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Ahmad S, Wright KN, Sun X, Groban L, Ferrario CM. Mast cell peptidases (carboxypeptidase A and chymase)-mediated hydrolysis of human angiotensin-(1-12) substrate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 518:651-656. [PMID: 31466718 PMCID: PMC6763271 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin processing peptidases (carboxypeptidase A (CPA) and chymase) are stored in cardiac mast cell (MC) secretory granules in large quantity and are co-released into the extracellular environment after activation/degranulation. In the human heart, chymase is primarily responsible for angiotensin II (Ang II) generation from the alternate substrate angiotensin-(1-12) (Ang-(1-12)). We investigated the individual and combined hydrolytic specificity of CPA and chymase enzymes (1:1 and 1:⅓ ratio) in the processing of the human Ang-(1-12) (hAng-(1-12)) substrate. To determine the Km and Vmax, the CPA and recombinant human chymase (rhChymase) enzymes were incubated with increasing concentrations of hAng-(1-12) substrate (0-300 μM). We found that CPA alone sequentially metabolized hAng-(1-12) substrate into angiotensin-(1-9) (Ang-(1-9), 53%), Ang II (22%) and angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7), 11%) during a 15 min incubation. In the presence of rhChymase alone, 125I-hAng-(1-12) was directly metabolized into Ang II (89%) and no further hydrolysis of Ang II was detected. In the presence of both CPA + rhChymase enzymes (1:1 or 1:⅓ ratio), the amount of Ang II formation from 125I-hAng-(1-12) within a 5 min incubation period were 68% or 65%, respectively. In the presence of both (CPA + rhChymase), small amounts of Ang-(1-9) and Ang-(1-7) were generated from 125I-hAng-(1-12). The Km and Vmax values were 150 ± 5 μM and 384 ± 23 nM/min/mg of CPA and 40 ± 9 μM and 116 ± 20 nM/min/mg of rhChymase. The catalytic efficiency (Vmax/Km ratio) was higher for rhChymase/hAng-(1-12) compared to CPA/hAng-(1-12). Compared to CPA, chymase has a much higher affinity to hydrolyze the hAng-(1-12) substrate directly into Ang II. In addition, Ang II and Ang-(1-7) are the end products of chymase and CPA, respectively. Overall, our findings suggest that the Ang II generation from hAng-(1-12) is primarily mediated by chymase rather than CPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarfaraz Ahmad
- General Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Kendra N Wright
- General Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Xuming Sun
- Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Leanne Groban
- Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA; Internal Medicine/Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Carlos M Ferrario
- General Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
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Dos Santos DMRC, de Souza CB, Pereira HJV. Angiotensin converting enzymes in fish venom. Toxicon 2017; 131:63-67. [PMID: 28284848 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Animal venoms are multifaceted mixtures, including proteins, peptides and enzymes produced by animals in defense, predation and digestion. These molecules have been investigated concerning their molecular mechanisms associated and possible pharmacological applications. Thalassophryne nattereri is a small venomous fish inhabiting the northern and northeastern coast of Brazil, and represents a relatively frequent cause of injuries. Its venom causes severe inflammatory response followed frequently by the necrosis of the affected area. Scorpaena plumieri is the most venomous fish in the Brazilian fauna and is responsible for relatively frequent accidents involving anglers and bathers. In humans, its venom causes edema, erythema, ecchymoses, nausea, vomiting, and syncope. Recently, the presence of a type of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity in the venom of Thalassophryne nattereri and Scorpaena plumieri, endemic fishes in northeastern coast of Brazil, has been described. The ACE converts angiotensin I (Ang I) into angiotensin II (Ang II) and inactivates bradykinin, there by regulating blood pressure and electrolyte homeostasis, however, their function in these venoms remains an unknown. This article provides an overview of the current knowledge on ACE in the venoms of Thalassophryne nattereri and Scorpaena plumier.
