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Larauche M, Kim YS, Mulak A, Duboc H, Taché Y. Intracerebroventricular administration of TRH Agonist, RX-77368 alleviates visceral pain induced by colorectal distension in rats. Peptides 2024; 175:171181. [PMID: 38423212 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) acts centrally to exert pleiotropic actions independently from its endocrine function, including antinociceptive effects against somatic pain in rodents. Whether exogenous or endogenous activation of TRH signaling in the brain modulates visceral pain is unknown. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received an intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of the stable TRH analog, RX-77368 (10, 30 and 100 ng/rat) or saline (5 µl) or were semi-restrained and exposed to cold (4°C) for 45 min. The visceromotor response (VMR) to graded phasic colorectal distensions (CRD) was monitored using non-invasive intracolonic pressure manometry. Naloxone (1 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously 10 min before ICV RX-77368 or saline. Fecal pellet output was monitored for 1 h after ICV injection. RX-77368 ICV (10, 30 and 100 ng/rat) reduced significantly the VMR by 56.7%, 67.1% and 81.1% at 40 mmHg and by 30.3%, 58.9% and 87.4% at 60 mmHg respectively vs ICV saline. Naloxone reduced RX-77368 (30 and 100 ng, ICV) analgesic response by 51% and 28% at 40 mmHg and by 30% and 33% at 60 mmHg respectively, but had no effect per se. The visceral analgesia was mimicked by the acute exposure to cold. At the doses of 30 and 100 ng, ICV RX-77368 induced defecation within 30 min. These data established the antinociceptive action of RX-77368 injected ICV in a model of visceral pain induced by colonic distension through recruitment of both opioid and non-opioid dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Larauche
- Digestive Diseases Research Center and G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, CA 90073, USA.
| | - Yong Sung Kim
- Digestive Diseases Research Center and G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, CA 90073, USA
| | - Agata Mulak
- Digestive Diseases Research Center and G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, CA 90073, USA
| | - Henri Duboc
- Digestive Diseases Research Center and G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, CA 90073, USA
| | - Yvette Taché
- Digestive Diseases Research Center and G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, CA 90073, USA
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Yuan PQ, Wu SV, Wang L, Taché Y. The ghrelin agonist, HM01 activates central vagal and enteric cholinergic neurons and reverses gastric inflammatory and ileus responses in rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2023; 35:e14561. [PMID: 36942655 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electrical vagal stimulation alleviates abdominal surgery (AS)-induced intestinal inflammation. Ghrelin receptors (GHS-Rs) are expressed in the brain and peripheral tissues. We investigated the influence of HM01, an orally active ghrelin agonist crossing the blood-brain barrier, on AS-induced gastric inflammation and emptying (GE) in rats. METHODS HM01 (6 mg/kg) or saline pretreatment was administered per orally (po) or intraperitoneally (ip). We assessed GE, gastric cytokine mRNA, and Fos positive cells in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMN) and gastric corpus myenteric plexus (MP) in sham (anesthesia alone) and AS groups. The transcripts of GHS-R1 variants were determined in the medulla oblongata and gastric corpus of naïve rats. KEY RESULTS In vehicle pretreated rats, HM01 (ip) significantly increased the number of Fos immunoreactive cells in the MP and DMN in 55% and 52% of cholinergic neurons respectively. Hexamethonium did not modify HM01-induced Fos expression in the DMN while reducing it in the MP by 2-fold with values still significantly higher than that in control groups. AS upregulated gastric IL-1β and TNFα expression and inhibited GE by 66.6%. HM01 (po) abolished AS-induced gastric ileus and increased cytokine expression and elevated IL-10 by 4.0-fold versus vehicle/sham. GHS-R1a mRNA level was 5.4-fold higher than the truncated GHS-R1b isoform in the brain medulla and 40-fold higher in the gastric submucosa/muscle layers than in the mucosa. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCE Peripheral HM0 activates central vagal and myenteric cholinergic pathways that may influence both central and peripheral targets to prevent AS-induced gastric inflammatory and ileus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Qing Yuan
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center (DDRC), Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience (CNSR), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - S Vincent Wu
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lixin Wang
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center (DDRC), Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience (CNSR), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yvette Taché
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center (DDRC), Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience (CNSR), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Friedrich T, Goebel-Stengel M, Schalla MA, Kobelt P, Rose M, Stengel A. Abdominal surgery increases activity in several phoenixin immunoreactive nuclei. Neurosci Lett 2023; 792:136938. [PMID: 36341925 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on the peptide phoenixin has increased in recent years and greatly widened the known scope of its functions since its discovery in 2013. Involvement of phoenixin has since been shown in anxiety, food intake, reproduction as well as emotional and immunological stress. To further evaluate its involvement in stress reactions, this study aims to investigate the effects of abdominal surgery, a well-established physical stressor, on the activity of phoenixin-immunoreactive brain nuclei. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 6/group) were subjected to either an abdominal surgery stress protocol or a sham operation. Animals in the verum group were anesthetized, the abdominal cavity opened and the cecum palpated, followed by closing of the abdomen and recovery. Sham operated animals only received inhalation anesthesia and time for recovery. All animals were subsequently sacrificed and brains processed and evaluated for c-Fos activity as well as phoenixin density. RESULTS Compared to control, abdominal surgery significantly increased c-Fos activity in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN, 6.4-fold, p < 0.001), the medial part of the nucleus of the solitary tract (mNTS, 3.8-fold, p < 0.001), raphe pallidus (RPa, 3.6-fold, p < 0.001), supraoptic nucleus (SON, 3.2-fold, p < 0.001), ventrolateral medulla (VLM, also called A1C1, 3.0-fold, p < 0.001), dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (DMN, 2.9-fold, p < 0.001), locus coeruleus (LC, 1.8-fold, p < 0.01) and Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW, 1.6-fold, p < 0.05), while not significantly altering c-Fos activity in the amygdala (CeM, 1.3-fold, p > 0.05). Phoenixin immunoreactivity was not significantly affected by abdominal surgery (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The observed abdominal surgery-related increase in activity in phoenixin immunoreactive nuclei compared to sham surgery controls supports the hypothesis of an involvement of phoenixin in stress reactions. Interestingly, various psychological and physical stressors lead to specific changes in activity and immunoreactivity in phoenixin-containing nuclei, giving rise to a stressor-specific involvement of phoenixin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiemo Friedrich
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Miriam Goebel-Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Helios Kliniken GmbH, Rottweil, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martha Anna Schalla
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Kobelt
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Rose
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Acute exposure to a hot ambient temperature reduces energy intake but does not affect gut hormones in men during rest. Br J Nutr 2021; 125:951-959. [PMID: 32693846 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520002792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of ambient temperature on energy intake, perceived appetite and gut hormone responses during rest in men. Thirteen men (age 21·5 (sd 1·4) years; BMI 24·7 (sd 2·2) kg/m2) completed three, 5·5 h conditions in different ambient temperatures: (i) cold (10°C), (ii) thermoneutral (20°C) and (iii) hot (30°C). A standardised breakfast was consumed after fasting measures, and an ad libitum lunch provided at 4-4·5 h. Blood samples (analysed for plasma acylated ghrelin, total peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY) and total glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) concentrations), perceived appetite and thermoregulatory responses were collected throughout. Linear mixed models were used for statistical analyses. Ad libitum energy intake was 1243 (sd 1342) kJ higher in 10°C and 1189 (sd 1219) kJ higher in 20 v. 30°C (P = 0·002). Plasma acylated ghrelin, total PYY and GLP-1 concentrations did not differ significantly between the conditions (P ≥ 0·303). Sensitivity analyses for the 4 h pre-lunch period showed that perceived overall appetite was lower in both 30 and 10°C when compared with 20°C (P ≤ 0·019). In conclusion, acutely resting in a hot compared with a thermoneutral and cold ambient temperature reduced lunchtime ad libitum energy intake in healthy men. Suppressed perceived appetite may have contributed to the reduced energy intake in the hot compared with thermoneutral ambient temperature, whereas gut hormones did not appear to play an important role.
