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Rumyantsev SD, Veselova SV, Burkhanova GF, Alekseev VY, Maksimov IV. Bacillus subtilis 26D Triggers Induced Systemic Resistance against Rhopalosiphum padi L. by Regulating the Expression of Genes AGO, DCL and microRNA in Bread Spring Wheat. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2983. [PMID: 38138127 PMCID: PMC10745712 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis 26D is a plant growth-promoting endophytic bacteria capable of inducing systemic resistance through the priming mechanism, which includes plant genome reprogramming and the phenomenon of RNA interference (RNAi) and microRNA (miRNAs). The phloem-feeding insect bird cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi L. is a serious pest that causes significant damage to crops throughout the world. However, the function of plant miRNAs in the response to aphid infestation remains unclear. The results of this work showed that B. subtilis 26D stimulated aphid resistance in wheat plants, inducing the expression of genes of hormonal signaling pathways ICS, WRKY13, PR1, ACS, EIN3, PR3, and ABI5. In addition, B. subtilis 26D activated the RNAi mechanism and regulated the expression of nine conserved miRNAs through activation of the ethylene, salicylic acid (SA), and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathways, which was demonstrated by using treatments with phytohormones. Treatment of plants with SA, ethylene, and ABA acted in a similar manner to B. subtilis 26D on induction of the expression of the AGO4, AGO5 and DCL2, DCL4 genes, as well as the expression of nine conserved miRNAs. Different patterns of miRNA expression were found in aphid-infested plants and in plants treated with B. subtilis 26D or SA, ethylene, and ABA and infested by aphids, suggesting that miRNAs play multiple roles in the plant response to phloem-feeding insects, associated with effects on hormonal signaling pathways, redox metabolism, and the synthesis of secondary metabolites. Our study provides new data to further elucidate the fine mechanisms of bacterial-induced priming. However, further extensive work is needed to fully unravel these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Svetlana V. Veselova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya, 71, 450054 Ufa, Russia; (S.D.R.); (G.F.B.); (V.Y.A.); (I.V.M.)
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Ajuna HB, Lim HI, Moon JH, Won SJ, Choub V, Choi SI, Yun JY, Ahn YS. The Prospect of Hydrolytic Enzymes from Bacillus Species in the Biological Control of Pests and Diseases in Forest and Fruit Tree Production. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16889. [PMID: 38069212 PMCID: PMC10707167 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant diseases and insect pest damage cause tremendous losses in forestry and fruit tree production. Even though chemical pesticides have been effective in the control of plant diseases and insect pests for several decades, they are increasingly becoming undesirable due to their toxic residues that affect human life, animals, and the environment, as well as the growing challenge of pesticide resistance. In this study, we review the potential of hydrolytic enzymes from Bacillus species such as chitinases, β-1,3-glucanases, proteases, lipases, amylases, and cellulases in the biological control of phytopathogens and insect pests, which could be a more sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides. This study highlights the application potential of the hydrolytic enzymes from different Bacillus sp. as effective biocontrol alternatives against phytopathogens/insect pests through the degradation of cell wall/insect cuticles, which are mainly composed of structural polysaccharides like chitins, β-glucans, glycoproteins, and lipids. This study demonstrates the prospects for applying hydrolytic enzymes from Bacillus sp. as effective biopesticides in forest and fruit tree production, their mode of biocidal activity and dual antimicrobial/insecticidal potential, which indicates a great prospect for the simultaneous biocontrol of pests/diseases. Further research should focus on optimizing the production of hydrolytic enzymes, and the antimicrobial/insecticidal synergism of different Bacillus sp. which could facilitate the simultaneous biocontrol of pests and diseases in forest and fruit tree production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry B. Ajuna
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; (H.B.A.); (J.-H.M.); (S.-J.W.); (V.C.); (S.-I.C.); (J.-Y.Y.)
| | - Hyo-In Lim
- Forest Bioinformation Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jae-Hyun Moon
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; (H.B.A.); (J.-H.M.); (S.-J.W.); (V.C.); (S.-I.C.); (J.-Y.Y.)
| | - Sang-Jae Won
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; (H.B.A.); (J.-H.M.); (S.-J.W.); (V.C.); (S.-I.C.); (J.-Y.Y.)
