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Zhao X, Zhang Y, Wu F, Li X, Guo S, Li X. MeCP2-Induced Alternations of Transcript Levels and m6A Methylation in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:47964-47973. [PMID: 38144074 PMCID: PMC10734004 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
MeCP2 is a transcriptional regulator that is involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and is highly expressed in proliferative vitreoretinopathy. m6A methylation is a critical post-transcriptional regulation in eukaryotic cells. However, the connection between MeCP2 and m6A methylation has not been revealed in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and the regulatory role of MeCP2 at the post-transcriptional level in an m6A-dependent manner is rarely investigated. In this study, we used sequencing to reveal differences in transcript levels and m6A abundance of individual genes in RPE cells after treatment with human recombinant protein MeCP2. The biological functions and processes of differential genes were further analyzed by bioinformatics. The results exhibited that after MeCP2 treatment, 65 genes were up-regulated and 43 genes were down-regulated at the transcription level, and 4 peaks were hypermethylated and 9,041 peaks were hypomethylated at the m6A modification level. Enrichment analysis found that differentially expressed genes were associated with organic acid metabolism, melanogenesis, and vascular smooth muscle contraction. In addition, differentially methylated genes were related to cell junction, RNA processing and metabolism, cell activity, actin cytoskeleton, and several signaling pathways associated with EMT. Further conjoint analysis indicated that the transcription and m6A levels of the EGR1, ELOVL2, and SFR1 genes were altered, and EGR1 is an essential transcription factor in the EMT process. The RNA levels and m6A levels of the three genes were verified by qPCR and m6A-IP-qPCR, respectively. Overall, this study preliminarily revealed the differential mapping of MeCP2-induced m6A modifications, which contributes to the study of the epigenetic and EMT mechanism in RPE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueru Zhao
- Henan
Eye Hospital, Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Zhengzhou
University People’s Hospital, 450000 Zhengzhou, China
- People’s
Hospital of Henan University, 450003 Zhengzhou, China
- Eye
Institute, Henan Academy of Innovations
in Medical Science, 450000 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongya Zhang
- Henan
Eye Hospital, Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Zhengzhou
University People’s Hospital, 450000 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Henan
Eye Hospital, Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Zhengzhou
University People’s Hospital, 450000 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xue Li
- Henan
Eye Hospital, Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Zhengzhou
University People’s Hospital, 450000 Zhengzhou, China
- People’s
Hospital of Henan University, 450003 Zhengzhou, China
- Eye
Institute, Henan Academy of Innovations
in Medical Science, 450000 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sibei Guo
- Henan
Eye Hospital, Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Xinxiang
Medical University Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, 453003 Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Henan
Eye Hospital, Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Zhengzhou
University People’s Hospital, 450000 Zhengzhou, China
- People’s
Hospital of Henan University, 450003 Zhengzhou, China
- Eye
Institute, Henan Academy of Innovations
in Medical Science, 450000 Zhengzhou, China
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2
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Janssens P, Decuypere JP, Bammens B, Llorens-Cortes C, Vennekens R, Mekahli D. The emerging role of the apelinergic system in kidney physiology and disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2022; 37:2314-2326. [PMID: 33744967 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfab070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The apelinergic system (AS) is a novel pleiotropic system with an essential role in renal and cardiovascular physiology and disease, including water homeostasis and blood pressure regulation. It consists of two highly conserved peptide ligands, apelin and apela, and a G-protein-coupled apelin receptor. The two ligands have many isoforms and a short half-life and exert both similar and divergent effects. Vasopressin, apelin and their receptors colocalize in hypothalamic regions essential for body fluid homeostasis