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Stengel A, Taché Y. Gut-Brain Neuroendocrine Signaling Under Conditions of Stress-Focus on Food Intake-Regulatory Mediators. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:498. [PMID: 30210455 PMCID: PMC6122076 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut-brain axis represents a bidirectional communication route between the gut and the central nervous system comprised of neuronal as well as humoral signaling. This system plays an important role in the regulation of gastrointestinal as well as homeostatic functions such as hunger and satiety. Recent years also witnessed an increased knowledge on the modulation of this axis under conditions of exogenous or endogenous stressors. The present review will discuss the alterations of neuroendocrine gut-brain signaling under conditions of stress and the respective implications for the regulation of food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stengel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yvette Taché
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Galic S, Loh K, Murray-Segal L, Steinberg GR, Andrews ZB, Kemp BE. AMPK signaling to acetyl-CoA carboxylase is required for fasting- and cold-induced appetite but not thermogenesis. eLife 2018; 7:32656. [PMID: 29433631 PMCID: PMC5811211 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a known regulator of whole-body energy homeostasis, but the downstream AMPK substrates mediating these effects are not entirely clear. AMPK inhibits fatty acid synthesis and promotes fatty acid oxidation by phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) 1 at Ser79 and ACC2 at Ser212. Using mice with Ser79Ala/Ser212Ala knock-in mutations (ACC DKI) we find that inhibition of ACC phosphorylation leads to reduced appetite in response to fasting or cold exposure. At sub-thermoneutral temperatures, ACC DKI mice maintain normal energy expenditure and thermogenesis, but fail to increase appetite and lose weight. We demonstrate that the ACC DKI phenotype can be mimicked in wild type mice using a ghrelin receptor antagonist and that ACC DKI mice have impaired orexigenic responses to ghrelin, indicating ACC DKI mice have a ghrelin signaling defect. These data suggest that therapeutic strategies aimed at inhibiting ACC phosphorylation may suppress appetite following metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Galic
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.,St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kim Loh
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.,St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lisa Murray-Segal
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.,St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Zane B Andrews
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Bruce E Kemp
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.,St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Australia
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Yuan PQ, Taché Y. Abdominal surgery induced gastric ileus and activation of M1-like macrophages in the gastric myenteric plexus: prevention by central vagal activation in rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 313:G320-G329. [PMID: 28684460 PMCID: PMC6134391 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00121.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a role in abdominal surgery (AS)-induced intestinal ileus that is alleviated by electrical vagal stimulation. Intracisternal injection of RX-77368, the stable thyrotropin-releasing hormone agonist, activates dorsal motor nucleus neurons and gastric vagal efferent discharges. We investigated the gastric inflammation induced by AS and the modulation by intracisternal RX-77368 in rats. RX-77368 (50 ng/rat) or saline was injected followed, 1 h later, by laparotomy and small intestinal/cecal manipulation. The sham group had anesthesia alone. After 6 h, gastric emptying (GE) and the inflammation in gastric corpus were determined. AS inhibited GE by 72% vs. control and doubled the number of M1-like macrophage immunoreactive for major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII; M1 marker) but not for cluster of differentiation 206 (CD206; M2 marker) (MHCII+/CD206-) while there was no change in M2-like macrophages (MHCII-/CD206+). AS increased mRNA levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) by 1.7- and 1.5-fold, respectively, in the gastric submucosa plus muscle layers and the infiltration of neutrophils labeled by myeloperoxidase by 9.5-fold in the muscularis externa. RX-77368 inhibited AS-related gastric changes while not altering these parameters in the sham group. There was a significant negative correlation between GE and IL-1β (r = -0.46), TNF-α (r = -0.44), M1 macrophage (r = -0.82), and neutrophils (r = -0.91). The M2-like macrophages and IL-10 expression were unchanged by AS with intracisternal saline or RX-77368. These data indicate that AS activates gastric M1 macrophages and increases proinflammatory cytokines expression, which are prevented by central vagal activation and may contribute to the correlated dampening of postoperative gastric ileus.NEW & NOTEWORTHY MHCII+/CD206- (M1) and MHCII-/CD206+ (M2) constitute two distinct populations of macrophages that are in close apposition to the cholinergic neurons in the rat gastric myenteric plexus (MP). Abdominal surgery (6 h) activates M1 macrophage leading to inflammation in the gastric MP correlated with the delayed gastric emptying, which was abolished by central vagal stimulation via intracisternal injection of RX-77368. Vagal stimulation linked with the cephalic phase may have potential beneficial effects to curtail postoperative gastric ileus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Qing Yuan
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Yvette Taché
- 1CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California; and ,2Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California
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Huang HJ, Zhu XC, Han QQ, Wang YL, Yue N, Wang J, Yu R, Li B, Wu GC, Liu Q, Yu J. Ghrelin alleviates anxiety- and depression-like behaviors induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress in rodents. Behav Brain Res 2017; 326:33-43. [PMID: 28245976 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As a regulator of food intake, ghrelin also plays a key role in mood disorders. Previous studies reported that acute ghrelin administration defends against depressive symptoms of chronic stress. However, the effects of long-term ghrelin on rodents under chronic stress hasn't been revealed. In this study, we found chronic peripheral administration of ghrelin (5nmol/kg/day for 2 weeks, i.p.) could alleviate anxiety- and depression-like behaviors induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). The depression-like behaviors were assessed by the forced swimming test (FST), and anxiety-like behaviors were assessed by the open field test (OFT) and the elevated plus maze test (EPM). Meanwhile, we observed that peripheral acylated ghrelin, together with gastral and hippocampal ghrelin prepropeptide mRNA level, were significantly up-regulated in CUMS mice. Besides, the increased protein level of growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) in hippocampus were also detected. These results suggested that the endogenous ghrelin/GHSR pathway activated by CUMS plays a role in homeostasis. Further results showed that central treatment of ghrelin (10μg/rat/day for 2 weeks, i.c.v.) or GHRP-6 (the agonist of GHSR, 10μg/rat/day for 2 weeks, i.c.v.) significantly alleviated the depression-like behaviors induced by CUMS in FST and sucrose preference test (SPT). Based on these results, we concluded that central GHSR is involved in the antidepressant-like effect of exogenous ghrelin treatment, and ghrelin/GHSR may have the inherent neuromodulatory properties against depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jie Huang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Cang Zhu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiu-Qin Han