| | - Vantha Choub
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; (H.B.A.); (J.-H.M.); (S.-J.W.); (V.C.); (S.-I.C.); (J.-Y.Y.)
| | - Su-In Choi
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; (H.B.A.); (J.-H.M.); (S.-J.W.); (V.C.); (S.-I.C.); (J.-Y.Y.)
| | - Ju-Yeol Yun
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; (H.B.A.); (J.-H.M.); (S.-J.W.); (V.C.); (S.-I.C.); (J.-Y.Y.)
| | - Young Sang Ahn
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; (H.B.A.); (J.-H.M.); (S.-J.W.); (V.C.); (S.-I.C.); (J.-Y.Y.)
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Liu J, Bai H, Song P, Nangong Z, Dong Z, Li Z, Wang Q. Insecticidal Activity of Chitinases from Xenorhabdus nematophila HB310 and Its Relationship with the Toxin Complex. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090646. [PMID: 36136584 PMCID: PMC9505380 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenorhabdus nematophila HB310 secreted the insecticidal protein toxin complex (Tc). The chi60 and chi70 chitinase genes are located on the gene cluster encoding Tc toxins. To clarify the insecticidal activity of chitinases and their relationship with Tc toxins, the insecticidal activity of the chitinases was assessed on Helicoverpa armigera. Then, the chi60 and chi70 genes of X. nematophila HB310 were knocked out by the pJQ200SK suicide plasmid knockout system. The insecticidal activity of Tc toxin from the wild-type strain (WT) and mutant strains was carried out. The results demonstrate that Chi60 and Chi70 had an obvious growth inhibition effect against the second instar larvae of H. armigera with growth-inhibiting rates of 81.99% and 90.51%, respectively. Chi70 had a synergistic effect with the insecticidal toxicity of Tc toxins, but Chi60 had no synergistic effect with Tc toxins. After feeding Chi60 and Chi70, the peritrophic membrane of H. armigera became inelastic, was easily broken and leaked blue dextran. The Δchi60, Δchi70 and Δchi60-chi70 mutant strains were successfully screened. The toxicity of Tc toxins from the WT, Δchi60, Δchi70 and Δchi60-chi70 was 196.11 μg/mL, 757.25 μg/mL, 885.74 μg/mL and 20,049.83 μg/mL, respectively. The insecticidal activity of Tc toxins from Δchi60 and Δchi70 was 3.861 and 4.517 times lower than that of Tc toxins from the WT, respectively, while the insecticidal activity of Tc toxins from the Δchi60-chi70 mutant strain almost disappeared. These results indicate that the presence of chi60 and chi70 is indispensable for the toxicity of Tc toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, National Foxtail Millet Improvement Center, Minor Cereal Crops Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Hui Bai
- Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, National Foxtail Millet Improvement Center, Minor Cereal Crops Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Ping Song
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Ziyan Nangong
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Zhiping Dong
- Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, National Foxtail Millet Improvement Center, Minor Cereal Crops Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, National Foxtail Millet Improvement Center, Minor Cereal Crops Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qinying Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (Q.W.)
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Maize Apoplastic Fluid Bacteria Alter Feeding Characteristics of Herbivore (Spodoptera frugiperda) in Maize. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091850. [PMID: 36144452 PMCID: PMC9505285 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize is an important cereal crop which is severely affected by Spodoptera frugiperda. The study aims to identify endophytic bacteria of maize root and leaf apoplastic fluid with bioprotective traits against S. frugiperda and plant growth promoting properties. Among 15 bacterial endophytic isolates, two strains—namely, RAF5 and LAF5—were selected and identified as Alcaligenes sp. MZ895490 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MZ895491, respectively. The bioprotective potential of B. amyloliquefaciens was evaluated through bioassays. In a no-choice bioassay, second instar larvae of S. frugiperda fed on B. amyloliquefaciens treated leaves (B+) recorded comparatively lesser growth (1.10 ± 0.19 mg mg−1 day−1) and consumptive (7.16 ± 3.48 mg mg−1 day−1) rates. In larval dip and choice bioassay, the same trend was observed. In detached leaf experiment, leaf feeding deterrence of S. frugiperda was found to be greater due to inoculation with B. amyloliquefaciens than Alcaligenes sp. The phenolics content of B. amyloliquefaciens inoculated plant was also found to be greater (3.06 ± 0.09 mg gallic acid g−1). However, plant biomass production was more in Alcaligenes sp inoculated treatment. The study thus demonstrates the potential utility of Alcaligenes sp. and B. amyloliquefaciens for improving growth and biotic (S. frugiperda) stress tolerance in maize.
