1
|
Sajadi F, Uyuklu A, Paputsis C, Lajevardi A, Wahedi A, Ber LT, Matei A, Paluzzi JPV. CAPA neuropeptides and their receptor form an anti-diuretic hormone signaling system in the human disease vector, Aedes aegypti. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1755. [PMID: 32020001 PMCID: PMC7000730 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58731-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect CAPA neuropeptides are homologs of mammalian neuromedin U and are known to influence ion and water balance by regulating the activity of the Malpighian 'renal' tubules (MTs). Several diuretic hormones are known to increase primary fluid and ion secretion by insect MTs and, in adult female mosquitoes, a calcitonin-related peptide (DH31) called mosquito natriuretic peptide, increases sodium secretion to compensate for the excess salt load acquired during blood-feeding. An endogenous mosquito anti-diuretic hormone was recently described, having potent inhibitory activity against select diuretic hormones, including DH31. Herein, we functionally deorphanized, both in vitro and in vivo, a mosquito anti-diuretic hormone receptor (AedaeADHr) with expression analysis indicating highest enrichment in the MTs where it is localized within principal cells. Characterization using a heterologous in vitro system demonstrated the receptor was highly sensitive to mosquito CAPA neuropeptides while in vivo, AedaeADHr knockdown abolished CAPA-induced anti-diuretic control of DH31-stimulated MTs. CAPA neuropeptides are produced within a pair of neurosecretory cells in each of the abdominal ganglia, whose axonal projections innervate the abdominal neurohaemal organs, where these neurohormones are released into circulation. Lastly, pharmacological inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and protein kinase G (PKG) signaling eliminated anti-diuretic activity of CAPA, highlighting the role of the second messenger cGMP and NOS/PKG in this anti-diuretic signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farwa Sajadi
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Ali Uyuklu
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Christine Paputsis
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Aryan Lajevardi
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Azizia Wahedi
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Lindsay Taylor Ber
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Andreea Matei
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Jean-Paul V Paluzzi
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
MacMillan HA, Nazal B, Wali S, Yerushalmi GY, Misyura L, Donini A, Paluzzi JP. Anti-diuretic activity of a CAPA neuropeptide can compromise Drosophila chill tolerance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.185884. [PMID: 30104306 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.185884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
For insects, chilling injuries that occur in the absence of freezing are often related to a systemic loss of ion and water balance that leads to extracellular hyperkalemia, cell depolarization and the triggering of apoptotic signalling cascades. The ability of insect ionoregulatory organs (e.g. the Malpighian tubules) to maintain ion balance in the cold has been linked to improved chill tolerance, and many neuroendocrine factors are known to influence ion transport rates of these organs. Injection of micromolar doses of CAPA (an insect neuropeptide) have been previously demonstrated to improve Drosophila cold tolerance, but the mechanisms through which it impacts chill tolerance are unclear, and low doses of CAPA have been previously demonstrated to cause anti-diuresis in insects, including dipterans. Here, we provide evidence that low (femtomolar) and high (micromolar) doses of CAPA impair and improve chill tolerance, respectively, via two different effects on Malpighian tubule ion and water transport. While low doses of CAPA are anti-diuretic, reduce tubule K+ clearance rates and reduce chill tolerance, high doses facilitate K+ clearance from the haemolymph and increase chill tolerance. By quantifying CAPA peptide levels in the central nervous system, we estimated the maximum achievable hormonal titres of CAPA and found further evidence that CAPA may function as an anti-diuretic hormone in Drosophila melanogaster We provide the first evidence of a neuropeptide that can negatively affect cold tolerance in an insect and further evidence of CAPA functioning as an anti-diuretic peptide in this ubiquitous insect model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Basma Nazal
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Sahr Wali
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Gil Y Yerushalmi
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Lidiya Misyura
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Andrew Donini
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tracing the evolutionary origins of insect renal function. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6800. [PMID: 25896425 PMCID: PMC4410669 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge on neuropeptide receptor systems is integral to understanding animal physiology. Yet, obtaining general insight into neuropeptide signalling in a clade as biodiverse as the insects is problematic. Here we apply fluorescent analogues of three key insect neuropeptides to map renal tissue architecture across systematically chosen representatives of the major insect Orders, to provide an unprecedented overview of insect renal function and control. In endopterygote insects, such as Drosophila, two distinct transporting cell types receive separate neuropeptide signals, whereas in the ancestral exopterygotes, a single, general cell type mediates all signals. Intriguingly, the largest insect Order Coleoptera (beetles) has evolved a unique approach, in which only a small fraction of cells are targets for neuropeptide action. In addition to demonstrating a universal utility of this technology, our results reveal not only a generality of signalling by the evolutionarily ancient neuropeptide families but also a clear functional separation of the types of cells that mediate the signal. The evolution of neuropeptide signalling in insects is poorly understood. Here the authors map renal tissue architecture in the major insect Orders, and show that while the ancient neuropeptide families are involved in signalling in nearly all species, there is functional variation in the cell types that mediate the signal.