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ya-Lin Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Na Yue
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rui Yu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bing Li
- Center Laboratory, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Gen-Cheng Wu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention of Shanghai, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Mani BK, Osborne-Lawrence S, Vijayaraghavan P, Hepler C, Zigman JM. β1-Adrenergic receptor deficiency in ghrelin-expressing cells causes hypoglycemia in susceptible individuals. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3467-78. [PMID: 27548523 DOI: 10.1172/jci86270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is an orexigenic gastric peptide hormone secreted when caloric intake is limited. Ghrelin also regulates blood glucose, as emphasized by the hypoglycemia that is induced by caloric restriction in mouse models of deficient ghrelin signaling. Here, we hypothesized that activation of β1-adrenergic receptors (β1ARs) localized to ghrelin cells is required for caloric restriction-associated ghrelin release and the ensuing protective glucoregulatory response. In mice lacking the β1AR specifically in ghrelin-expressing cells, ghrelin secretion was markedly blunted, resulting in profound hypoglycemia and prevalent mortality upon severe caloric restriction. Replacement of ghrelin blocked the effects of caloric restriction in β1AR-deficient mice. We also determined that treating calorically restricted juvenile WT mice with beta blockers led to reduced plasma ghrelin and hypoglycemia, the latter of which is similar to the life-threatening, fasting-induced hypoglycemia observed in infants treated with beta blockers. These findings highlight the critical functions of ghrelin in preventing hypoglycemia and promoting survival during severe caloric restriction and the requirement for ghrelin cell-expressed β1ARs in these processes. Moreover, these results indicate a potential role for ghrelin in mediating beta blocker-associated hypoglycemia in susceptible individuals, such as young children.
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Teuffel P, Goebel-Stengel M, Hofmann T, Prinz P, Scharner S, Körner JL, Grötzinger C, Rose M, Klapp BF, Stengel A. A RAPID Method for Blood Processing to Increase the Yield of Plasma Peptide Levels in Human Blood. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27166969 DOI: 10.3791/53959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in the field of food intake regulation is gaining importance. This often includes the measurement of peptides regulating food intake. For the correct determination of a peptide's concentration, it should be stable during blood processing. However, this is not the case for several peptides which are quickly degraded by endogenous peptidases. Recently, we developed a blood processing method employing Reduced temperatures, Acidification, Protease inhibition, Isotopic exogenous controls and Dilution (RAPID) for the use in rats. Here, we have established this technique for the use in humans and investigated recovery, molecular form and circulating concentration of food intake regulatory hormones. The RAPID method significantly improved the recovery for (125)I-labeled somatostatin-28 (+39%), glucagon-like peptide-1 (+35%), acyl ghrelin and glucagon (+32%), insulin and kisspeptin (+29%), nesfatin-1 (+28%), leptin (+21%) and peptide YY3-36 (+19%) compared to standard processing (EDTA blood on ice, p <0.001). High performance liquid chromatography showed the elution of endogenous acyl ghrelin at the expected position after RAPID processing, while after standard processing 62% of acyl ghrelin were degraded resulting in an earlier peak likely representing desacyl ghrelin. After RAPID processing the acyl/desacyl ghrelin ratio in blood of normal weight subjects was 1:3 compared to 1:23 following standard processing (p = 0.03). Also endogenous kisspeptin levels were higher after RAPID compared to standard processing (+99%, p = 0.02). The RAPID blood processing method can be used in humans, yields higher peptide levels and allows for assessment of the correct molecular form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Teuffel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Division General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin
| | - Miriam Goebel-Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Division General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin; Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Martin-Luther Hospital, Academic Teaching Institution of Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Tobias Hofmann
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Division General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin
| | - Philip Prinz
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Division General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin
| | - Sophie Scharner
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Division General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin
| | - Jan L Körner
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Molecular Cancer Research Center (MKFZ), Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Carsten Grötzinger
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Molecular Cancer Research Center (MKFZ), Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Matthias Rose
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Division General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin
| | - Burghard F Klapp
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Division General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Division General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin;