and interact at the central and renal levels to regulate water homeostasis and diuresis in inverse directions. In addition, the AS and renin-angiotensin system interact both systemically and in the kidney, with implications for the cardiovascular system. A role for the AS in diverse pathological states, including disorders of sodium and water balance, hypertension, heart failure, pre-eclampsia, acute kidney injury, sepsis and diabetic nephropathy, has recently been reported. Furthermore, several metabolically stable apelin analogues have been developed, with potential applications in diverse diseases. We review here what is currently known about the physiological functions of the AS, focusing on renal, cardiovascular and metabolic homeostasis, and the role of the AS in associated diseases. We also describe several hurdles and research opportunities worthy of the attention of the nephrology community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Janssens
- PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussell), Department of Nephrology, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Paul Decuypere
- PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert Bammens
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Catherine Llorens-Cortes
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, INSERM U1050, CNRS UMR 7241, Paris, France
| | - Rudi Vennekens
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium and
| | - Djalila Mekahli
- PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Organ Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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3
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Chen J, Li Z, Zhao Q, Chen L. Roles of apelin/APJ system in cancer: Biomarker, predictor, and emerging therapeutic target. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3734-3751. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology University of South China Hengyang Hunan China
| | - Zhiyue Li
- Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan Province China
| | - Qun Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Linxi Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology University of South China Hengyang Hunan China
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Das F, Ghosh-Choudhury N, Maity S, Kasinath BS, Choudhury GG. Oncoprotein DJ-1 interacts with mTOR complexes to effect transcription factor Hif1α-dependent expression of collagen I (α2) during renal fibrosis. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102246. [PMID: 35835217 PMCID: PMC9399488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Proximal tubular epithelial cells respond to transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) to synthesize collagen I (α2) during renal fibrosis. The oncoprotein DJ-1 has previously been shown to promote tumorigenesis and prevent apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons; however, its role in fibrosis signaling is unclear. Here, we show TGFβ-stimulation increased expression of DJ-1, which promoted noncanonical mTORC1 and mTORC2 activities. We show DJ-1 augmented the phosphorylation/activation of PKCβII, a direct substrate of mTORC2. In addition, coimmunoprecipitation experiments revealed association of DJ-1 with Raptor and Rictor, exclusive subunits of mTORC1 and mTORC2, respectively, as well as with mTOR kinase. Interestingly, siRNAs against DJ-1 blocked TGFβ-stimulated expression of collagen I (α2), while expression of DJ-1 increased expression of this protein. In addition, expression of dominant negative PKCβII and siRNAs against PKCβII significantly inhibited TGFβ-induced collagen I (α2) expression. In fact, constitutively active PKCβII abrogated the effect of siRNAs against DJ-1, suggesting a role of PKCβII downstream of this oncoprotein. Moreover, we demonstrate expression of collagen I (α2) stimulated by DJ-1 and its target PKCβII is dependent on the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (Hif1α). Finally, we show in the renal cortex of diabetic rats that increased TGFβ was associated with enhanced expression of DJ-1 and activation of mTOR and PKCβII, concomitant with increased Hif1α and collagen I (α2). Overall, we identified that DJ-1 affects TGFβ-induced expression of collagen I (α2) via an mTOR-, PKCβII-, and Hif1α-dependent mechanism to regulate renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falguni Das
- VA Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Soumya Maity
- Department of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Goutam Ghosh Choudhury
- VA Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, Texas; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas.