Collapse
|
4
|
Larsen EH, Deaton LE, Onken H, O'Donnell M, Grosell M, Dantzler WH, Weihrauch D. Osmoregulation and Excretion. Compr Physiol 2014; 4:405-573. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c130004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
5
|
Toullec JY, Corre E, Bernay B, Thorne MAS, Cascella K, Ollivaux C, Henry J, Clark MS. Transcriptome and peptidome characterisation of the main neuropeptides and peptidic hormones of a euphausiid: the Ice Krill, Euphausia crystallorophias. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71609. [PMID: 23990964 PMCID: PMC3749230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Ice krill, Euphausia crystallorophias is one of the species at the base of the Southern Ocean food chain. Given their significant contribution to the biomass of the Southern Ocean, it is vitally important to gain a better understanding of their physiology and, in particular, anticipate their responses to climate change effects in the warming seas around Antarctica. Methodology/Principal Findings Illumina sequencing was used to produce a transcriptome of the ice krill. Analysis of the assembled contigs via two different methods, produced 36 new pre-pro-peptides, coding for 61 neuropeptides or peptide hormones belonging to the following families: Allatostatins (A, B et C), Bursicon (α and β), Crustacean Hyperglycemic Hormones (CHH and MIH/VIHs), Crustacean Cardioactive Peptide (CCAP), Corazonin, Diuretic Hormones (DH), the Eclosion Hormone (EH), Neuroparsin, Neuropeptide F (NPF), small Neuropeptide F (sNPF), Pigment Dispersing Hormone (PDH), Red Pigment Concentrating Hormone (RPCH) and finally Tachykinin. LC/MS/MS proteomics was also carried out on eyestalk extracts, which are the major site of neuropeptide synthesis in decapod crustaceans. Results confirmed the presence of six neuropeptides and six precursor-related peptides previously identified in the transcriptome analyses. Conclusions This study represents the first comprehensive analysis of neuropeptide hormones in a Eucarida non-decapod Malacostraca, several of which are described for the first time in a non-decapod crustacean. Additionally, there is a potential expansion of PDH and Neuropeptide F family members, which may reflect certain life history traits such as circadian rhythms associated with diurnal migrations and also the confirmation via mass spectrometry of several novel pre-pro-peptides, of unknown function. Knowledge of these essential hormones provides a vital framework for understanding the physiological response of this key Southern Ocean species to climate change and provides a valuable resource for studies into the molecular phylogeny of these organisms and the evolution of neuropeptide hormones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Toullec
- UPMC University of Paris 06, UMR 7144 CNRS, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Erwan Corre
- UPMC University of Paris 06, FR 2424 CNRS, ABiMS, Analysis and Bioinformatics for Marine Science, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Benoît Bernay
- University of Caen Basse Normandie, FRE 3484 CNRS, Biologie des Mollusques Marins et des Ecosystèmes Associés, Caen, France
- University of Caen Basse Normandie, Plateforme PROTEOGEN, Caen, France, SF ICORE 4206
| | - Michael A. S. Thorne
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kévin Cascella
- UPMC University of Paris 06, UMR 7144 CNRS, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Céline Ollivaux
- UPMC University of Paris 06, UMR 7150 CNRS, Mer et Santé, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7150, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, UEB, France
| | - Joël Henry
- University of Caen Basse Normandie, FRE 3484 CNRS, Biologie des Mollusques Marins et des Ecosystèmes Associés, Caen, France
- University of Caen Basse Normandie, Plateforme PROTEOGEN, Caen, France, SF ICORE 4206
| | - Melody S. Clark
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nachman RJ, Wang XJ, Etzkorn FA, Kaczmarek K, Zabrocki J, Lopez J, Coast GM. Evaluation of insect CAP2b analogs with either an (E)-alkene, trans- or a (Z)-alkene, cis-Pro isostere identifies the Pro orientation for antidiuretic activity in the stink bug. Peptides 2013; 41:101-6. [PMID: 23036324 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The CAP2b neuropeptide family plays an important role in the regulation of the processes of diuresis and/or antidiuresis in a variety of insects. While Manse-CAP2b (pELYAFPRV-NH2) and native CAP2bs elicit diuretic activity in a number of species of flies, native CAP2b sequences have been shown to elicit antidiuretic activity in the kissing bug Rhodnius prolixus and the green stink bug Acrosternum hilare, the latter being an important pest of cotton and soybean in the southern United States. Analogs of CAP2b containing either a (Z)-alkene, cis-Pro or an (E)-alkene, trans-Pro isosteric component were synthesized and evaluated in an in vitro stink bug diuretic assay, which involved measurement of fluid secretion by Malpighian tubules