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Li Y, Zhou X, Zhang X, Xu Z, Dong H, Yu G, Cheng P, Yao Q, Zhu H. A myxobacterial GH19 lysozyme with bacteriolytic activity on both Gram-positive and negative phytopathogens. AMB Express 2022; 12:54. [PMID: 35551524 PMCID: PMC9098779 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-022-01393-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Myxobacteria, as predatory bacteria, have good application potential in the biocontrol of pathogenic microorganisms. Extracellular enzymes are thought to play an important role in their predation and also provide resources for discovering new antibacterial molecules. We previously isolated a myxobacterium, Corallococcus silvisoli c25j21 GDMCC 1.1387, which is predatory to plant pathogenic bacteria. In this study, we identified an endolysin-like GH19 glycoside hydrolase, C25GH19B, from the genome of c25j21. After its heterologous expression and purification from E. coli, the enzymatic properties of C25GH19B were characterized. C25GH19B showed lysozyme activity with the optimal reaction conditions at 40 °C and pH 4.5-5.0. Moreover, C25GH19B showed bacteriolytic activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative plant pathogenic bacteria. Our research provides not only a candidate enzyme for the development of novel biocontrol agents but also an experimental basis for further study on the function and mechanisms of extracellular enzymes in myxobacterial predation.
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Ferreira SR, de Moura Rocha M, Damasceno-Silva KJ, Ferreira ATS, Perales J, Fernandes KVS, Oliveira AEA. The resistance of the cowpea cv. BRS Xiquexique to infestation by cowpea weevil is related to the presence of toxic chitin-binding proteins. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 173:104782. [PMID: 33771261 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus) is the main pest that attacks cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seeds during storage, causing nutritional and economic losses in the cowpea crop. Thus, studies aiming to identify resistant cowpea cultivars have been developed. Chitin-binding proteins (CBP), such vicilins and chitinases, have been detected in seeds and related with the toxicity to insects. In this work, we investigated the presence of chitin-binding proteins in the partially resistant cowpea cv. BRS Xiquexique and evaluated their toxicity towards cowpea weevil. The CBP fraction was isolated by chitin affinity chromatography. CBP fraction showed, through 15% SDS PAGE, protein bands with varying molecular masses, mainly below 55 kDa. Proteins present in CBP fraction were identified by Western blotting and mass spectrometry analysis, as vicilins and chitinases. CBP fraction, at 5%, was able to interfere with the development of cowpea weevil, decreasing larval mass and length. A CBV (chitin-binding vicilin) fraction isolated from CBP fraction was toxic, at 2.0%, to C. maculatus, decreasing larval mass and length in 64.3% and 33.23%, respectively. These results suggest that chitin binding proteins, such vicilins and chitinases, may be related to the resistance of cowpea cv. BRS Xiquexique to the infestation by C. maculatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Rodrigues Ferreira
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Maurisrael de Moura Rocha
- Embrapa Meio-Norte, Avenida Duque de Caxias, 5650, Bairro Buenos Aires, Teresina, PI 64008-780, Brazil
| | | | - Andre T S Ferreira
- Laboratório de Toxinologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jonas Perales
- Laboratório de Toxinologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Kátia V S Fernandes
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Antonia E A Oliveira
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ 28013-602, Brazil.