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5
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LCZ696 (sacubitril/valsartan) protects against cyclophosphamide-induced nephrotoxicity in adult male rats: Up-regulation of Apelin-13/ACE2, miR-200, and down-regulation of TGF-β/SMAD 2/3 and miR-192. Life Sci 2022; 306:120850. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Carson JP, Robinson MW, Ramm GA, Gobert GN. RNA sequencing of LX-2 cells treated with TGF-β1 identifies genes associated with hepatic stellate cell activation. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:7677-7688. [PMID: 34648138 PMCID: PMC8604886 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06774-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are liver-resident myofibroblast precursors responsible for the production of collagen and maintenance of the hepatic extracellular matrix (ECM). As such, they are generally associated with fibrotic liver diseases. HSCs become “activated” in response to tissue damage or pathogen invasion, a process most commonly driven by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). Despite this, the full extent of TGF-β1 signalling in these cells is poorly understood. Clarifying the range and diversity of this signalling will further improve our understanding of the process of HSC activation. Methods and results RNA sequencing was used to quantitate the transcriptomic changes induced in LX-2 cells, an activated human HSC line, following TGF-b1 treatment. In total, 5,258 genes were found to be significantly differentially expressed with a false discovery rate cut-off of < 0.1. The topmost deregulated of these genes included those with no currently characterised role in either HSC activation or fibrotic processes, including CIITA and SERPINB2. In silico analysis revealed the prominent signalling pathways downstream of TGF-β1 in LX-2 cells. Conclusions In this study, we describe the genes and signalling pathways significantly deregulated in LX-2 cells following TGF-β1 treatment. We identified several highly deregulated genes with no currently characterised role in HSC activation, which may represent novel mediators of fibrotic responses in HSCs or the liver macroenvironment. This work may be of use in the identification of new markers of liver fibrosis and could provide insight into prospective genes or pathways that might be targeted for the amelioration of fibrotic liver disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack P. Carson
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, BT9 5DL Belfast, UK
| | - Mark W. Robinson
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, BT9 5DL Belfast, UK
| | - Grant A. Ramm
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Locked Bag 2000, QLD 4029 Brisbane, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Level 6, Oral Health Centre (Building), Herston Road, 4006 Herston, QLD Australia
| | - Geoffrey N. Gobert
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, BT9 5DL Belfast, UK
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Guan YM, Diao ZL, Huang HD, Zheng JF, Zhang QD, Wang LY, Liu WH. Bioactive peptide apelin rescues acute kidney injury by protecting the function of renal tubular mitochondria. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1229-1240. [PMID: 34254213 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction in proximal tubular epithelial cells is a key event in acute kidney injury (AKI), which is a risk factor for the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Apelin is a bioactive peptide that protects against AKI by alleviating inflammation, inhibiting apoptosis, and preventing lipid oxidation, but its role in protecting against mitochondrial damage remains unknown. Herein, we examined the protective effects of apelin on mitochondria in cisplatin-stimulated human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells and evaluated its therapeutic efficacy in cisplatin-induced AKI mice. In vitro, apelin inhibited the cisplatin-induced mitochondrial fission factor (MFF) upregulation and the fusion-promoting protein optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) downregulation. Apelin co-treatment reversed the decreased levels of the deacetylase, Sirt3, and the increased levels of protein acetylation in mitochondria of cisplatin-stimulated cells. Overall, apelin improved the mitochondrial morphology and membrane potential in vitro. In the AKI model, apelin administration significantly attenuated mitochondrial damage, as evidenced by longer mitochondrial profiles and increased ATP levels in the renal cortex. Suppression of MFF expression, and maintenance of Sirt3 and OPA1 expression in apelin-treated AKI mice was also observed. Finally, exogenous administration of apelin normalized the serum level of creatinine and urea nitrogen and the urine levels of NGAL and Kim-1. We also confirmed a regulatory pathway that drives mitochondrial homeostasis including PGC-1α, ERRα and Sirt3. In conclusion, we demonstrated that apelin ameliorates renal functions by protecting tubular mitochondria through Sirt3 upregulation, which is a novel protective mechanism of apelin in AKI. These results suggest that apelin has potential renoprotective effects and may be an effective agent for AKI treatment to significantly retard CKD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Guan
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yong An Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zong-Li Diao
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yong An Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Hong-Dong Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yong An Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jun-Fang Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Qi-Dong Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yong An Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Li-Yan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yong An Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Wen-Hu Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yong An Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100050, China.
