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Natural Peptides in Drug Discovery Targeting Acetylcholinesterase. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092344. [PMID: 30217053 PMCID: PMC6225273 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase-inhibitory peptide has gained much importance since it can inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and increase the availability of acetylcholine in cholinergic synapses, enhancing cholinergic transmission in pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Natural peptides have received considerable attention as biologically important substances as a source of AChE inhibitors. These natural peptides have high potential pharmaceutical and medicinal values due to their bioactivities as neuroprotective and neurodegenerative treatment activities. These peptides have attracted great interest in the pharmaceutical industries, in order to design potential peptides for use in the prophylactic and therapy purposes. Some natural peptides and their derivatives have high commercial values and have succeeded in reaching the pharmaceutical market. A large number of peptides are already in preclinical and clinical pipelines for treatment of various diseases. This review highlights the recent researches on the various natural peptides and future prospects for AD management.
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Green BD, Grieve DJ. Biochemical properties and biological actions of obestatin and its relevence in type 2 diabetes. Peptides 2018; 100:249-259. [PMID: 29412827 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obestatin was initially discovered in rat stomach extract, and although it is principally produced in the gastric mucosa, it can be found throughout the gastrointestinal tract. This 23-amino acid C-terminally amidated peptide is derived from preproghrelin and has been ascribed a wide range of metabolic effects relevant to type 2 diabetes. Obestatin reportedly inhibits gastrointestinal motility, reduces food intake and lowers body weight and improves lipid metabolism. Furthermore, it appears to exert actions on the pancreatic β-cell, most notably increasing β-cell mass and upregulating genes associated with insulin production and β-cell regeneration, with relevance to type 2 diabetes. It is becoming evident that obestatin also exerts pleiotropic effects on the cardiovascular system, possibly modulating blood pressure, endothelial function and triggering cardioprotective mechanisms, which may be important in determining cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, it seems that like other gut peptides obestatin has neuroprotective properties. This review examines the biochemical properties of the obestatin peptide (its structure, sequence, stability and distribution) and the candidate receptors through which it may act. It provides a balanced examination of the reported pancreatic and extrapancreatic actions of obestatin and evaluates its potential relevance with respect to diabetes therapy, together with discussion of direct evidence linking alterations in obestatin signalling with obesity/diabetes and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Green
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5BN, UK.
| | - David J Grieve
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
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Obestatin controls skeletal muscle fiber-type determination. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2137. [PMID: 28522824 PMCID: PMC5437042 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02337-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Obestatin/GPR39 signaling stimulates skeletal muscle growth and repair by inducing both G-protein-dependent and -independent mechanisms linking the activated GPR39 receptor with distinct sets of accessory and effector proteins. In this work, we describe a new level of activity where obestatin signaling plays a role in the formation, contractile properties and metabolic profile of skeletal muscle through determination of oxidative fiber type. Our data indicate that obestatin regulates Mef2 activity and PGC-1α expression. Both mechanisms result in a shift in muscle metabolism and function. The increase in Mef2 and PGC-1α signaling activates oxidative capacity, whereas Akt/mTOR signaling positively regulates myofiber growth. Taken together, these data indicate that the obestatin signaling acts on muscle fiber-type program in skeletal muscle.
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Cowan E, Burch KJ, Green BD, Grieve DJ. Obestatin as a key regulator of metabolism and cardiovascular function with emerging therapeutic potential for diabetes. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:2165-81. [PMID: 27111465 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Obestatin is a 23-amino acid C-terminally amidated gastrointestinal peptide derived from preproghrelin and which forms an α helix. Although obestatin has a short biological half-life and is rapidly degraded, it is proposed to exert wide-ranging pathophysiological actions. Whilst the precise nature of many of its effects is unclear, accumulating evidence supports positive actions on both metabolism and cardiovascular function. For example, obestatin has been reported to inhibit food and water intake, body weight gain and gastrointestinal motility and also to mediate promotion of cell survival and prevention of apoptosis. Obestatin-induced increases in beta cell mass, enhanced adipogenesis and improved lipid metabolism have been noted along with up-regulation of genes associated with beta cell regeneration, insulin production and adipogenesis. Furthermore, human circulating obestatin levels generally demonstrate an inverse association with obesity and diabetes, whilst the peptide has been shown to confer protective metabolic effects in experimental diabetes, suggesting that it may hold therapeutic potential in this setting. Obestatin also appears to be involved in blood pressure regulation and to exert beneficial effects on endothelial function, with experimental studies indicating that it may also promote cardioprotective actions against, for example, ischaemia-reperfusion injury. This review will present a critical appraisal of the expanding obestatin research area and discuss the emerging therapeutic potential of this peptide for both metabolic and cardiovascular complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Cowan