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Tenório HDA, Costa RB, Costa Marques ME, Victor Dos Santos CW, Gomes FS, Vieira Pereira HJ. Angiotensins processing activities in the venom and epidermic mucus of Scorpaena plumieri. Toxicon 2016; 119:92-8. [PMID: 27215174 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The venom of marine animals is a rich source of compounds with remarkable selectivity and functional diversity. Scorpaena plumieri is the most venomous fish in the Brazilian fauna and is responsible for relatively frequent accidents involving anglers and bathers. In humans, its venom causes edema, erythema, ecchymoses, anxiety, nausea, vomiting, and syncope. The venom is chemically characterized by Sp-CTx, a enzyme able to generate an initial endothelium-dependent relaxation response, followed by a contraction response. This study sought to investigate the proteolytic activities regarding vasopeptides angiotensin I and II. Both the venom and the epidermal mucus presented angiotensin conversion activity for angiotensin I, as well as a capacity to form Ang 1-7 directly via Ang I and II. Captopril (10 μM) and EDTA (1 mM) were able to abolish the converting activity of the venom and the epidermal mucus, representing the first description of a converting activity in S. plumieri venom and epidermal mucus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Bezerra Costa
- Instituto de Química e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | | | | | - Francis Soares Gomes
- Instituto de Química e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
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Ferrario CM, Ahmad S, Varagic J, Cheng CP, Groban L, Wang H, Collawn JF, Dell Italia LJ. Intracrine angiotensin II functions originate from noncanonical pathways in the human heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H404-14. [PMID: 27233763 PMCID: PMC5008653 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00219.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well-known that excess renin angiotensin system (RAS) activity contributes to the pathophysiology of cardiac and vascular disease, tissue-based expression of RAS genes has given rise to the possibility that intracellularly produced angiotensin II (Ang II) may be a critical contributor to disease processes. An extended form of angiotensin I (Ang I), the dodecapeptide angiotensin-(1-12) [Ang-(1-12)], that generates Ang II directly from chymase, particularly in the human heart, reinforces the possibility that an alternative noncanonical renin independent pathway for Ang II formation may be important in explaining the mechanisms by which the hormone contributes to adverse cardiac and vascular remodeling. This review summarizes the work that has been done in evaluating the functional significance of Ang-(1-12) and how this substrate generated from angiotensinogen by a yet to be identified enzyme enhances knowledge about Ang II pathological actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Ferrario
- Departments of Surgery, Internal Medicine-Nephrology and Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Science Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina;
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Departments of Surgery, Internal Medicine-Nephrology and Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Science Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jasmina Varagic
- Departments of Surgery, Internal Medicine-Nephrology and Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Science Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University Health Science Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Che Ping Cheng
- Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Science Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Leanne Groban
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University Health Science Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University Health Science Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University Health Science Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - James F Collawn
- Departments of Cell Biology, Microbiology, Physiology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Louis J Dell Italia
- Departments of Cell Biology, Microbiology, Physiology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Alabama; and Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
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White MJ, Kodaman NM, Harder RH, Asselbergs FW, Vaughan DE, Brown NJ, Moore JH, Williams SM. Genetics of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in a Ghanaian Population. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136379. [PMID: 26322636 PMCID: PMC4556460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), a major modulator of the fibrinolytic system, is an important factor in cardiovascular disease (CVD) susceptibility and severity. PAI-1 is highly heritable, but the few genes associated with it explain only a small portion of its variation. Studies of PAI-1 typically employ linear regression to estimate the effects of genetic variants on PAI-1 levels, but PAI-1 is not normally distributed, even after transformation. Therefore, alternative statistical methods may provide greater power to identify important genetic variants. Additionally, most genetic studies of PAI-1 have been performed on populations of European descent, limiting the generalizability of their results. We analyzed >30,000 variants for association with PAI-1 in a Ghanaian population, using median regression, a non-parametric alternative to linear regression. Three variants associated with median PAI-1, the most significant of which was in the gene arylsulfatase B (ARSB) (p = 1.09 x 10−7). We also analyzed the upper quartile of PAI-1, the most clinically relevant part of the distribution, and found 19 SNPs significantly associated in this quartile. Of note an association was found in period circadian clock 3 (PER3). Our results reveal novel associations with median and elevated PAI-1 in an understudied population. The lack of overlap between the two analyses indicates that the genetic effects on PAI-1 are not uniform across its distribution. They also provide evidence of the generalizability of the circadian pathway’s effect on PAI-1, as a recent meta-analysis performed in Caucasian populations identified another circadian clock gene (ARNTL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marquitta J. White
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Institute of Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Nuri M. Kodaman
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Institute of Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Reed H. Harder
- Department of Genetics and Institute of Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Folkert W. Asselbergs
- Department Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 222 Euston Road, London, United Kingdom
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Douglas E. Vaughan
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Nancy J. Brown
- Department of Medicine Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jason H. Moore
- Department of Genetics and Institute of Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Scott M. Williams