isolated from A. hilare. The conformationally constrained trans-Pro analog demonstrated statistically significant antidiuretic activity, whereas the cis-Pro analog failed to elicit activity. The results are consistent with the adoption of a trans orientation for the Pro in CAP2b neuropeptides during interaction with receptors associated with the antidiuretic process in the stink bug. In addition, the results are further consistent with a theory of ligand-receptor coevolution between the CAP2b and pyrokinin/PBAN neuropeptide classes, both members of the '-PRXamide' superfamily. This work further identifies a scaffold with which to design mimetic CAP2b analogs as potential leads in the development of environmentally favorable pest management agents capable of disrupting CAP2b-regulated diuretic/antidiuretic functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Nachman
- Areawide Pest Management Research, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Predel R, Neupert S, Russell WK, Hauser F, Russell DH, Li A, Nachman RJ. CAPA-gene products in the haematophagous sandfly Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli)--vector for leishmaniasis disease. Peptides 2013; 41:2-7. [PMID: 23266568 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sandflies (Phlebotominae, Nematocera, Diptera) are responsible for transmission of leishmaniasis and other protozoan-borne diseases in humans, and these insects depend on the regulation of water balance to cope with the sudden and enormous intake of blood over a very short time period. The sandfly inventory of neuropeptides, including those that regulate diuretic processes, is completely unknown. Direct MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometric analysis of dissected ganglia of Phlebotomus papatasi, combined with a data-mining of sandfly genome 'contigs', was used to identify native CAPA-peptides, a peptide class associated with the regulation of diuresis in other hematophagous insects. The CAPA-peptides identified in this study include two CAPA-PVKs, differentially processed CAPA-PK, and an additional CAPA precursor peptide. The mass spectrometric analysis of different parts of the neuroendocrine system of the sandfly indicate that it represents the first insect which accumulates CAPA-PVKs exclusively in hormone release sites of abdominal ganglia and CAPA-PK (nearly) exclusively in the corpora cardiaca. Additionally, sandflies feature the smallest abdominal ganglia (~35 μm) where CAPA-peptides could be detected so far. The small size of the abdominal ganglia does not appear to affect the development of the median neurosecretory system as it obviously does in another comparably small insect species, Nasonia vitripennis, in which no capa-gene expression was found. Rather, immunocytochemical analyses confirm that the general architecture in sandflies appears identical to that of much larger mosquitoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Predel
- Zoological Institute, Biocenter University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ruka KA, Miller AP, Blumenthal EM. Inhibition of diuretic stimulation of an insect secretory epithelium by a cGMP-dependent protein kinase. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 304:F1210-6. [PMID: 23445619 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00231.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The rate of urine secretion by insect Malpighian tubules (MTs) is regulated by multiple diuretic and antidiuretic hormones, often working either synergistically or antagonistically. In the Drosophila melanogaster MT, only diuretic factors have been reported. Two such agents are the biogenic amine tyramine (TA) and the peptide drosokinin (DK), both of which act on the stellate cells of the tubule to increase transepithelial chloride conductance. In the current study, TA and DK signaling was quantified by microelectrode recording of the transepithelial potential in isolated Drosophila MTs. Treatment of tubules with cGMP caused a significant reduction in the depolarizing responses to both TA and DK, while cAMP had no effect on these responses. To determine whether a specific cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) was mediating this inhibition, PKG expression was knocked down by RNAi in either the principal cells or the stellate cells. Knockdown of Pkg21D in the stellate cells eliminated the modulation of TA and DK signaling. Knockdown of Pkg21D with a second RNAi construct also reduced the modulation of TA signaling. In contrast, knockdown of the expression of foraging or CG4839, which encodes a known and a putative PKG, respectively, had no effect. These data indicate that cGMP, acting through the Pkg21D gene product in the stellate cells, can inhibit signaling by the diuretic agents TA and DK. This represents a novel function for cGMP and PKG in the Drosophila MT and suggests the existence of an antidiuretic hormone in Drosophila.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Ruka