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Harada Y, Ro S, Ochiai M, Hayashi K, Hosomi E, Fujitsuka N, Hattori T, Yakabi K. Ghrelin enhancer, rikkunshito, improves postprandial gastric motor dysfunction in an experimental stress model. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27:1089-97. [PMID: 26088415 PMCID: PMC4744783 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional dyspepsia (FD) is one of the most common disorders of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. However, no curable treatment is available for FD because the detailed mechanism of GI dysfunction in stressed conditions remains unclear. We aimed to clarify the association between endogenous acylated ghrelin signaling and gastric motor dysfunction and explore the possibility of a drug with ghrelin signal-enhancing action for FD treatment. METHODS Solid gastric emptying (GE) and plasma acylated ghrelin levels were evaluated in an urocortin1 (UCN1) -induced stress model. To clarify the role of acylated ghrelin on GI dysfunction in the model, exogenous acylated ghrelin, an endogenous ghrelin enhancer, rikkunshito, or an α2 -adrenergic receptor (AR) antagonist was administered. Postprandial motor function was investigated using a strain gauge force transducer in a free-moving condition. KEY RESULTS Exogenous acylated ghrelin supplementation restored UCN1-induced delayed GE. Alpha2 -AR antagonist and rikkunshito inhibited the reduction in plasma acylated ghrelin and GE in the stress model. The action of rikkunshito on delayed GE was blocked by co-administration of the ghrelin receptor antagonist. UCN1 decreased the amplitude of contraction in the antrum while increasing it in the duodenum. The motility index of the antrum but not the duodenum was significantly reduced by UCN1 treatment, which was improved by acylated ghrelin or rikkunshito. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES The UCN1-induced gastric motility dysfunction was mediated by abnormal acylated ghrelin dynamics. Supplementation of exogenous acylated ghrelin or enhancement of endogenous acylated ghrelin secretion by rikkunshito may be effective in treating functional GI disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Harada
- Tsumura Research LaboratoriesTsumura & Co.IbarakiJapan
| | - S. Ro
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologySaitama Medical CenterSaitama Medical UniversitySaitamaJapan,Central Research LaboratoriesTeikyo University Chiba Medical CenterChibaJapan
| | - M. Ochiai
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologySaitama Medical CenterSaitama Medical UniversitySaitamaJapan
| | - K. Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologySaitama Medical CenterSaitama Medical UniversitySaitamaJapan
| | - E. Hosomi
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologySaitama Medical CenterSaitama Medical UniversitySaitamaJapan
| | - N. Fujitsuka
- Tsumura Research LaboratoriesTsumura & Co.IbarakiJapan
| | - T. Hattori
- Tsumura Research LaboratoriesTsumura & Co.IbarakiJapan
| | - K. Yakabi
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologySaitama Medical CenterSaitama Medical UniversitySaitamaJapan
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12
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Kojima C, Sasaki H, Tsuchiya Y, Goto K. The influence of environmental temperature on appetite-related hormonal responses. J Physiol Anthropol 2015; 34:22. [PMID: 25935755 PMCID: PMC4460689 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-015-0059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute exercise in the heat has been shown to reduce appetite. However, the influence of exercise in the cold on appetite regulation remains unclear. The aim of this study was to compare exercise-induced appetite regulation under three different environmental temperatures. Methods Eleven male participants completed three experimental trials on the following separate days: exercise in the heat (36°C), exercise at neutral temperature (24°C), and exercise in the cold (12°C). The exercise trials consisted of pedaling exercises for 30 min at 65% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Blood samples were collected repeatedly to determine plasma ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY) and other hormonal concentrations. Subjective feelings of hunger and tympanic temperature were also monitored. Results Tympanic temperature was significantly higher in the 36°C trial than that of the other two trials (P < 0.05). The subjective feelings of hunger in the 36°C and 24°C trials were significantly lower than those in the 12°C trial (P < 0.05). Plasma ghrelin concentration decreased significantly with exercise in all conditions (P < 0.05), and the responses were not significantly different among the three conditions. Plasma PYY concentration increased significantly after the exercise in the 24°C trial only (P < 0.05), with no significant difference among the three trials. Conclusions These results suggest that exposure to hot or cold temperatures during exercise did not affect exercise-induced plasma ghrelin and PYY responses. However, the exercise-induced reduction of subjective hunger was significantly attenuated in a cold environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Kojima
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Hiroto Sasaki
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Yoshifumi Tsuchiya
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan. .,Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
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13
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A New Strategy Using Rikkunshito to Treat Anorexia and Gastrointestinal Dysfunction. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:364260. [PMID: 26064162 PMCID: PMC4433667 DOI: 10.1155/2015/364260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Because the clinical condition of gastrointestinal dysfunction, including functional dyspepsia, involves tangled combinations of pathologies, there are some cases of insufficient curative efficacy. Thus, traditional herbal medicines (Kampo medicines) uniquely developed in Japan are thought to contribute to medical treatment for upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Rikkunshito is a Kampo medicine often used to treat dyspeptic symptoms. Over the past few years, several studies have investigated the efficacy of rikkunshito for dysmotility, for example, upper abdominal complaints, in animals and humans. Rikkunshito ameliorated the decrease in gastric motility and anorexia in cisplatin-treated rats, stress-loaded mice, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-treated rats by enhancing plasma ghrelin levels via serotonin2B/2C receptor antagonism. In addition, rikkunshito ameliorated the decrease in food intake in aged mice and stress-loaded decreased gastric motility via enhanced ghrelin receptor signaling. Several clinical studies revealed that rikkunshito was effective in ameliorating upper gastrointestinal symptoms, including dyspepsia, epigastric pain, and postprandial fullness. In this review, we discuss these studies and propose additional evidence-based research that may promote the clinical use of Kampo medicines, particularly rikkunshito, for treating anorexia and gastrointestinal dysfunction.