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8
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Srdić M, Ovčina I, Fotschki B, Haros CM, Laparra Llopis JM. C. quinoa and S. hispanica L. Seeds Provide Immunonutritional Agonists to Selectively Polarize Macrophages. Cells 2020; 9:E593. [PMID: 32131465 PMCID: PMC7140429 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet-related immunometabolic-based diseases are associated with chronic inflammation in metabolic tissues, and infiltrated macrophages have been suggested as mediators for tissue- damaging inflammation. Growing evidence implicates Chenopodium quinoa and Salvia hispanica L. as important contributors to immunonutritional health. However, the functional roles of the immunonutritional protease inhibitors (PPIs) found in these crops on the macrophages' metabolic and phenotypic adaptation remain to be elucidated. The salt soluble fraction of proteins was extracted and analyzed confirming the presence of 11S and 2S albumin. The <30 kDa fraction of the extract from both crops was subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion, where (RP-LC-MS/MS analyses) polypeptides from 2S-type of proteins were found, along with the 2S albumin (13 kDa) for S. hispanica in the bioaccessible fraction (BAF). Using human-like macrophage cells to deepen our understanding of the modulatory effects of this BAF, FACS analyses revealed their potential as TLR4 agonists, favoring increased phenotypic CD68/CD206 ratios. The results of mitochondrial stress tests showed that cells increased oxygen consumption rates and non-mitochondrial respiration, confirming negligible deleterious effects on mitochondrial function. At molecular-level, adaptation responses shed light on changes showing biological correlation with TLR4 signaling. The resulting immunometabolic effects triggered by PPIs can be a part of a tailored nutritional intervention strategy in immunometabolic-based diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Srdić
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food (IMDEA Food). Ctra. Cantoblanco 8, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.S.); (I.O.)
| | - Ivana Ovčina
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food (IMDEA Food). Ctra. Cantoblanco 8, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.S.); (I.O.)
| | - Bartosz Fotschki
- Department of Biological Function of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Claudia Monika Haros
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Parque Científico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain;
| | - Jose Moises Laparra Llopis
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food (IMDEA Food). Ctra. Cantoblanco 8, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.S.); (I.O.)
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Masoumi J, Jafarzadeh A, Khorramdelazad H, Abbasloui M, Abdolalizadeh J, Jamali N. Role of Apelin/APJ axis in cancer development and progression. Adv Med Sci 2020; 65:202-213. [PMID: 32087570 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apelin is an endogenous peptide, which is expressed in a vast board of organs such as the brain, placenta, heart, lungs, kidneys, pancreas, testis, prostate and adipose tissues. The apelin receptor, called angiotensin-like-receptor 1 (APJ), is also expressed in the brain, spleen, placenta, heart, liver, intestine, prostate, thymus, testis, ovary, lungs, kidneys, stomach, and adipose tissue. The apelin/APJ axis is involved in a number of physiological and pathological processes. The apelin expression is increased in various kinds of cancer and the apelin/APJ axis plays a key role in the development of tumors through enhancing angiogenesis, metastasis, cell proliferation and also through the development of cancer stem cells and drug resistance. The apelin also stops the apoptosis of cancer cells. The apelin/APJ axis was considered in this review as an attractive therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
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10
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Zhang L, Liu X, Liang J, Wu J, Tan D, Hu W. Lefty-1 inhibits renal epithelial-mesenchymal transition by antagonizing the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. J Mol Histol 2020; 51:77-87. [PMID: 32065356 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-020-09859-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a biological process in which tubular epithelial cells lose their phenotypes, and new mesenchymal feature are obtained. In particular, type II EMT possibly contributes to renal tissue fibrogenesis. Recent studies indicate that Lefty-1, a novel member of the TGF-β superfamily with pleiotropical and biological regulation characteristics on TGF-β and other signaling pathways, is considered to have potential fibrotic effects. However, its role in EMT, which is often a long-term consequence of renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis, remains unknown. In this study, we found that Lefty-1 alleviates EMT induction through antagonizing TGF-β/Smad pathway in vivo and in vitro. In unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model mice, administration of adenovirus-mediated overexpression of Lefty-1 (Ad-Lefty-1) significantly reduced TGF-β1/Smad expression and alleviated the phenotypic transition of epithelial cells to mesenchymal cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation. In high glucose-induced rat renal tubular duct epithelial cell line (NRK-52E), EMT and ECM synthesis were alleviated with Lefty-1 treatment, which significantly inhibited TGF-β1/Smad pathway activation in UUO mice and high glucose-treated NRK-52E cells. Thus, Lefty-1 can alleviate EMT and renal interstitial fibrosis in vivo and in vitro through antagonizing the TGF-β/Smad pathway, and Lefty-1 might have a potential novel therapeutic effect on fibrotic kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhang
- Department of Urology, Minda Hospital, Affiliated to Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 445000, Hubei, China.
