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Wang J, Liu Z, Lin H, Jiao H, Zhao J, Ma B, Wang Y, He S, Wang X. Daily feeding frequency affects feed intake and body weight management of growing layers. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103748. [PMID: 38670057 PMCID: PMC11068612 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of feeding behavior on feed intake and body weight in growing layers and the underlying mechanisms, thereby providing a scientific foundation for optimal feeding practices in growing layers' management. A total of 144 Hy-line brown growing layers of 10 wk old and similar body weight, were divided into 3 treatment groups with different feeding frequency and equal cumulative daily feeding amount: the once-a-day feeding group (F1) was fed at 9:00 am every day, with feeding amount of 150 g/layer; the twice-a-day feeding group (F2) were fed at 9:00 am and 13:00 pm every day, with each feeding amount of 75 g/layer; the 4 times-a-day feeding group (F4) were fed at 9:00 am, 11:00 am, 13:00 pm, and 15:00 pm every day, with each feeding amount of 37.5 g/layer. Pre-experiment lasted for 1 wk and formal experiment lasted for 8 wk. The results indicated that the daily feed intake and body weight were decreased (P < 0.05) while feed conversion ratio was not affected (P > 0.05) as daily feeding times increased. The glandular stomach proportion was significantly increased in twice-a-day feeding group, while liver proportion and ileum length were significantly increased in 4 times-feeding group (P < 0.05). Additionally, 4 times-feeding daily resulted in a significant elevation of blood glucose levels, which may have suppressed feed intake (P < 0.05). In 4 times-feeding group, the plasma triglyceride levels increased as feeding times, accompanied by a notable up-regulation in the mRNA level of appetite-suppressing gene, hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and glandular stomach ghrelin. This modulation effectively suppressed the subsequent feed intake and body weight. Therefore, 4 times feeding daily is recommended in growing layers' management, because it reduced the feed cost without affecting the feed conversion efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Zengmin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Hai Lin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Hongchao Jiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Jingpeng Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Baishun Ma
- Shandong Hemeihua Nongmu Co. Ltd., Jinan City, Shandong Province, 250102, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Sinochem Yunlong Co. Ltd., Jinsuo Industrial Zone, Xundian County, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, 655204, China
| | - Shuying He
- Sinochem Yunlong Co. Ltd., Jinsuo Industrial Zone, Xundian County, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, 655204, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China.
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Wada R, Takemi S, Matsumoto M, Iijima M, Sakai T, Sakata I. Molecular cloning and analysis of the ghrelin/GHSR system in Xenopus tropicalis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 331:114167. [PMID: 36402245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a gut-derived peptide with several physiological functions, including feeding, gastrointestinal motility, and hormonal secretion. Recently, a host defense peptide, liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP2), was reported as an endogenous antagonist of growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). The physiological relevance of the molecular LEAP2-GHS-R interaction in mammals has been explored; however, studies on non-mammals are limited. Here, we report the identification and functional characterization of ghrelin and its related molecules in Western clawed frog (Xenopus tropicalis), a known model organism. We first identified cDNA encoding X. tropicalis ghrelin and GHS-R. RT-qPCR revealed that ghrelin mRNA expression was most abundant in the stomach. GHS-R mRNA was widely distributed in the brain and peripheral tissues, and a relatively strong signal was observed in the stomach and intestine. In addition, LEAP2 was mainly expressed in intestinal tissues at higher levels than in the liver. In functional analysis, X. tropicalis ghrelin and human ghrelin induced intracellular Ca2+ mobilization with EC50 values in the low nanomolar range in CHO-K1 cells expressing X. tropicalis GHS-R. Furthermore, ghrelin-induced GHS-R activation was antagonized with IC50 values in the nanomolar range by heterologous human LEAP2. We also validated the expression of ghrelin and feeding-related factors under fasting conditions. After 2 days of fasting, no changes in ghrelin mRNA levels were observed in the stomach, but GHS-R mRNA levels were significantly increased, associated with significant downregulation of nucb2. In addition, LEAP2 upregulation was observed in the duodenum. These results provide the first evidence that LEAP2 functions as an antagonist of GHS-R in the anuran amphibian X. tropicalis. It has also been suggested that the ghrelin/GHS-R/LEAP2 system may be involved in energy homeostasis in X. tropicalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Wada
