA expression of uncoupling protein 1 in brown adipose tissue, orexin, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the hypothalamus were quantified using real-time PCR. RESULTS Risperidone tended to induce a greater body weight gain (P = 0.052) and significantly higher food intake (P = 0.038) relative to the placebo-treated group. Risperidone-treated mice had a higher resting energy expenditure (P = 0.001) and total energy expenditure (TEE) (P = 0.005) than the placebo group. There were no effects of treatment, time, and treatment by time on non-resting (or activity-related) energy expenditure between groups. Risperidone-treated mice showed a significantly lesser locomotor activity than placebo-treated mice over 3 weeks (P < 0.001). Risperidone induced a higher UCP1 mRNA (P = 0.003) and a lower orexin mRNA (P = 0.001) than placebo. CONCLUSION Risperidone-induced weight gain is associated with hyperphagia and a reduction in locomotor activity in C57BL/6J mice. Additionally, higher total and resting energy expenditure were accompanied by higher levels of UCP1 mRNA in BAT. The increased TEE could not offset the total intake of energy through risperidone-induced hyperphagia, therefore resulting in weight gain in female C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingsheng Li
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Maria S. Johnson
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Daniel L. Smith
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | | | - David B. Allison
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Tim R. Nagy
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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Central administration of an orexin receptor 1 antagonist prevents the stimulatory effect of Olanzapine on endogenous glucose production. Brain Res 2013; 1527:238-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Pai N, Deng C, Vella SL, Castle D, Huang XF. Are there different neural mechanisms responsible for three stages of weight gain development in anti-psychotic therapy: temporally based hypothesis. Asian J Psychiatr 2012; 5:315-8. [PMID: 23174439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Weight gain as a result of atypical anti-psychotic treatment is a common issue with different atypical anti-psychotic treatments causing differing magnitudes of weight gain. Although differing amounts of weight gain result from different atypical agents little is known about the temporal course of weight gain in anti-psychotic treatment. Specifically is the time course of weight gain comparable across different agents. Therefore this article reviews the temporal course of weight gain for three common atypical anti-psychotics namely; clozapine, olanzapine and risperidone. It is evident that all three of these agents exhibit similar although at distinct magnitudes temporal courses of weight gain. That is an initial rapid increase from baseline to 3 months (stage 1), a steady increase from 3 months to 18 months (stage 2) and a plateau after this point (stage 3) with continued anti-psychotic treatment. It is postulated that each of these stages of weight gain result from distinct neural mechanisms. The hypothesized neural correlates for each stage of weight gain are reviewed and discussed. The article concludes with recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagesh Pai
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia.
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Evers S, Calcagnoli F, van Dijk G, Scheurink A. Olanzapine causes hypothermia, inactivity, a deranged feeding pattern and weight gain in female Wistar rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 97:163-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Plasma orexin A, ghrelin, cholecystokinin, visfatin, leptin and agouti-related protein levels during 6-week olanzapine treatment in first-episode male patients with psychosis. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2010; 25:165-71. [PMID: 21811193 DOI: 10.1097/yic.0b013e3283377850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to investigate the change of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, lipid profile, leptin, ghrelin, orexin, visfatin, agouti-related protein, and cholecystokinin levels during 6 weeks of olanzapine treatment in newly diagnosed first-episode drug naive, young adult, nonobese male patients with psychosis. Twenty male participants who were all first-episode drug naive psychotic patients without prominent affective signs and symptoms and 22 healthy male controls of similar age were included. BMI, waist circumference, fasting glucose, and lipid profiles were measured, and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores were obtained at baseline, during the second and sixth week of treatment, and the aforementioned neuropeptide levels were measured at baseline and during the sixth week of treatment. Treatment was associated with significant increases in BMI, waist circumference, serum triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein levels. BMI levels increased more than 7% in over 75% of the patients. Leptin increased, and ghrelin and orexin decreased significantly with olanzapine treatment, whereas cholecystokinin, visfatin, and agouti-related protein levels did not change significantly. In conclusion, consistent with previous studies, we found increased BMI, leptin and lipids during olanzapine treatment. Association of neuropeptide level changes with symptom improvement might be mediated by the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems.
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