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Mayerl S, Liebsch C, Visser TJ, Heuer H. Absence of TRH receptor 1 in male mice affects gastric ghrelin production. Endocrinology 2015; 156:755-67. [PMID: 25490146 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
TRH not only functions as a thyrotropin releasing hormone but also acts as a neuropeptide in central circuits regulating food intake and energy expenditure. As one suggested mode of action, TRH expressed in the caudal brainstem influences vagal activity by activating TRH receptor 1 (TRH-R1). In order to evaluate the impact of a diminished medullary TRH signaling on ghrelin metabolism, we analyzed metabolic changes of TRH-R1 knockout (R1ko) mice in response to 24 hours of food deprivation. Because R1ko mice are hypothyroid, we also studied eu- and hypothyroid wild-type (wt) animals and R1ko mice rendered euthyroid by thyroid hormone treatment. Independent of their thyroidal state, R1ko mice displayed a higher body weight loss than wt animals and a delayed reduction in locomotor activity upon fasting. Ghrelin transcript levels in the stomach as well as total ghrelin levels in the circulation were equally high in fasted wt and R1ko mice. In contrast, only wt mice responded to fasting with a rise in ghrelin-O-acyltransferase mRNA expression and consequently an increase in serum levels of acylated ghrelin. Together, our data suggest that an up-regulation of medullary TRH expression and subsequently enhanced activation of TRH-R1 in the vagal system represents a critical step in the stimulation of ghrelin-O-acyltransferase expression upon starvation that in turn is important for adjusting the circulating levels of acylated ghrelin to the fasting condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Mayerl
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research/Fritz Lipmann Institute (S.M., C.L., H.H.), D-07745 Jena, Germany; Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg (C.L.), D-01968 Senftenberg, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine (T.J.V.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine (H.H.), Düsseldorf, Germany
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15
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Yakabi K, Harada Y, Takayama K, Ro S, Ochiai M, Iizuka S, Hattori T, Wang L, Taché Y. Peripheral α2-β1 adrenergic interactions mediate the ghrelin response to brain urocortin 1 in rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 50:300-10. [PMID: 25265283 PMCID: PMC5942202 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) conveys neuronal input from the brain to the stomach. We investigated mechanisms through which urocortin 1 (UCN1) injected intracerebroventricularly (ICV, 300 pmol/rat) inhibits circulating ghrelin in rats. This was achieved by assessing (1) the induction of c-fos gene expression as a marker of neuronal activation in specific hypothalamic and caudal brainstem regulating ANS; (2) the influence of vagotomy and pharmacological blockade of central and peripheral α- and β-adrenergic receptor (AR) on ICV UCN1-induced reduction of plasma ghrelin levels (determined by ELISA); and (3) the relevance of this pathway in the feeding response to a fast in rats. UCN1 increased c-fos mRNA expression in key brain sites influencing sympathetic activity namely the hypothalamic paraventricular and ventromedial nuclei, locus coeruleus, nucleus of the solitary tract, and rostral ventrolateral medulla, by 16-, 29-, 6-, 37-, and 13-fold, respectively. In contrast, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus had little c-fos mRNA expression and ICV UCN1 induced a similar reduction in acylated ghrelin in the sham-operated (31%) and vagotomized (41%) rats. An intraperitoneal (IP) injection of either a non-selective α- or selective α2-AR antagonist reduced, while a selective α2-AR agonist enhanced ICV UCN1-induced suppression of plasma acylated ghrelin levels. In addition, IP injection of a non-selective β- or selective β1-AR agonist blocked, and selective β1-AR antagonist augmented, the ghrelin response to ICV UCN1. The IP injections of a selective α1- or non-selective β or β2-AR antagonists, or any of the pretreatments given ICV had no effect. ICV UCN1 reduced the 2-h food intake in response to a fast by 80%, and this effect was partially prevented by a selective α2-AR antagonist. These data suggest that ICV UCN1 reduces plasma ghrelin mainly through the brain sympathetic component of the ANS and peripheral AR specifically α2-AR activation and inactivation of β1-AR. The α2-AR pathway contributes to the associated reduction in food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yakabi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 3508550, Japan
| | - Yumi Harada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 3508550, Japan; Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki 3001192, Japan.
| | - Kiyoshige Takayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 3508550, Japan; Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University School of Health Sciences, Gunma 3718511, Japan
| | - Shoki Ro
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 3508550, Japan; Central Research Laboratories, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, Chiba 2990111, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Ochiai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 3508550, Japan
| | - Seiichi Iizuka
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki 3001192, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hattori
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki 3001192, Japan
| | - Lixin Wang
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA 90078, USA
| | - Yvette Taché
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA 90078, USA
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16
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Stengel A, Taché Y. Brain peptides and the modulation of postoperative gastric ileus. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 19:31-7. [PMID: 24999843 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Postoperative ileus (POI) develops after abdominal surgery irrespective of the site of surgery. When prolonged, POI can lead to longer hospitalization times and higher healthcare costs. Moreover, it is associated with complaints for the patient. In order to develop new strategies to treat this condition, a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of the POI is necessary. This review will focus on brain peptides (ghrelin, nesfatin-1, somatostatin, corticotropin-releasing factor, thyrotropin-releasing hormone and calcitonin gene-related peptide) involved in the mediation of POI and the possible modulation of these pathways to shorten the time of POI. Lastly, the role of vagal signaling or chewing gum as potential treatment strategies of alleviating symptoms of POI is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Division of General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yvette Taché
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Women's Health, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division at the University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, CA 90073, USA.
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17
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Wasse LK, King JA, Stensel DJ, Sunderland C. Effect of ambient temperature during acute aerobic exercise on short-term appetite, energy intake, and plasma acylated ghrelin in recreationally active males. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 38:905-9. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ambient temperature during exercise may affect energy intake regulation. Compared with a temperate (20 °C) environment, 1 h of running followed by 6 h of rest tended to decrease energy intake from 2 ad libitum meals in a hot (30 °C) environment but increase energy intake in a cool (10 °C) environment (p = 0.08). Core temperature changes did not appear to mediate this trend; whether acylated ghrelin is involved is unclear. Further research is warranted to clarify these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy K. Wasse
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - James A. King
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, Loughborough, UK
| | - David J. Stensel
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, Loughborough, UK
| | - Caroline Sunderland
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
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18
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Tache Y. Brainstem neuropeptides and vagal protection of the gastric mucosal against injury: role of prostaglandins, nitric oxide and calcitonin-gene related peptide in capsaicin afferents. Curr Med Chem 2012; 19:35-42. [PMID: 22300074 DOI: 10.2174/092986712803414097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Earlier experimental studies indicated that the integrity of vagal pathway was required to confer gastric protection against damaging agents. Several peptides located in the brainstem initially identified to influence vagal outflow to the stomach, as assessed by electrophysiological approach or by vagal dependent alterations of gastric secretory and motor function, were investigated for their influence in the vagal regulation of the resistance of the gastric mucosa to injury. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), or its stable TRH analog, RX-77368, injected at low doses into the cisterna magna or the dorsal motor nucleus (DMN) was the first peptide reported to protect the gastric mucosa against ethanol injury through stimulation of vagal cholinergic pathways, inducing the release of gastric prostaglandins/nitric oxide (NO) and the recruitment of efferent function of capsaicin sensitive afferent fibers containing calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP). Activation of endogenous TRH-TRH1 receptor signaling located in the brainstem plays a role in adaptive gastric protection against damaging agents. Since then, an expanding number of peptides, namely peptide YY, CGRP, adrenomedullin, amylin, glugacon-like peptide, opioid peptides acting on µ, δ1 or δ2 receptors, nocicpetin, nocistatin, ghrelin, leptin and TLQP-21, a peptide derived from VGF prohormone, have been reported to act in the brainstem to afford gastric protection against ethanol injury largely through similar peripheral effectors mechanisms than TRH. Therefore gastric prostaglandins and CGRP/NO pathways represent a common final mechanism through which brain peptides confer vagally mediated gastroprotection against injury. A better understanding of brain circuitries through which these peptides are released will provide new strategies to recruit integrated and multifaceted gastroprotective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tache
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 90073, USA.