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Shota Takemi
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Mio Matsumoto
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Mio Iijima
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
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Mazzoni M, Zampiga M, Clavenzani P, Lattanzio G, Tagliavia C, Sirri F. Effect of chronic heat stress on gastrointestinal histology and expression of feed intake-regulatory hormones in broiler chickens. Animal 2022; 16:100600. [PMID: 35907384 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) dramatically impairs the growth performance of broiler chickens, mainly as a consequence of reduced feed intake due to the loss of appetite. This study was aimed at evaluating the alterations induced by chronic HS conditions on the morphological and morphometric features of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and on the expression of some enteroendocrine cells (EECs) involved in the regulation of feed intake in chickens. Three hundred male chickens (Ross 308) were divided into two experimental groups and raised either in thermoneutral environment for the whole fattening period (0-41 days) (TNT group) or subjected to chronic HS conditions (30 °C for 24 h/day) from 35 to 41 days (HS group). Samples of proventriculus, duodenum, jejunum and cecum were collected from 24 broilers (12/group). Haematoxylin-eosin was used for the morphometric evaluations, while immunohistochemistry was applied for the evaluation of EECs expressing ghrelin (GHR), cholecystokinin (CCK), neuropeptide Y (NPY), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and serotonin (5-HT). In the proventriculus, HS reduced total wall thickness and mucous layer height (P ≤ 0.01) as well as mean diameter, circumference, and area of the compound tubular glands (P ≤ 0.001) with respect to TNT. The small intestine of HS birds was characterised by decreased villous height and total thickness (duodenum, P ≤ 0.01; jejunum, P ≤ 0.001), whereas crypt depth and width were reduced only in the jejunum (P ≤ 0.01). HS had negligible effects on the morphological aspects of the cecum. In the proventriculus, an increase in GHR and NPY EECs was observed in response to HS (P ≤ 0.001). Similarly, the small intestine villi of the HS group showed greater GLP-1 (P ≤ 0.05), 5-HT (P ≤ 0.001) and CCK (P ≤ 0.01) EECs. Moreover, the expression of 5-HT EECs was higher in the duodenal (P ≤ 0.01) and jejunal (P ≤ 0.01) crypts of HS birds, whereas GLP-1 and CCK EECs increased only in jejunal crypts (P ≤ 0.05). Finally, 5-HT EEC expression was increased in the cecum of HS group (P ≤ 0.01). In conclusion, these outcomes demonstrate that chronic HS induces morphometric alterations not only in the small intestine but also in a key organ such as the proventriculus. Furthermore, HS conditions affect the presence and distribution of EECs, suggesting that some GI peptides and biogenic amine may be implicated in the regulation of appetite and voluntary feed intake in heat-stressed broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mazzoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
| | - M Zampiga
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | - P Clavenzani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | - G Lattanzio
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | - C Tagliavia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | - F Sirri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
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Chen D, Li Y, Wu H, Wu Y, Tang N, Chen S, Liu Y, Wang J, Zhang X, Li Z. Ghrelin-Ghrelin receptor (GSHR) pathway via endocannabinoid signal affects the expression of NPY to promote the food intake of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii). Horm Behav 2022; 143:105199. [PMID: 35597053 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous data suggested that activation of endocannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) was necessary for the orexigenic effect of Ghrelin in rodents, but the information is limited in teleosts. To investigate the feeding regulation pathway of Ghrelin and CB1 in Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii), this study first identified the Ghrelin (345 bp, complete coding sequence) and Ghrelin receptor (GHSR, 500 bp, partial coding sequence) sequences, and then detected their tissue distribution patterns, which showed that Ghrelin is mainly distribution in peripheral tissues, while GSHR is mainly in different brain divisions. Besides, the qPCR before and after feeding showed that the mRNA expressions of Ghrelin and GHSR were inhibited after feeding in telencephalon, diencephalon and mesencephalon. Subsequently, the food intake and appetite factor expressions were measured by i.c.v. co-injection of Ghrelin and GSHR antagonist. The results showed that Ghrelin promoted the food intake of Siberian sturgeon, which was reversed by its receptor antagonist. Besides, i.c.v. injection of Ghrelin decreased telencephalon CART expression while increased NPY expression in the three brain regions. In addition, to further explore the relationship of Ghrelin and CB1 signal regulating feeding, the co-injection of Ghrelin and CB1 antagonists was performed. The results showed