- Department of Genetics and Institute of Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tenório HDA, da Costa Marques ME, Machado SS, Pereira HJV. Angiotensin processing activities in the venom of Thalassophryne nattereri. Toxicon 2015; 98:49-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pereira MGAG, Souza LL, Becari C, Duarte DA, Camacho FRB, Oliveira JAC, Gomes MD, Oliveira EB, Salgado MCO, Garcia-Cairasco N, Costa-Neto CM. Angiotensin II-independent angiotensin-(1-7) formation in rat hippocampus: involvement of thimet oligopeptidase. Hypertension 2013; 62:879-85. [PMID: 24041943 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.01613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The involvement and relevance of the renin-angiotensin system have been established clearly in cardiovascular diseases, and renin-angiotensin system involvement has also been investigated extensively in the central nervous system. Angiotensin II acts classically by binding to the AT1 and AT2 receptors. However, other pathways within the renin-angiotensin system have been described more recently, such as one in which angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)) binds to the receptor Mas. In the central nervous system specifically, it has been reported that this heptapeptide is involved in learning and memory processes that occur in central limbic regions, such as the hippocampus. Therefore, this prompted us to investigate the possible role of the Ang-(1-7)-receptor Mas pathway in epileptic seizures, which are also known to recruit limbic areas. In the present study, we show that Ang-(1-7) is the main metabolite of angiotensin I in rat hippocampi, and, strikingly, that thimet oligopeptidase is the main enzyme involved in the generation of Ang-(1-7). Furthermore, elevations in the levels of thimet oligopeptidase, Ang-(1-7), and of receptor Mas transcripts are observed in chronically stimulated epileptic rats, which suggest that the thimet oligopeptidase-Ang-(1-7)-receptor Mas axis may have a functional relevance in the pathophysiology of these animals. In summary, our data, which describe a new preferential biochemical pathway for the generation of Ang-(1-7) in the central nervous system and an increase in the levels of various elements of the related thimet oligopeptidase-Ang-(1-7)-receptor Mas pathway, unveil potential new roles of the renin-angiotensin system in central nervous system pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia G A G Pereira
- Faculty of Medicine at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil. or or
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Chan KH, Chen YH, Zhang Y, Wong YH, Dun NJ. Angiotensin-[1-12] interacts with angiotensin type I receptors. Neuropharmacology 2013; 81:267-73. [PMID: 23823979 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-(1-12) [Ang-(1-12)], a newer member of angiotensin peptides, is proposed to be converted enzymatically to angiotensin I (Ang I) and to angiotensin II (Ang II); the latter being the bioactive peptide. We studied the Ang-(1-12) and Ang II responses in COS-7 cells or CHO cells transfected with 5 μg AT1R by monitoring [Ca(2+)]i using the Fluo-4. Ang II (1 pM-1 μM) and Ang-(1-12) (5 pM-5 μM) increased [Ca(2+)]i with an EC50 of 0.19 nM and 24 nM in COS-7 cells; and 0.65 nM and 28.7 nM in CHO cells. The AT1R antagonist losartan (1 nM-10 μM) suppressed [Ca(2+)]i induced by Ang-(1-12) and Ang II. In CHO cells transfected with 5 μg AT2R, Ang II (1 pM-1 μM) increased [Ca(2+)]i, with an EC50 of 9.68 nM; whereas, Ang-(1-12) (5 pM-5 μM) failed to elicit a significant change in [Ca(2+)]i. In CHO cells transfected with AT1R, Ang-(1-12) stimulated ERK phosphorylation with a potency 300-fold less than that of Ang II. To evaluate the activity of Ang-(1-12) on native AT1R, whole cell patch recordings were made from neurons in the rat hypothalamic slices. Ang II or Ang-(1-12) ejected by pressure from a micropipette elicited a membrane depolarization; the latter was blocked by losartan (10 μM), and not affected by the AT2R antagonist PD123319 (10 μM), nor by the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor captopril (10 μM). Our result shows that Ang-(1-12) may produce its biological activity by acting directly on AT1R, albeit at a concentration higher than that of Ang II.
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Affiliation(s)
- King H Chan
- Division of Life Science and Biotechnology Research Institute, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yi H Chen
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3420 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Yung H Wong
- Division of Life Science and Biotechnology Research Institute, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Nae J Dun
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3420 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Tanco S, Lorenzo J, Garcia-Pardo J, Degroeve S, Martens L, Aviles FX, Gevaert K, Van Damme P. Proteome-derived peptide libraries to study the substrate specificity profiles of carboxypeptidases. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:2096-110. [PMID: 23620545 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.023234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Through processing peptide and protein C termini, carboxypeptidases participate in the regulation of various biological processes. Few tools are however available to study the substrate specificity profiles of these enzymes. We developed a proteome-derived peptide library approach to study the substrate preferences of carboxypeptidases. Our COFRADIC-based approach takes advantage of the distinct chromatographic behavior of intact peptides and the proteolytic products generated by the action of carboxypeptidases, to enrich the latter and facilitate its MS-based identification. Two different peptide libraries, generated either by chymotrypsin or by metalloendopeptidase Lys-N, were used to determine the substrate preferences of human metallocarboxypeptidases A1 (hCPA1), A2 (hCPA2), and A4 (hCPA4). In addition, our approach allowed us to delineate the substrate specificity profile of mouse mast cell carboxypeptidase (MC-CPA or mCPA3), a carboxypeptidase suggested to function in innate immune responses regulation and mast cell granule homeostasis, but which thus far lacked a detailed analysis of its substrate preferences. mCPA3 was here shown to preferentially remove bulky aromatic amino acids, similar to hCPA2. This was also shown by a hierarchical cluster analysis, grouping hCPA1 close to hCPA4 in terms of its P1 primed substrate specificity, whereas hCPA2 and mCPA3 cluster separately. The specificity profile of mCPA3 may further aid to elucidate the function of this mast cell carboxypeptidase and its biological substrate repertoire. Finally, we used this approach to evaluate the substrate preferences of prolylcarboxypeptidase, a serine carboxypeptidase shown to cleave C-terminal amino acids linked to proline and alanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Tanco
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i de Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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