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Wang L, Murphy NP, Stengel A, Goebel-Stengel M, St Pierre D, Maidment NT, Taché Y. Ghrelin prevents levodopa-induced inhibition of gastric emptying and increases circulating levodopa in fasted rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012; 24:e235-45. [PMID: 22443313 PMCID: PMC3345891 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2012.01904.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Levodopa (L-dopa) is the most commonly used treatment for alleviating symptoms of Parkinson's disease. However, L-dopa delays gastric emptying, which dampens its absorption. We investigated whether ghrelin prevents L-dopa action on gastric emptying and enhances circulating L-dopa in rats. METHODS Gastric emptying of non-nutrient methylcellulose/phenol red viscous solution was determined in fasted rats treated with orogastric or intraperitoneal (i.p.) L-dopa, or intravenous (i.v.) ghrelin 10 min before orogastric L-dopa. Plasma L-dopa and dopamine levels were determined by high pressure liquid chromatography. Plasma acyl ghrelin levels were assessed by radioimmunoassay. Fos expression in the brain was immunostained after i.v. ghrelin (30 μg kg(-1)) 10 min before i.p. L-dopa. KEY RESULTS Levodopa (5 and 15 mg kg(-1)) decreased significantly gastric emptying by 32% and 62%, respectively, when administered orally, and by 91% and 83% when injected i.p. Ghrelin (30 or 100 μg kg(-1), i.v.) completely prevented L-dopa's (15 mg kg(-1), orogastrically) inhibitory action on gastric emptying and enhanced plasma L-dopa and dopamine levels compared with vehicle 15 min after orogastric L-dopa. Levodopa (5 mg kg(-1)) did not modify plasma acyl ghrelin levels at 30 min, 1, and 2 h after i.v. injection. Levodopa (15 mg kg(-1), i.p.) induced Fos in brain autonomic centers, which was not modified by i.v. ghrelin. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Ghrelin counteracts L-dopa-induced delayed gastric emptying but not Fos induction in the brain and enhances circulating L-dopa levels. Potential therapeutic benefits of ghrelin agonists in Parkinson's disease patients treated with L-dopa remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Wang
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles and VAGLAHS, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Niall P. Murphy
- Department of Psychology, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andreas Stengel
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles and VAGLAHS, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Miriam Goebel-Stengel
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles and VAGLAHS, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Nigel T. Maidment
- Department of Psychology, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yvette Taché
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles and VAGLAHS, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Stengel A, Taché Y. Yin and Yang - the Gastric X/A-like Cell as Possible Dual Regulator of Food Intake. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012; 18:138-49. [PMID: 22523723 PMCID: PMC3325299 DOI: 10.5056/jnm.2012.18.2.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ingestion of food affects secretion of hormones from enteroendocrine cells located in the gastrointestinal mucosa. These hormones are involved in the regulation of various gastrointestinal functions including the control of food intake. One cell in the stomach, the X/A-like has received much attention over the past years due to the production of ghrelin. Until now, ghrelin is the only known orexigenic hormone that is peripherally produced and centrally acting to stimulate food intake. Subsequently, additional peptide products of this cell have been described including desacyl ghrelin, obestatin and nesfatin-1. Desacyl ghrelin seems to be involved in the regulation of food intake as well and could play a counter-balancing role of ghrelin's orexigenic effect. In contrast, the initially proposed anorexigenic action of obestatin did not hold true and therefore the involvement of this peptide in the regulation of feeding is questionable. Lastly, the identification of nesfatin-1 in the same cell in different vesicles than ghrelin extended the function of this cell type to the inhibition of feeding. Therefore, this X/A-like cell could play a unique role by encompassing yin and yang properties to mediate not only hunger but also satiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stengel
- Department of Medicine, Division Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Charité, Campus Mitte, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Stengel A, Taché Y. Ghrelin - a pleiotropic hormone secreted from endocrine x/a-like cells of the stomach. Front Neurosci 2012; 6:24. [PMID: 22355282 PMCID: PMC3280431 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2012.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastric X/A-like endocrine cell receives growing attention due to its peptide products with ghrelin being the best characterized. This peptide hormone was identified a decade ago as a stimulator of food intake and to date remains the only known peripherally produced and centrally acting orexigenic hormone. In addition, subsequent studies identified numerous other functions of this peptide including the stimulation of gastrointestinal motility, the maintenance of energy homeostasis and an impact on reproduction. Moreover, ghrelin is also involved in the response to stress and assumed to play a role in coping functions and exert a modulatory action on immune pathways. Our knowledge on the regulation of ghrelin has markedly advanced during the past years by the identification of the ghrelin acylating enzyme, ghrelin-O-acyltransferase, and by the description of changes in expression, activation, and release under different metabolic as well as physically and psychically challenging conditions. However, our insight on regulatory processes of ghrelin at the cellular and subcellular levels is still very limited and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stengel
- Division Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Department of Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany
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Stengel A, Taché Y. Activation of somatostatin 2 receptors in the brain and the periphery induces opposite changes in circulating ghrelin levels: functional implications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:178. [PMID: 23335913 PMCID: PMC3542632 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin is an important modulator of neurotransmission in the central nervous system and acts as a potent inhibitor of hormone and exocrine secretion and regulator of cell proliferation in the periphery. These pleiotropic actions occur through interaction with five G protein-coupled somatostatin receptor subtypes (sst(1) (-) (5)) that are widely expressed in the brain and peripheral organs. The characterization of somatostatin's effects can be investigated by pharmacological or genetic approaches using newly developed selective sst agonists and antagonists and mice lacking specific sst subtypes. Recent evidence points toward a divergent action of somatostatin in the brain and in the periphery to regulate circulating levels of ghrelin, an orexigenic hormone produced by the endocrine X/A-like cells in the rat gastric mucosa. Somatostatin interacts with the sst(2) in the brain to induce an increase in basal ghrelin plasma levels and counteracts the visceral stress-related decrease in circulating ghrelin. By contrast, stimulation of peripheral somatostatin-sst(2) signaling results in the inhibition of basal ghrelin release and mediates the postoperative decrease in circulating ghrelin. The peripheral sst(2)-mediated reduction of plasma ghrelin is likely to involve a paracrine action of D cell-derived somatostatin acting on sst(2) bearing X/A-like ghrelin cells in the gastric mucosa. The other member of the somatostatin family, named cortistatin, in addition to binding to sst(1) (-) (5) also directly interacts with the ghrelin receptor and therefore may simultaneously modulate ghrelin release and actions at target sites bearing ghrelin receptors representing a link between the ghrelin and somatostatin systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stengel