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Department of Urology, Minda Hospital, Affiliated to Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 445000, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Liang
- Department of Urology, Minda Hospital, Affiliated to Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 445000, Hubei, China
| | - Jianhua Wu
- Department of Urology, Minda Hospital, Affiliated to Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 445000, Hubei, China
| | - Daqing Tan
- Department of Urology, Minda Hospital, Affiliated to Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 445000, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South of China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
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11
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Roles of the Hepatic Endocannabinoid and Apelin Systems in the Pathogenesis of Liver Fibrosis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111311. [PMID: 31653030 PMCID: PMC6912778 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is the consequence of an unresolved wound healing process in response to chronic liver injury and involves multiple cell types and molecular mechanisms. The hepatic endocannabinoid and apelin systems are two signalling pathways with a substantial role in the liver fibrosis pathophysiology-both are upregulated in patients with advanced liver disease. Endogenous cannabinoids are lipid-signalling molecules derived from arachidonic acid involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular dysfunction, portal hypertension, liver fibrosis, and other processes associated with hepatic disease through their interactions with the CB1 and CB2 receptors. Apelin is a peptide that participates in cardiovascular and renal functions, inflammation, angiogenesis, and hepatic fibrosis through its interaction with the APJ receptor. The endocannabinoid and apelin systems are two of the multiple cell-signalling pathways involved in the transformation of quiescent hepatic stellate cells into myofibroblast like cells, the main matrix-producing cells in liver fibrosis. The mechanisms underlying the control of hepatic stellate cell activity are coincident despite the marked dissimilarities between the endocannabinoid and apelin signalling pathways. This review discusses the current understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which the hepatic endocannabinoid and apelin systems play a significant role in the pathophysiology of liver fibrosis.
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12
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Vinel C, Schanstra JP, Boizard F, Péreira O, Auriau J, Dortignac A, Breuil B, Feuillet G, Nkuipou-Kenfack E, Zürbig P, Valet P, Bascands JL, Dray C, Denis C. Apelin affects the mouse aging urinary peptidome with minimal effects on kidney. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10647. [PMID: 31337837 PMCID: PMC6650410 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney function is altered by age together with a declined filtration capacity of 5–10% per decade after 35 years. Renal aging shares many characteristics with chronic kidney disease. Plasma levels of the bioactive peptide apelin also decline with age and apelin has been shown to be protective in chronic kidney disease. Therefore we evaluated whether apelin could also improve aging-induced renal lesions and function in mice. Since urine is for the major part composed of proteins and peptides originating from the kidney, we first studied apelin-induced changes, in the aging urinary peptidome. Despite the recently published age-associated plasma decrease of apelin, expression of the peptide and its receptor was increased in the kidneys of 24 months old mice. Twenty-eight days treatment with apelin significantly modified the urinary peptidome of 3 and 24 months old mice towards a signature suggesting more advanced age at 3 months, and a younger age at 24 months. The latter was accompanied by a decreased staining of collagen (Sirius red staining) in 24 months old apelin-treated mice, without changing aging-induced glomerular hypertrophy. In addition, apelin was without effect on aging-induced renal autophagy, apoptosis, inflammation and reduced renal function. In conclusion, treatment of aged mice with apelin had a limited effect on kidney lesions although modifying the urinary peptidome towards a younger signature. This supports evidence of apelin inducing more general beneficial effects on other aging organs, muscles in particular, as recently shown for sarcopenia, markers of which end up via the glomerular filtration in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Vinel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Joost P Schanstra