that AM6545 (CB1 peripheral restricted antagonist) failed to affect the orexigenic effect of Ghrelin and the expression pattern of NPY mRNA in the telencephalon. While in the diencephalon, the increase of food intake and NPY mRNA expression induced by Ghrelin was completely reversed by Rimonabant (CB1 global antagonist). These results indicate Ghrelin-GSHR pathway promotes the food intake of Siberian sturgeon by inducing the expression of NPY in the diencephalon, and the stimulating effect will be reversed by cannabinoid receptor antagonism. This study provides a foundation for understanding the pathways Ghrelin and CB1 signals in appetite regulation of the teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defang Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211#, Huimin Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingzi Li
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211#, Huimin Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongwei Wu
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211#, Huimin Road, Chengdu, China; Chengdu Agricultural College, 392#, Detong Bridge Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanbing Wu
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211#, Huimin Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Ni Tang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211#, Huimin Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuhuang Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211#, Huimin Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Youlian Liu
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211#, Huimin Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Fishes Conservation and Utilization in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Neijiang Normal University, 1124#, Dongtong Road, Neijiang, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211#, Huimin Road, Chengdu, China.
| | - Zhiqiong Li
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211#, Huimin Road, Chengdu, China.
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Ceron-Romero N, Taofeek N, Thomas A, Vroonland E, Sanmartin K, Verghese M, Heinen E, Vizcarra JA. Capromorelin, a ghrelin receptor agonist, increases feed intake and body weight gain in broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Poult Sci 2021; 100:101204. [PMID: 34182219 PMCID: PMC8250453 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is a hormone that induces orexigenic effects in mammals. However, in avian species, there is scant and conflictive results on the effect of ghrelin on feed intake (FI). Therefore, we evaluated the effect of a ghrelin receptor agonist (capromorelin) on FI, ADG, water intake (WI), animal behavior and concentrations of ghrelin, glucose, growth hormone (GH) and insulin in broiler chickens. One-day-old male broilers were reared as recommended by the industry. At 4 wk of age (experimental day 0; D0), birds were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to 3 treatments in 2 identical trials. Control birds received a vehicle control solution containing 0 mg/kgBW/d of capromorelin. Birds in treatments 2 and 3 received capromorelin at target doses of 6 or 12 mg/kgBW/d of capromorelin (n = 27). FI and WI were measured 3 times a day at 0700 h (Period 1; P1), 1200 h (P2) and 1700 h (P3), while BW was recorded daily. Blood samples were collected on D-1 and D5. Bird behavior (pecking, sitting and standing) was evaluated for 9 h on D2. Data were analyzed using a randomized complete block design with repeated measures over time. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used to determine linear and quadratic effects of increasing levels of capromorelin. Polynomial contrasts showed that capromorelin doses linearly increased FI (P = 0.002) and ADG (P = 0.019). There were no treatment, day or treatment x d interactions on glucose, ghrelin and GH concentrations. However, there was a treatment x d interaction (P = 0.041) on insulin concentrations. Concentrations of insulin were higher on D5 for the 0 and 12 mg/kgBW/d treatments as compared with D-1. Polynomial contrasts showed that capromorelin doses linearly increased number of pecks/h (P = 0.018). Per hour FI and WI was higher during P1 (i.e., 0700-1200) as compared to P2 and P3 (P < 0.001). Our observations suggest that capromorelin linearly increases feed intake; thus, the same effect of that reported in mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ceron-Romero
- Food and Animal Sciences, Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL 35762, USA
| | - N Taofeek
- Food and Animal Sciences, Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL 35762, USA
| | - A Thomas
- Food and Animal Sciences, Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL 35762, USA
| | - E Vroonland
- Food and Animal Sciences, Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL 35762, USA
| | - K Sanmartin
- Food and Animal Sciences, Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL 35762, USA
| | - M Verghese
- Food and Animal Sciences, Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL 35762, USA
| | - E Heinen
- Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN 46140, USA
| | - J A Vizcarra
- Food and Animal Sciences, Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL 35762, USA.