- Division Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Department of Medicine, Obesity Center Berlin, Charité, Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Andreas Stengel, Division Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Department of Medicine, Obesity Center Berlin, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Luisenstr. 13a, 10117 Berlin, Germany. e-mail: ; Yvette Taché, Digestive Diseases Division, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Women’s Health, Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, University of California at Los Angeles, CURE Building 115, Room 117, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA. e-mail:
| | - Yvette Taché
- Digestive Diseases Division, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Women’s Health, Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, University of California at Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Andreas Stengel, Division Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Department of Medicine, Obesity Center Berlin, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Luisenstr. 13a, 10117 Berlin, Germany. e-mail: ; Yvette Taché, Digestive Diseases Division, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Women’s Health, Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, University of California at Los Angeles, CURE Building 115, Room 117, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA. e-mail:
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Stengel A, Wang L, Taché Y. Stress-related alterations of acyl and desacyl ghrelin circulating levels: mechanisms and functional implications. Peptides 2011; 32:2208-17. [PMID: 21782868 PMCID: PMC3220774 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is the only known peripherally produced and centrally acting peptide hormone that stimulates food intake and digestive functions. Ghrelin circulates as acylated and desacylated forms and recently the acylating enzyme, ghrelin-O-acyltransferase (GOAT) and the de-acylating enzyme, thioesterase 1/lysophospholipase 1 have been identified adding new layers of complexity to the regulation of ghrelin. Stress is known to alter gastrointestinal motility and food intake and was recently shown to modify circulating ghrelin and GOAT levels with differential responses related to the type of stressors including a reduction induced by physical stressors (abdominal surgery and immunological/endotoxin injection, exercise) and elevation by metabolic (cold exposure, acute fasting and caloric restriction) and psychological stressors. However, the pathways underlying the alterations of ghrelin under these various stress conditions are still largely to be defined and may relate to stress-associated autonomic changes. There is evidence that alterations of circulating ghrelin may contribute to the neuroendocrine and behavioral responses along with sustaining the energetic requirement needed upon repeated exposure to stressors. A better understanding of these mechanisms will allow targeting components of ghrelin signaling that may improve food intake and gastric motility alterations induced by stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stengel
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles and Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, United States.
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Stengel A, Goebel-Stengel M, Wang L, Shaikh A, Lambrecht NWG, Rivier J, Taché Y. Abdominal surgery inhibits circulating acyl ghrelin and ghrelin-O-acyltransferase levels in rats: role of the somatostatin receptor subtype 2. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 301:G239-48. [PMID: 21636529 PMCID: PMC3154605 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00018.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Clinical studies are evaluating the efficacy of synthetic ghrelin agonists in postoperative ileus management. However, the control of ghrelin secretion under conditions of postoperative gastric ileus is largely unknown. Peripheral somatostatin inhibits ghrelin secretion in animals and humans. We investigated the time course of ghrelin changes postsurgery in fasted rats and whether somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (sst(2)) signaling is involved. Abdominal surgery (laparotomy and 1-min cecal palpation) induced a rapid and long-lasting decrease in plasma acyl ghrelin levels as shown by the 64, 67, and 59% reduction at 0.5, 2, and 5 h postsurgery, respectively, compared with sham (anesthesia alone for 10 min, P < 0.05). Levels were partly recovered at 7 h and fully restored at 24 h. The percentage of acyl ghrelin reduction was significantly higher than that of desacyl ghrelin at 2 h postsurgery and not at any other time point. This was associated with a 48 and 23% decrease in gastric and plasma ghrelin-O-acyltransferase protein concentrations, respectively (P < 0.001). Ghrelin-positive cells in the oxyntic mucosa expressed sst(2a) receptor and the sst(2) agonist S-346-011 inhibited fasting acyl ghrelin levels by 64 and 77% at 0.5 and 2 h, respectively. The sst(2) antagonist S-406-028 prevented the abdominal surgery-induced decreased circulating acyl ghrelin but not the delayed gastric emptying assessed 0.5 h postinjection. These data show that activation of sst(2) receptor located on gastric X/A-like cells plays a key role in the rapid inhibition of circulating acyl ghrelin induced by abdominal surgery while not being primarily involved in the early phase of postoperative gastric ileus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stengel
- 1Department of Medicine, CURE Digestive Diseases Research Center, Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Digestive Diseases Division at University of California Los Angeles and Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles;
| | - Miriam Goebel-Stengel
- 1Department of Medicine, CURE Digestive Diseases Research Center, Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Digestive Diseases Division at University of California Los Angeles and Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles;
| | - Lixin Wang
- 1Department of Medicine, CURE Digestive Diseases Research Center, Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Digestive Diseases Division at University of California Los Angeles and Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles;
| | - Almaas Shaikh
- 1Department of Medicine, CURE Digestive Diseases Research Center, Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Digestive Diseases Division at University of California Los Angeles and Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles;
| | - Nils W. G. Lambrecht
- 2Gastrointestinal Endocrinology, Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach; and
| | - Jean Rivier
- 3Peptide Biology Laboratories, Salk Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Yvette Taché
- 1Department of Medicine, CURE Digestive Diseases Research Center, Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Digestive Diseases Division at University of California Los Angeles and Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles;