- Queen's University Belfast, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Belfast, UK
| | - Kerry J Burch
- Queen's University Belfast, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Belfast, UK
| | - Brian D Green
- Queen's University Belfast, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Belfast, UK
| | - David J Grieve
- Queen's University Belfast, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Belfast, UK
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Wang Q, Lv L, Ling Z, Wang Y, Liu Y, Li L, Liu G, Shen L, Yan J, Wang Y. Long-Circulating Iodinated Albumin–Gadolinium Nanoparticles as Enhanced Magnetic Resonance and Computed Tomography Imaging Probes for Osteosarcoma Visualization. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4299-304. [PMID: 25815625 DOI: 10.1021/ac504752a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianliang Wang
- The Second Affiliated
Hospital of Soochow University, 1055
Sanxiang Road, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Ling Lv
- The Second Affiliated
Hospital of Soochow University, 1055
Sanxiang Road, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Zhuoyan Ling
- The Second Affiliated
Hospital of Soochow University, 1055
Sanxiang Road, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Yangyun Wang
- Center
for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, School for Radiological
and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park 215123, China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education
Institutions, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park 215123, China
| | - Yujing Liu
- The Second Affiliated
Hospital of Soochow University, 1055
Sanxiang Road, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Liubing Li
- The Second Affiliated
Hospital of Soochow University, 1055
Sanxiang Road, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Guodong Liu
- The Second Affiliated
Hospital of Soochow University, 1055
Sanxiang Road, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Liqin Shen
- The Second Affiliated
Hospital of Soochow University, 1055
Sanxiang Road, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Jun Yan
- The Second Affiliated
Hospital of Soochow University, 1055
Sanxiang Road, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Center
for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, School for Radiological
and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park 215123, China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education
Institutions, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park 215123, China
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Lim HK, Cao Y, Qiu X, Silva J, Evans DC. A nonradioactive approach to investigate the metabolism of therapeutic peptides by tagging with 127i and using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 43:17-26. [PMID: 25315343 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.059774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic fate of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) fragment 4-10 (4-10) was evaluated following incorporation of a nonradioactive (127)I-tag and with selective detection of I(+) at m/z 127 by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). (127)I has all the advantages of radioactive (125)I as a metabolite tracer and, together with its detection in the femtogram range, has led to a successful metabolite profiling of (127)I-ACTH (4-10) in vitro. The observed metabolic stability of this peptide in tissue preparations from human was plasma > kidney S9 > liver microsomes > liver cytosol, liver S9. Metabolic turnover of (127)I-ACTH (4-10) was not NADPH-dependent and, together with inhibition by protease inhibitor cocktail and EDTA, is consistent with metabolism exclusively by proteases. Our preliminary studies using chemical inhibitors suggested the involvement of metalloprotease, serine peptidase, and aminopeptidase in (127)I-ACTH (4-10) metabolism. The liver is the primary site of metabolic clearance of (127)I-ACTH (4-10), with kidney S9 taking four times longer to produce a metabolite profile comparable to that produced by liver S9. A total of six metabolites retaining the (127)I-tag was detected by ICP-MS, and their structures were elucidated using a LTQ/Orbitrap. (127)I-ACTH (4-10) underwent both N- and C-terminal proteolysis to produce (127)I-Phe as the major metabolite. The (127)I-tag had minimal effect on the metabolic turnover and site of proteolysis of ACTH (4-10), which, together with ICP-MS providing essentially equimolar responses, suggests that the use of a (127)I-tag may have general utility as an alternative to radioiodination to investigate the metabolism of peptide therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Keang Lim
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania (H.-K.L., J.S., D.C.E.); Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (Y.C.); and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois (X.Q.)
| | - Yuan Cao
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania (H.-K.L., J.S., D.C.E.); Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (Y.C.); and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois (X.Q.)
| | - Xi Qiu
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania (H.-K.L., J.S., D.C.E.); Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (Y.C.); and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois (X.Q.)
| | - Jose Silva
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania (H.-K.L., J.S., D.C.E.); Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (Y.C.); and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois (X.Q.)
| | - David C Evans
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania (H.-K.L., J.S., D.C.E.); Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (Y.C.); and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois (X.Q.)
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D’Hondt M, Fedorova M, Peng CY, Gevaert B, Taevernier L, Hoffmann R, De Spiegeleer B. Dry heat forced degradation of buserelin peptide: Kinetics and degradant profiling. Int J Pharm 2014; 467:48-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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