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Honda K. Peripheral regulation of food intake in chickens: adiposity signals, satiety signals and others. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2021.1898296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Honda
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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Blanco AM, Calo J, Soengas JL. The gut–brain axis in vertebrates: implications for food intake regulation. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:224/1/jeb231571. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.231571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The gut and brain are constantly communicating and influencing each other through neural, endocrine and immune signals in an interaction referred to as the gut–brain axis. Within this communication system, the gastrointestinal tract, including the gut microbiota, sends information on energy status to the brain, which, after integrating these and other inputs, transmits feedback to the gastrointestinal tract. This allows the regulation of food intake and other physiological processes occurring in the gastrointestinal tract, including motility, secretion, digestion and absorption. Although extensive literature is available on the mechanisms governing the communication between the gut and the brain in mammals, studies on this axis in other vertebrates are scarce and often limited to a single species, which may not be representative for obtaining conclusions for an entire group. This Review aims to compile the available information on the gut–brain axis in birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish, with a special focus on its involvement in food intake regulation and, to a lesser extent, in digestive processes. Additionally, we will identify gaps of knowledge that need to be filled in order to better understand the functioning and physiological significance of such an axis in non-mammalian vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelén Melisa Blanco
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Jessica Calo
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - José Luis Soengas
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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Zhang S, Teraoka H, Kaiya H, Kitazawa T. Motilin- and ghrelin-induced contractions in isolated gastrointestinal strips from three species of frogs. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 300:113649. [PMID: 33153968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin (GHRL) and motilin (MLN), gut peptides isolated from the mucosa of the stomach and duodenum, respectively, stimulate gastrointestinal (GI) motility in mammals and birds. However, the functions of MLN and GHRL in amphibian GI tracts have not been examined in detail. To clarify the regulation of GI motility by the two peptides, the effects of human MLN and rat GHRL on contractility of isolated GI strips from three species of frogs, the black-spotted pond frog (pond frog; Pelophylax nigromaculata), bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeiana) and Western clawed frog (Xenopus; Xenopus tropicalis), were examined in in vitro experiments. The GI tract of each frog was divided into the stomach, upper intestine, middle intestine and lower intestine. Human MLN caused contractions of the stomach in the pond frog and upper intestine in the bullfrog and Xenopus, but other GI regions were insensitive to human MLN. Erythromycin did not cause contraction of the upper intestine of the bullfrog and Xenopus. Rat GHRL did not cause contraction of the stomach and small intestines in the pond frog and bullfrog, but it caused a concentration-dependent contraction in the stomach and upper intestine of Xenopus, while des-acyl rat GHRL did not cause any contraction of them. In conclusion, human MLN caused the contraction of the stomach or upper intestine in the three species of frogs, but GHRL was effective only in the stomach and upper intestine of Xenopus. On the basis of these data, MLN but not GHRL causes the GI region-dependent contractions in the frogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyi Zhang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Teraoka
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kaiya
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan
| | - Takio Kitazawa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.