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Franck Boizard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Ophélie Péreira
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Johanna Auriau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Alizée Dortignac
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Benjamin Breuil
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Guylène Feuillet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Philippe Valet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Loup Bascands
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), U1188 - Université de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Cédric Dray
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Toulouse, France. .,Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
| | - Colette Denis
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Toulouse, France. .,Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
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13
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Arababadi MK, Asadikaram P, Asadikaram G. APLN/APJ pathway: The key regulator of macrophage functions. Life Sci 2019; 232:116645. [PMID: 31299236 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages play key roles during cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and their related complications. Apelin (APLN) is a key molecule, whose roles during CVD have been documented previously. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that APLN may perform its roles via modulation of macrophages. Additionally, due to the widespread distribution of the CVD, more effective therapeutic strategies need to be developed to overcome the related complications. This review article collected recent information regarding the roles of APLN on the macrophages and discusses its potential chance to be a target for molecular/cellular therapy of APLN and the APLN treated macrophages for CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Afzalipur Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Parisa Asadikaram
- Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Asadikaram
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Afzalipur Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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14
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Distinctive requirement of PKCε in the control of Rho GTPases in epithelial and mesenchymally transformed lung cancer cells. Oncogene 2019; 38:5396-5412. [PMID: 30923343 PMCID: PMC6609469 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0796-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol (DAG)/phorbol ester-regulated protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes have been widely linked to tumor promotion and the development of a metastatic phenotype. PKCε, an oncogenic member of the PKC family, is abnormally overexpressed in lung cancer and other cancer types. This kinase plays significant roles in proliferation, survival and migration; however its role in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been scarcely studied. Silencing experiments in non-small lung cancer (NSCLC) cells revealed that PKCε or other DAG-regulated PKCs (PKCα and PKCδ) were dispensable for the acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype induced by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). Unexpectedly, we found a nearly complete down-regulation of PKCε expression in TGF-β-mesenchymally transformed NSCLC cells. PMA and AJH-836 (a DAG-mimetic that preferentially activates PKCε) promote ruffle formation in NSCLC cells via Rac1, however they fail to induce these morphological changes in TGF-β-mesenchymally transformed cells despite their elevated Rac1 activity. Several Rac Guanine nucleotide Exchange-Factors (Rac-GEFs) were also up-regulated in TGF-β-treated NSCLC cells, including Trio and Tiam2, which were required for cell motility. Lastly, we found that silencing or inhibiting PKCε enhances RhoA activity and stress fiber formation, a phenotype also observed in TGF-β-transformed cells. Our studies established a distinctive involvement of PKCε in epithelial and mesenchymal NSCLC cells, and identified a complex interplay between PKCε and small GTPases that contributes to regulation of NSCLC cell morphology and motile activity.