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STENGEL A, GOEBEL-STENGEL M, WANG L, LUCKEY A, HU E, RIVIER J, TACHÉ Y. Central administration of pan-somatostatin agonist ODT8-SST prevents abdominal surgery-induced inhibition of circulating ghrelin, food intake and gastric emptying in rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 23:e294-308. [PMID: 21569179 PMCID: PMC3117963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2011.01721.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of brain somatostatin receptors (sst(1-5) ) with the stable pan-sst(1-5) somatostatin agonist, ODT8-SST blocks acute stress and central corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-mediated activation of endocrine and adrenal sympathetic responses. Brain CRF signaling is involved in delaying gastric emptying (GE) immediately post surgery. We investigated whether activation of brain sst signaling pathways modulates surgical stress-induced inhibition of gastric emptying and food intake. METHODS Fasted rats were injected intracisternally (i.c.) with somatostatin agonists and underwent laparotomy and 1-min cecal palpation. Gastric emptying of a non-nutrient solution and circulating acyl and desacyl ghrelin levels were assessed 50min post surgery. Food intake was monitored for 24 h. KEY RESULTS The abdominal surgery-induced inhibition of GE (65%), food intake (73% at 2h) and plasma acyl ghrelin levels (67%) was completely prevented by ODT8-SST (1μg per rat, i.c.). The selective sst(5) agonist, BIM-23052 prevented surgery-induced delayed GE, whereas selective sst(1) , sst(2) , or sst(4) agonists had no effect. However, the selective sst(2) agonist, S-346-011 (1μg per rat, i.c.) counteracted the abdominal surgery-induced inhibition of acyl ghrelin and food intake but not the delayed GE. The ghrelin receptor antagonist, [D-Lys(3) ]-GHRP-6 (0.93mg kg(-1) , intraperitoneal, i.p.) blocked i.p. ghrelin-induced increased GE, while not influencing i.c. ODT8-SST-induced prevention of delayed GE and reduced food intake after surgery. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES ODT8-SST acts in the brain to prevent surgery-induced delayed GE likely via activating sst(5) . ODT8-SST and the sst(2) agonist prevent the abdominal surgery-induced decrease in food intake and plasma acyl ghrelin indicating dissociation between brain somatostatin signaling involved in preventing surgery-induced suppression of GE and feeding response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. STENGEL
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division at the University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, CA 90073, USA
| | - M. GOEBEL-STENGEL
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division at the University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, CA 90073, USA
| | - L. WANG
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division at the University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, CA 90073, USA
| | - A. LUCKEY
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division at the University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, CA 90073, USA
| | - E. HU
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division at the University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, CA 90073, USA
| | - J. RIVIER
- Peptide Biology Laboratories, Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Y. TACHÉ
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division at the University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, CA 90073, USA
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Miampamba M, Million M, Taché Y. Brain-gut interactions between central vagal activation and abdominal surgery to influence gastric myenteric ganglia Fos expression in rats. Peptides 2011; 32:1078-82. [PMID: 21376096 PMCID: PMC3085485 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that medullary thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) or the stable TRH agonist, RX-77368 administered intracisternally induces vagal-dependent activation of gastric myenteric neurons and prevents post surgery-induced delayed gastric emptying in rats. We investigated whether abdominal surgery alters intracisternal (ic) RX-77368 (50 ng)-induced gastric myenteric neuron activation. Under 10 min enflurane anesthesia, rats underwent an ic injection of saline or RX-77368 followed by a laparotomy and a 1-min cecal palpation, or no surgery and were euthanized 90 min later. Longitudinal muscle/myenteric plexus whole-mount preparations of gastric corpus and antrum were processed for immunohistochemical detection of Fos alone or double labeled with protein gene-product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). In the non surgery groups, ic RX-77368 induced a 17 fold increase in Fos-expression in both gastric antrum and corpus myenteric neurons compared to saline injected rats. PGP 9.5 ascertained the neuronal identity of myenteric cells expressing Fos. In the abdominal surgery groups, ic RX-77368 induced a significant increase in Fos-expression in both the corpus and antrum myenteric ganglia compared with ic saline injected rats which has no Fos in the gastric myenteric ganglia. However, the response was reduced by 73-78% compared with that induced by ic RX 77368 without surgery. Abundant VAChT positive nerve fibers were present around Fos positive neurons. These results indicate a bidirectional interaction between central vagal stimulation of gastric myenteric neurons and abdominal surgery. The modulation of gastric vagus-myenteric neuron activity could play an important role in the recovery phase of postoperative gastric ileus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Miampamba
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division at the University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, CA 90073, USA
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Gourcerol G, Adelson DW, Million M, Wang L, Taché Y. Modulation of gastric motility by brain-gut peptides using a novel non-invasive miniaturized pressure transducer method in anesthetized rodents. Peptides 2011; 32:737-46. [PMID: 21262308 PMCID: PMC3060955 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Acute in vivo measurements are often the initial, most practicable approach used to investigate the effects of novel compounds or genetic manipulations on the regulation of gastric motility. Such acute methods typically involve either surgical implantation of devices or require intragastric perfusion of solutions, which can substantially alter gastric activity and may require extended periods of time to allow stabilization or recovery of the preparation. We validated a simple, non-invasive novel method to measure acutely gastric contractility, using a solid-state catheter pressure transducer inserted orally into the gastric corpus, in fasted, anesthetized rats or mice. The area under the curve of the phasic component (pAUC) of intragastric pressure (IGP) was obtained from continuous manometric recordings of basal activity and in responses to central or peripheral activation of cholinergic pathways, or to abdominal surgery. In rats, intravenous ghrelin or intracisternal injection of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone agonist, RX-77368, significantly increased pAUC while coeliotomy and cacal palpation induced a rapid onset inhibition of phasic activity lasting for the 1-h recording period. In mice, RX-77368 injected into the lateral brain ventricle induced high-amplitude contractions, and carbachol injected intraperitoneally increased pAUC significantly, while coeliotomy and cecal palpation inhibited baseline contractile activity. In wild-type mice, cold exposure (15 min) increased gastric phasic activity and tone, while there was no gastric response in corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-overexpressing mice, a model of chronic stress. Thus, the novel solid-state manometric approach provides a simple, reliable means for acute pharmacological studies of gastric motility effects in rodents. Using this method we established in mice that the gastric motility response to central vagal activation is impaired under chronic expression of CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Gourcerol
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
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