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Kitazawa T, Kaiya H. Regulation of Gastrointestinal Motility by Motilin and Ghrelin in Vertebrates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:278. [PMID: 31156548 PMCID: PMC6533539 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The energy balance of vertebrates is regulated by the difference in energy input and energy expenditure. Generally, most vertebrates obtain their energy from nutrients of foods through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Therefore, food intake and following food digestion, including motility of the GI tract, secretion and absorption, are crucial physiological events for energy homeostasis. GI motility changes depending on feeding, and GI motility is divided into fasting (interdigestive) and postprandial (digestive) contraction patterns. GI motility is controlled by contractility of smooth muscles of the GI tract, extrinsic and intrinsic neurons (motor and sensory) and some hormones. In mammals, ghrelin (GHRL) and motilin (MLN) stimulate appetite and GI motility and contribute to the regulation of energy homeostasis. GHRL and MLN are produced in the mucosal layer of the stomach and upper small intestine, respectively. GHRL is a multifunctional peptide and is involved in glucose metabolism, endocrine/exocrine functions and cardiovascular and reproductive functions, in addition to feeding and GI motility in mammals. On the other hand, the action of MLN is restricted and species such as rodentia, including mice and rats, lack MLN peptide and its receptor. From a phylogenetic point of view, GHRL and its receptor GHS-R1a have been identified in various vertebrates, and their structural features and various physiological functions have been revealed. On the other hand, MLN or MLN-like peptide (MLN-LP) and its receptors have been found only in some fish, birds and mammals. Here, we review the actions of GHRL and MLN with a focus on contractility of the GI tract of species from fish to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takio Kitazawa
- Comparative Animal Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takio Kitazawa
| | - Hiroyuki Kaiya
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
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Abtahi S, Mirza A, Howell E, Currie PJ. Ghrelin enhances food intake and carbohydrate oxidation in a nitric oxide dependent manner. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 250:9-14. [PMID: 28552460 PMCID: PMC6885356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we sought to investigate interactions between hypothalamic nitric oxide (NO) and ghrelin signaling on food intake and energy substrate utilization as measured by the respiratory exchange ratio (RER). Guide cannulae were unilaterally implanted in either the arcuate (ArcN) or paraventricular (PVN) nuclei of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were pretreated with subcutaneous (2.5-10mg/kg/ml) or central (0-100pmol) N-nitro-l-Arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) followed by 50pmol of ghrelin administered into either the ArcN or PVN. Both l-NAME and ghrelin were microinjected at the onset of the active cycle and food intake and RER were assessed 2h postinjection. RER was measured as the ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide expelled relative to the volume of oxygen consumed (VCO2/VO2) using an open-circuit indirect calorimeter. Our results demonstrated that peripheral and central l-NAME pretreatment dose-dependently attenuated ghrelin induced increases in food intake and RER in either the ArcN or PVN. In fact the 100pmol dose largely reversed the metabolic effects of ghrelin in both anatomical regions. These findings suggest that ghrelin enhancement of food intake and carbohydrate oxidation in the rat ArcN and PVN is NO-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Abtahi
- Department of Psychology, Reed College, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Aaisha Mirza
- Department of Psychology, Reed College, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Erin Howell
- Department of Psychology, Reed College, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Paul J Currie
- Department of Psychology, Reed College, Portland, OR, USA.
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11
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Matsuda K, Matsumura K, Shimizu SS, Nakamachi T, Konno N. Neuropeptide Y-Induced Orexigenic Action Is Attenuated by the Orexin Receptor Antagonist in Bullfrog Larvae. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:176. [PMID: 28420957 PMCID: PMC5378779 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In bullfrog larvae at the pre- and pro-metamorphic stages, feeding behavior is regulated by appetite factors such as orexigenic peptides. In fact, food intake is enhanced by intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and orexin A. Using goldfish, our previous study indicated that the orexigenic action of NPY is mediated by orexin A, suggesting the functional interaction between the two. However, there is little information about whether the action of orexin A mediates the orexigenic action of NPY in bullfrog larvae. Therefore, we examined the effect of the orexin receptor antagonist, SB334867 on the orexigenic action of NPY in larvae. The stimulatory effect of ICV injection of NPY at 10 pmol/g body weight (BW) on food intake was abolished by treatment with SB334867 at 60 pmol/g BW. These results suggest that, in bullfrog larvae, there is a neuronal relationship between the NPY and orexin systems, and that the orexigenic action of NPY is mediated by the orexin A-induced orexigenic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouhei Matsuda