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15
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Liu Y, Wang L, Shi H. The biological function of ELABELA and APJ signaling in the cardiovascular system and pre-eclampsia. Hypertens Res 2019; 42:928-934. [PMID: 30626933 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-018-0193-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-specific syndrome that is characterized by hypertension and proteinuria. The etiology of PE is not completely understood but is believed to involve placental insufficiency and maternal vascular damage. Growing evidence supports an important role for the apelin receptor (APJ) system in regulating cardiovascular physiology. There are two vertebrate APJ ligands, APELIN and ELABELA, both of which mediate vasodilatory functions. A recent study linked deficient ELABELA signaling and the development of PE, though the molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. In this review, we summarize the biological function of the ELABELA and APJ system in cardiovascular homeostasis and discuss the potential mechanisms by which ELABELA and APJ regulate placenta trophoblast invasion and vascular functions and participate in the development of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liquan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Hongjun Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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16
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Xu W, Zeng F, Li S, Li G, Lai X, Wang QJ, Deng F. Crosstalk of protein kinase C ε with Smad2/3 promotes tumor cell proliferation in prostate cancer cells by enhancing aerobic glycolysis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:4583-4598. [PMID: 30209539 PMCID: PMC11105635 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2914-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase C ε (PKCε) has emerged as an oncogenic protein kinase and plays important roles in cancer cell survival, proliferation, and invasion. It is, however, still unknown whether PKCε affects cell proliferation via glucose metabolism in cancer cells. Here we report a novel function of PKCε that provides growth advantages for cancer cells by enhancing tumor cells glycolysis. We found that either PKCε or Smad2/3 promoted aerobic glycolysis, expression of the glycolytic genes encoding HIF-1α, HKII, PFKP and MCT4, and tumor cell proliferation, while overexpression of PKCε or Smad3 enhanced aerobic glycolysis and cell proliferation in a protein kinase D- or TGF-β-independent manner in PC-3M and DU145 prostate cancer cells. The effects of PKCε silencing were reversed by ectopic expression of Smad3. PKCε or Smad3 ectopic expression-induced increase in cell growth was antagonized by inhibition of lactate transportation. Furthermore, interaction of endogenous PKCε with Smad2/3 was primarily responsible for phosphorylation of Ser213 in the Samd3 linker region, and resulted in Smad3 binding to the promoter of the glycolytic genes, thereby promoting cell proliferation. Forced expression of mutant Smad3 (S213A) attenuated PKCε-stimulated protein overexpression of the glycolytic genes. Thus, our results demonstrate a novel PKCε function that promotes cell growth in prostate cancer cells by increasing aerobic glycolysis through crosstalk between PKCε and Smad2/3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanfu Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Fangyin Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510900, China
| | - Songyu Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Guihuan Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xiaoju Lai
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qiming Jane Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Fan Deng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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17
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Yin J, Wang Y, Chang J, Li B, Zhang J, Liu Y, Lai S, Jiang Y, Li H, Zeng X. Apelin inhibited epithelial-mesenchymal transition of podocytes in diabetic mice through downregulating immunoproteasome subunits β5i. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1031. [PMID: 30301930 PMCID: PMC6178343 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial−mesenchymal transition (EMT) of podocytes had been reported to be involved in the glomerular fibrosis in diabetic kidney diseases, which was regulated by TGFβ and NFκB pathways. And apelin, an adipokine which is upregulated in diabetic kidney diseases, was reported to be negatively correlated to TGFβ in polycystic kidney disease and attenuate EMT in renal tubular cells. Therefore, it is hypothesized that apelin might inhibit the EMT of podocytes through downregulating the expression and activation of TGFβ/Smad pathway in diabetic kidney diseases. The results showed that apelin in glomeruli of diabetic mice were increased and exogenous apelin inhibited the EMT of podocytes in diabetic mice, which were accompanied with the decreased expression of proteasome subunits β5i. The results from β5iKO mice confirmed that the inhibiting effects of apelin on EMT of podocytes in diabetic mice were dependent on β5i. The results from culture podocytes showed that apelin decreased the degradation of pIκB and promoted the translocation of IκB into nucleus through decreasing the expression of β5i, which would inhibit the promoting effects of NFκB on expression of TGFβ and followed by decreased activation of Smad pathway and EMT in podocytes. In conclusion, apelin might act as an EMT suppressor for podocytes to decrease the process of glomerular fibrosis in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiming Yin
- Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100069, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Hepatology, 100069, Beijing, China
| | - Yangjia Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, 100069, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Chang
- Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100069, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, 100069, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, 100069, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, 100069, Beijing, China
| | - Song Lai
- Department of Cardiology. Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No.193, Lianhe Road, Xigang District, 116011, Dalian, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, 100069, Beijing, China
| | - Huihua Li
- Department of Cardiology. Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No.193, Lianhe Road, Xigang District, 116011, Dalian, China
| | - Xiangjun Zeng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, 100069, Beijing, China.