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Singh G, Arya SK. Antifungal and insecticidal potential of chitinases: A credible choice for the eco-friendly farming. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Assessment of Silver Nanoparticle from Cocos nucifera (coconut) Shell on Dengue Vector Toxicity, Detoxifying Enzymatic Activity and Predatory Response of Aquatic Organism. J CLUST SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-019-01596-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Horak I, Engelbrecht G, Rensburg PJ, Claassens S. Microbial metabolomics: essential definitions and the importance of cultivation conditions for utilizingBacillusspecies as bionematicides. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:326-343. [PMID: 30739384 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Horak
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management North‐West University Potchefstroom South Africa
| | - G. Engelbrecht
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management North‐West University Potchefstroom South Africa
| | | | - S. Claassens
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management North‐West University Potchefstroom South Africa
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Zhang J, Sun T, Sun Z, Li H, Qi X, Zhong G, Yi X. Azadirachtin acting as a hazardous compound to induce multiple detrimental effects in Drosophila melanogaster. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 359:338-347. [PMID: 30048948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Azadirachtin, a tetranortriterpenoid botanical insecticide, has varied sub-lethal effects against many insect pests, including antifeedant, repellent, and growth regulatory. Despite extensive studies of the mechanisms that underline these physiological effects, little attention has been given to multiple toxic effects of azadirachtin under a coherent concentration, and there is no definitive overarching consensus on its toxicity. Here, we investigated multiple sub-lethal effects induced by 4 mg L-1 of azadirachtin, which did not elicit antifeedant behavior in Drosophila melanogaster, on metrics of longevity, development, compound eyes and reproduction. Exposure to <20 mg L-1 azadirachtin did not induce mortality, and 4 mg L-1 of azadirachtin could shorten lifespan, expression of detoxification genes and activities of related detoxification enzymes were higher. The lower activity of chitinase and higher content of chitin in fruit fly exposed to 4 mg L-1 azadirachtin could be important in developmental inhibition effects, and ovarian abnormalities and lower fecundity could have resulted from azadirachtin-mediated influences on juvenile hormone and ecdysone that disrupted the endocrine system. Caspase-3, head involution defective and reaper-dependent apoptosis genes may have been responsible for compound eye abnormalities in flies exposed to azadirachtin. Our findings provide important insights to the potential mechanisms of sub-lethal effects of azadirachtin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxian Qi
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohua Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xin Yi
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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Vasantha-Srinivasan P, Senthil-Nathan S, Thanigaivel A, Edwin ES, Ponsankar A, Selin-Rani S, Pradeepa V, Sakthi-Bhagavathy M, Kalaivani K, Hunter WB, Duraipandiyan V, Al-Dhabi NA. Developmental response of Spodoptera litura Fab. to treatments of crude volatile oil from Piper betle L. and evaluation of toxicity to earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae Kinb. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 155:336-347. [PMID: 27135695 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Evaluations of biological effects of (Pb-CVO) the crude volatile oil of Piper betle leaves on the tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura were conducted. Pb-CVO was subjected to GC-MS analysis and twenty vital compounds were isolated from the betel leaf oil. Pb-CVO was tested at four different concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%) against S. litura. The treated insects exhibited dose depended mortality. The mortality rate was significantly higher at the 1.0 and 1.5% Pb-CVO. The LC50 (Lethal concentration) were observed at 0.48% Pb-CVO. Larval and pupal durations increased in all treatment concentrations (0.25, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5%) whereas, pupal weight decreased compared to control. Adult longevity of S. litura was reduced in all treatments but predominantly in the 0.4 and 0.5% Pb-CVO. Correspondingly, mean fecundity rate was reduced at all concentrations compared to control. Histological studies of larvae mid-gut profiles of S. litura were severely damaged in 1.0 and 1.5% and showed abnormalities in mid-gut cells with 0.25 and 0.5% Pb-CVO treatments. Earthworm toxicity illustrated that 0.1% of chemical insecticides (monocrotophos and cypermethrin) varied widely in their contact toxicities compared to 0.5 and 1.0% Pb-CVO and control in both contact filter paper and artificial soil test. These findings suggest that twenty essential compounds of betel leaf oil were significant inhibitors of the development and caused behavioral changes of S. litura. Treatment with betel leaf oil at these concentrations had no adverse effect on earthworm populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli 627 412, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli 627 412, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Annamalai Thanigaivel
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli 627 412, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Edward-Sam Edwin
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli 627 412, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Athirstam Ponsankar
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli 627 412, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvaraj Selin-Rani
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli 627 412, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venkatraman Pradeepa
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli 627 412, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muthiah Sakthi-Bhagavathy
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli 627 412, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kandaswamy Kalaivani
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, Sri Parasakthi College for Women, Courtrallam, Tirunelveli 627 802, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Wayne B Hunter
- United States Department of Agriculture, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Veeramuthu Duraipandiyan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriya Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriya Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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