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, Marquette Univ., P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Paluzzi JPV. Anti-diuretic factors in insects: the role of CAPA peptides. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 176:300-8. [PMID: 22226757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Insects have adapted to live in a wide variety of habitats and utilize an array of feeding strategies that present challenges to their ability to maintain osmotic balance. Regardless of the feeding strategy, water and ion levels within the haemolymph (insect blood) are maintained within a narrow range. This homeostasis involves the action of a variety of tissues, but is often chiefly regulated by the excretory system. Until recently, most research on the hormonal control of the excretory tissues has focused on factors known to have diuretic activities. In this mini-review, the current state of knowledge on anti-diuretic factors in insects will be discussed with a particular emphasis on the CAPA peptides in the blood-feeding Chagas' disease vector, Rhodnius prolixus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul V Paluzzi
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Paluzzi JPV, Naikkhwah W, O'Donnell MJ. Natriuresis and diuretic hormone synergism in R. prolixus upper Malpighian tubules is inhibited by the anti-diuretic hormone, RhoprCAPA-α2. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 58:534-542. [PMID: 22154955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Insects contain an array of hormones that coordinate the actions of the excretory system to achieve osmotic and ionic balance. In the hematophagous insect, Rhodnius prolixus, two diuretic hormones have been identified, serotonin (5HT) and a corticotropin releasing factor-related peptide (RhoprDH), and both lead to an increase in fluid secretion by Malpighian tubules (MTs). However, only 5HT activates reabsorption by the lower MTs to recover K(+) and Cl(-). An anti-diuretic hormone (RhoprCAPA-α2) is believed to coordinate the cessation of the rapid diuresis following blood meal engorgement. However, the role of RhoprCAPA-α2 on fluid secretion by MTs stimulated by RhoprDH was previously unknown. Here we demonstrate that, unlike the inhibitory effect on 5HT-stimulated secretion by MTs, RhoprCAPA-α2 does not inhibit secretion stimulated by RhoprDH although it does abolish the synergism that occurs between the two diuretic hormones. In addition, we show that the natriuresis elicited by either diuretic hormone is reduced by RhoprCAPA-α2. Using electrophysiological tools, we investigate the possible mechanism by which this complex regulatory pathway is achieved. Analysis of the pH of secreted fluid as well as the triphasic response in transepithelial potential in MTs treated with diuretic hormones, suggests that RhoprCAPA-α2 does not inhibit the V-type H(+) ATPase. Taken together, these results indicate that RhoprCAPA-α2 functions to reduce the rapid diuresis following blood feeding, and in addition, it inhibits the natriuresis associated with diuretic hormone stimulated MTs. This may reflect an important regulatory mechanism related to the slow diuresis that occurs as the K(+)-rich blood cells are digested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul V Paluzzi
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Coast GM, Nachman RJ, Lopez J. The control of Malpighian tubule secretion in a predacious hemipteran insect, the spined soldier bug Podisus maculiventris (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae). Peptides 2011; 32:493-9. [PMID: 21093508 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Spined soldier bugs, Podisus maculiventris, are heteropteran insects that feed voraciously on other insects, particular the soft bodied larval forms of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. The response of P. maculiventris Malpighian tubules (MTs) to serotonin and known diuretic and antidiuretic peptides has been investigated, and is compared with that of MT from the hematophagous and phytophagous heteropteran bugs Rhodnius prolixus and Acrosternum hilare, respectively. A CRF-related peptide diuretic hormone (DH) from the termite Zootermopsis nevadensis (Zoone-DH) stimulated MT secretion, which was reversed by a member of the CAP(2b) family of peptides from A. hilare (Acrhi-CAP(2b)-2), an antidiuretic effect. Serotonin had no effect on secretion, neither did a representative calcitonin-like DH, kinin, tachykinin-related peptide, and an antidiuretic factor from the mealworm Tenebrio molitor (Tenmo-ADFb) in both P. maculiventris or A. hilare. Serotonin is a DH in R. prolixus, and its lack of effect on MT from P. maculiventris and A. hilare suggests this is an adaptation to hematophagy. On the other hand, the antidiuretic activity of members of the CAP(2b) family in all three bugs is consistent with this being a heteropteran feature rather than a specialism for hematophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M Coast
- Birkbeck (University of London), School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|