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Bianco KA, Martini CN, Tejedor MJ, Paredes MG, Kristoff G. Multi-biomarker approach to evaluate the toxicity of chlorpyrifos (active ingredient and a commercial formulation) on different stages of Biomphalaria straminea. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 281:109923. [PMID: 38615808 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Biomphalaria straminea is a freshwater gastropod native to South America and used in toxicological assessments. Our aim was to estimate 48 h-LC50 and sub-chronic effects after the exposure to low concentrations of chlorpyrifos as commercial formulation (CF) and active ingredient (AI) on B. straminea adult, embryos and juveniles. Concentrations between 1 and 5000 μg L-1 were chosen for acute exposures and 0.1 and 1 μg L-1 for the sub-chronic one. After 14 days biochemical parameters, viability and sub-populations of hemocytes, reproductive parameters, embryotoxicity and offspring' survival were studied. Egg masses laid between day 12 and 14 were separated to continue the exposure and the embryos were examined daily. Offspring' survival and morphological changes were registered for 14 days after hatching. 48 h-LC50, NOEC and LOEC were similar between CF and AI, however the CF caused more sub-lethal effects. CF but not the AI decreased carboxylesterases, catalase and the proportion of hyalinocytes with respect to the total hemocytes, and increased superoxide dismutase and the % of granulocytes with pseudopods. Also CF caused embryotoxicity probably due to the increase of embryos' membrane permeability. Acetylcholinesterase, superoxide dismutase, hemocytes sub-populations, the time and rate of hatching and juveniles' survival were the most sensitive biomarkers. We emphasize the importance of the assessment of a battery of biomarkers as a useful tool for toxicity studies including reproduction parameters and immunological responses. Also, we highlight the relevance of incorporating the evaluation of formulations in order to not underestimate the effects of pesticides on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Alesia Bianco
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Evaluación Ecotoxicológica del Agua Invertebrados Nativos y otros Modelos (EEAINM), Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Noemí Martini
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Evaluación Ecotoxicológica del Agua Invertebrados Nativos y otros Modelos (EEAINM), Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María José Tejedor
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Evaluación Ecotoxicológica del Agua Invertebrados Nativos y otros Modelos (EEAINM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Gimena Paredes
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Evaluación Ecotoxicológica del Agua Invertebrados Nativos y otros Modelos (EEAINM), Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gisela Kristoff
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Evaluación Ecotoxicológica del Agua Invertebrados Nativos y otros Modelos (EEAINM), Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Hernández-Toledano DS, Vega L. Methylated dialkylphosphate metabolites of the organophosphate pesticide malathion modify actin cytoskeleton arrangement and cell migration via activation of Rho GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 382:110593. [PMID: 37270087 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The non-cholinergic molecular targets of organophosphate (OP) compounds have recently been investigated to explain their role in the generation of non-neurological diseases, such as immunotoxicity and cancer. Here, we evaluated the effects of malathion and its dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites on the cytoskeleton components and organization of RAW264.7 murine macrophages as non-cholinergic targets of OP and DAPs toxicity. All OP compounds affected actin and tubulin polymerization. Malathion, dimethyldithiophosphate (DMDTP) dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP), and dimethylphosphate (DMP) induced elongated morphologies and the formation of pseudopods rich in microtubule structures, and increased filopodia formation and general actin disorganization in RAW264.7 cells and slightly reduced stress fibers in the human fibroblasts GM03440, without significantly disrupting the tubulin or vimentin cytoskeleton. Exposure to DMTP and DMP increased cell migration in the wound healing assay but did not affect phagocytosis, indicating a very specific modification in the organization of the cytoskeleton. The induction of actin cytoskeleton rearrangement and cell migration suggested the activation of cytoskeletal regulators such as small GTPases. We found that DMP slightly reduced Ras homolog family member A activity but increased the activities of Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) and cell division control protein 42 (Cdc42) from 5 min to 2 h of exposure. Chemical inhibition of Rac1 with NSC23766 reduced cell polarization and treatment with DMP enhanced cell migration, but Cdc42 inhibition by ML-141 completely inhibited the effects of DMP. These results suggest that methylated OP compounds, especially DMP, can modify macrophage cytoskeleton function and configuration via activation of Cdc42, which may represent a potential non-cholinergic molecular target for OP compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sebastián Hernández-Toledano
- Department of Toxicology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico. Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, C.P. 07360, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Libia Vega
- Department of Toxicology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico. Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, C.P. 07360, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Organophosphate-Pesticide-Mediated Immune Response Modulation in Invertebrates and Vertebrates. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065360. [PMID: 36982434 PMCID: PMC10049729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate pesticides (OPs) have greatly facilitated food production worldwide, and their use is not limited to agriculture and the control of pests and disease vectors. However, these substances can directly affect the immune response of non-target organisms. In this sense, exposure to OPs can have negative effects on innate and adaptive immunity, promoting deregulation in humoral and cellular processes such as phagocytosis, cytokine expression, antibody production, cell proliferation, and differentiation, which are crucial mechanisms for host defense against external agents. This review focuses on the scientific evidence of exposure to OPs and their toxic effects on the immune system of non-target organisms (invertebrates and vertebrates) from a descriptive perspective of the immuno-toxic mechanisms associated with susceptibility to the development of bacterial, viral, and fungal infectious diseases. During the exhaustive review, we found that there is an important gap in the study of non-target organisms, examples of which are echinoderms and chondrichthyans. It is therefore important to increase the number of studies on other species directly or indirectly affected by Ops, to assess the degree of impact at the individual level and how this affects higher levels, such as populations and ecosystems.