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of ToyamaToyama, Japan.,Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Innovative Life Sciences, University of ToyamaToyama, Japan
| | - Kairi Matsumura
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of ToyamaToyama, Japan
| | - Syun-Suke Shimizu
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of ToyamaToyama, Japan
| | - Tomoya Nakamachi
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of ToyamaToyama, Japan
| | - Norifumi Konno
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of ToyamaToyama, Japan
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12
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Tachibana T, Tsutsui K. Neuropeptide Control of Feeding Behavior in Birds and Its Difference with Mammals. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:485. [PMID: 27853416 PMCID: PMC5089991 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding is an essential behavior for animals to sustain their lives. Over the past several decades, many neuropeptides that regulate feeding behavior have been identified in vertebrates. These neuropeptides are called “feeding regulatory neuropeptides.” There have been numerous studies on the role of feeding regulatory neuropeptides in vertebrates including birds. Some feeding regulatory neuropeptides show different effects on feeding behavior between birds and other vertebrates, particularly mammals. The difference is marked with orexigenic neuropeptides. For example, melanin-concentrating hormone, orexin, and motilin, which are regarded as orexigenic neuropeptides in mammals, have no effect on feeding behavior in birds. Furthermore, ghrelin and growth hormone-releasing hormone, which are also known as orexigenic neuropeptides in mammals, suppress feeding behavior in birds. Thus, it is likely that the feeding regulatory mechanism has changed during the evolution of vertebrates. This review summarizes the recent knowledge of peptidergic feeding regulatory factors in birds and discusses the difference in their action between birds and other vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Tachibana
- Laboratory of Animal Production, Department of Agrobiological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Tsutsui
- Laboratory of Integrative Brain Sciences, Department of Biology and Center for Medical Life Science, Waseda University Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Kitazawa T, Shimazaki M, Kikuta A, Yaosaka N, Teraoka H, Kaiya H. Effects of ghrelin and motilin on smooth muscle contractility of the isolated gastrointestinal tract from the bullfrog and Japanese fire belly newt. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 232:51-9. [PMID: 26704852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin has been identified in some amphibians and is known to stimulate growth hormone release and food intake as seen in mammals. Ghrelin regulates gastrointestinal motility in mammals and birds. The aim of this study was to determine whether ghrelin affects gastrointestinal smooth muscle contractility in bullfrogs (anuran) and Japanese fire belly newts (urodelian) in vitro. Neither bullfrog ghrelin nor rat ghrelin affected longitudinal smooth muscle contractility of gastrointestinal strips from the bullfrog. Expression of growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a) mRNA was confirmed in the bullfrog gastrointestinal tract, and the expression level in the gastric mucosa was lower than that in the intestinal mucosa. In contrast, some gastrointestinal peptides, including substance P, neurotensin and motilin, and the muscarinic receptor agonist carbachol showed marked contraction, indicating normality of the smooth muscle preparations. Similar results were obtained in another amphibian, the Japanese fire belly newt. Newt ghrelin and rat ghrelin did not cause any contraction in gastrointestinal longitudinal muscle, whereas substance P and carbachol were effective causing contraction. In conclusion, ghrelin does not affect contractility of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle in anuran and urodelian amphibians, similar to results for rainbow trout and goldfish (fish) but different from results for rats and chickens. The results suggest diversity of ghrelin actions on the gastrointestinal tract across animals. This study also showed for the first time that motilin induces gastrointestinal contraction in amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takio Kitazawa
- Dept. of Veterinary Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.