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18
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Wang W, Zhang D, Yang R, Xia W, Qian K, Shi Z, Brown R, Zhou H, Xi Y, Shi L, Chen L, Xu F, Sun X, Zhu D, Gong DW. Hepatic and cardiac beneficial effects of a long-acting Fc-apelin fusion protein in diet-induced obese mice. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2018; 34:e2997. [PMID: 29577579 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apelin is a peptide ligand of the G-protein-coupled receptor APJ and exhibits anti-diabetes and anti-heart failure activities. However, short serum half-life of the apelin peptide limits its potential clinical applications. This study aimed to develop a long-acting apelin analog. METHODS To extend apelin's in vivo half-life, we made a recombinant protein by fusing the IgG Fc fragment to apelin-13 (Fc-apelin-13), conducted pharmacokinetics studies in mice, and determined in vitro biological activities in suppressing cyclic adenosine monophosphate and activating extracellular signal-regulated kinase signalling by reporter assays. We investigated the effects of Fc-apelin-13 on food intake, body weight, fasting blood glucose and insulin levels, glucose tolerance test, hepatic steatosis, and cardiac function and fibrosis by subcutaneous administration of Fc-apelin-13 in diet-induced obese mice for 4 weeks. RESULTS The estimated half-life of Fc-apelin-13 in blood was approximately 33 hours. Reporter assays showed that Fc-apelin-13 was active in suppressing cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element and activating serum response element activities. Four weeks of Fc-apelin-13 treatment in obese mice did not affect food intake and body weight, but resulted in a significant improvement of glucose tolerance, and a decrease in hepatic steatosis and fibrosis, as well as in serum alanine transaminase levels. Moreover, cardiac stroke volume and output were increased and cardiac fibrosis was decreased in the treated mice. CONCLUSIONS Fc-apelin-13 fusion protein has an extended in vivo half-life and exerts multiple benefits on obese mice with respect to the improvement of glucose disposal, amelioration of liver steatosis and heart fibrosis, and increase of cardiac output. Hence, Fc-apelin-13 is potentially a therapeutic for obesity-associated disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dongming Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rongze Yang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wei Xia
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kun Qian
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zhengrong Shi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert Brown
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Huifen Zhou
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yue Xi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lin Shi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ling Chen
- Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Feng Xu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaojian Sun
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dalong Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Da-Wei Gong
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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19
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Wysocka MB, Pietraszek-Gremplewicz K, Nowak D. The Role of Apelin in Cardiovascular Diseases, Obesity and Cancer. Front Physiol 2018; 9:557. [PMID: 29875677 PMCID: PMC5974534 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Apelin is an endogenous peptide identified as a ligand of the G protein-coupled receptor APJ. Apelin belongs to the family of adipokines, which are bioactive mediators released by adipose tissue. Extensive tissue distribution of apelin and its receptor suggests, that it could be involved in many physiological processes including regulation of blood pressure, body fluid homeostasis, endocrine stress response, cardiac contractility, angiogenesis, and energy metabolism. Additionally, this peptide participates in pathological processes, such as heart failure, obesity, diabetes, and cancer. In this article, we review current knowledge about the role of apelin in organ and tissue pathologies. We also summarize the mechanisms by which apelin and its receptor mediate the regulation of physiological and pathological processes. Moreover, we put forward an indication of apelin as a biomarker predicting cardiac diseases and various types of cancer. A better understanding of the function of apelin and its receptor in pathologies might lead to the development of new medical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta B Wysocka
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Dorota Nowak
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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