| | - Misato Shimazaki
- Dept. of Veterinary Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Ayumi Kikuta
- Dept. of Veterinary Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Noriko Yaosaka
- Dept. of Veterinary Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Teraoka
- Dept. of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kaiya
- Dept. of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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Goswami C, Shimada Y, Yoshimura M, Mondal A, Oda SI, Tanaka T, Sakai T, Sakata I. Motilin Stimulates Gastric Acid Secretion in Coordination with Ghrelin in Suncus murinus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131554. [PMID: 26115342 PMCID: PMC4482737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Motilin and ghrelin constitute a peptide family, and these hormones are important for the regulation of gastrointestinal motility. In this study, we examined the effect of motilin and ghrelin on gastric acid secretion in anesthetized suncus (house musk shrew, Suncus murinus), a ghrelin- and motilin-producing mammal. We first established a gastric lumen-perfusion system in the suncus and confirmed that intravenous (i.v.) administration of histamine (1 mg/kg body weight) stimulated acid secretion. Motilin (0.1, 1.0, and 10 μg/kg BW) stimulated the acid output in a dose-dependent manner in suncus, whereas ghrelin (0.1, 1.0, and 10 μg/kg BW) alone did not induce acid output. Furthermore, in comparison with the vehicle administration, the co-administration of low-dose (1 μg/kg BW) motilin and ghrelin significantly stimulated gastric acid secretion, whereas either motilin (1 μg/kg BW) or ghrelin (1 μg/kg BW) alone did not significantly induce gastric acid secretion. This indicates an additive role of ghrelin in motilin-induced gastric acid secretion. We then investigated the pathways of motilin/motilin and ghrelin-stimulated acid secretion using receptor antagonists. Treatment with YM 022 (a CCK-B receptor antagonist) and atropine (a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist) had no effect on motilin or motilin-ghrelin co-administration-induced acid output. In contrast, famotidine (a histamine H2 receptor antagonist) completely inhibited motilin-stimulated acid secretion and co-administration of motilin and ghrelin induced gastric acid output. This is the first report demonstrating that motilin stimulates gastric secretion in mammals. Our results also suggest that motilin and co-administration of motilin and ghrelin stimulate gastric acid secretion via the histamine-mediated pathway in suncus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayon Goswami
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Shimada
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Makoto Yoshimura
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Anupom Mondal
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Sen-ichi Oda
- Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources, Department of Zoology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toru Tanaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Goswami C, Tanaka T, Jogahara T, Sakai T, Sakata I. Motilin stimulates pepsinogen secretion in Suncus murinus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 462:263-8. [PMID: 25957475 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.04.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Motilin and ghrelin are gastrointestinal hormones that stimulate the migrating motor complex (MMC) of gastrointestinal motility during the fasting state. In this study, we examined the effect of motilin and ghrelin on pepsinogen secretion in anesthetized suncus (house musk shrew, Suncus murinus), a ghrelin- and motilin-producing mammal. By using a gastric lumen-perfusion system, we found that the intravenous administration of carbachol and motilin stimulated pepsinogen secretion, the latter in a dose-dependent manner, whereas ghrelin had no effect. We then investigated the pathways of motilin-induced pepsinogen secretion using acetylcholine receptor antagonists. Treatment with atropine, a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, completely inhibited both carbachol and motilin-induced pepsinogen secretion. Motilin-induced pepsinogen secretion was observed in the vagotomized suncus. This is the first report demonstrating that motilin stimulates pepsinogen secretion, and suggest that this effect occurs through a cholinergic pathway in suncus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayon Goswami
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toru Tanaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takamichi Jogahara
- Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan.
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Shimizu S, Nakamachi T, Konno N, Matsuda K. Orexin A enhances food intake in bullfrog larvae. Peptides 2014; 59:79-82. [PMID: 25064815 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Orexin is a potent orexigenic peptide implicated in appetite regulation in rodents. However, except for teleost fish, the involvement of orexin in the regulation of feeding in non-mammalian vertebrates has not been well studied. Anuran amphibian larvae feed and grow during the pre- and prometamorphic stages. Therefore, orexigenic factors seem to play important roles in growing larvae. Indeed, our recent studies have demonstrated that neuropeptide Y and ghrelin exert orexigenic actions in bullfrog larvae during the prometamorphic stages. In this study, we examined the effect of intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of synthetic orexin A on food intake in bullfrog larvae at the prometamorphic stages. Food intake was significantly increased by ICV administration of orexin A (at 6 pmol/g BW) during a 15-min observation period. The orexigenic action of orexin A at 6 pmol/g BW was blocked by treatment with an orexin receptor antagonist, SB334867, at 60 pmol/g BW. These results indicate that orexin A acts as an orexigenic factor in bullfrog larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Shimizu
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190-Gofuku, Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoya Nakamachi
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190-Gofuku, Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Norifumi Konno
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190-Gofuku, Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Kouhei Matsuda
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190-Gofuku, Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan; Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, 3190-Gofuku, Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan.
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