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Ibrahim AM, Hussein AAA. Toxicological impact of organophosphorus Chlorpyrifos 48%EC pesticide on hemocytes, biochemical disruption, and molecular changes in Biomphalaria alexandrina snails. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 186:105154. [PMID: 35973759 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides like Chlorpyrifos 48%EC were widely used to control agricultural pests. The present study aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of Chlorpyrifos 48%EC on B. alexandrina snails, the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. After exposure of snails to serial concentrations to determine the LC50, thirty snails for each sublethal concentration (LC10 2.1 and LC25 5.6 mg/l) in each group were exposed for 24 h followed by another 24 h for recovery. After recovery random samples were collected from hemolymph and tissue to measure the impacts on Phagocytic index, histological, biochemical, and molecular parameters. The current results showed a toxic effect of Chlorpyrifos 48%EC on adult B. alexandrina snails after 24 h of exposure at LC50 9.6 mg/l. After exposure to the sub-lethal concentrations of this pesticide, it decreased the total number of hemocytes and the percentage of small cells, while increased the percentage of hyalinocytes. The granulocyte percentage was increased after exposure to LC10, while after LC25, it was decreased compared to the control group. Also, the light microscopical examination showed that some granulocytes have plenty of granules, vacuoles and filopodia. Some hyalinocytes were contained shrinked nuclei, incomplete cell division and forming pseudopodia. Besides, the phagocytic index of hemocytes was significantly increased than control in all treated groups. Also, these sub-lethal concentrations increased MDA and SOD activities, while, tissue NO, GST and TAC contents were significantly decreased after exposure. Levels of Testosterone (T) and Estradiol (E) were increased significantly after exposure compared with control group. The present results showed that the concentration of DNA and RNA was highly decreased after exposure to LC10, 25 than the control group. Therefore, B. alexandrina snails could be used as a bio monitor of the chemical pollution. Besides, this pesticide could reduce the transmission of schistosomiasis as it altered the biological system of these snails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina M Ibrahim
- Medical Malacology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed A A Hussein
- Medical Malacology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt.
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Mohamed IA, Hamed M, Abdel-Tawab HS, Mansour S, Soliman HAM, Lee JS, El-Din H Sayed A. Multi-biomarkers approach to assess the toxicity of novel insecticide (Voliam flexi®) on Clarias gariepinus: From behavior to immunotoxicity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 125:54-64. [PMID: 35525411 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine for the first time the immunological, histopathological, histochemical, and ultrastructural changes; hematological and biochemical alterations; and poikilocytosis induced in Clarias gariepinus by Voliam flexi® 40% WG (thiamethoxam + chlorantraniliprole). Beside control fish, juvenile C. gariepinus were subjected to three sublethal concentrations of Voliam flexi® (43.5, 87.5, and 175 mg/L) for 15 days. Voliam flexi® induced immunotoxic impairments in C. gariepinus, such as a decrease in some immunity variables (lysozyme and phagocyte activity, immunoglobulin concentration, and nitro blue tetrazolium level). It also caused an extreme increase in the levels of primary cytokines (interleukin-1β and IL-6), compared with the control. The toxic effects of Voliam flexi® increased gradually with the increasing concentrations tested. Histological examination of the liver demonstrated necrosis, vacuolated hepatocytes (fatty deposition), melanomacrophage centers, foci of inflammatory cells, congested and dilated blood sinusoids, hepatic degeneration, fibrosis increment (Sirius Red stain), and glycogen depletion, as well as cytopathological alterations. We conclude that the toxic effects of Voliam flexi® must be restricted or prevented by using control mechanisms in aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A Mohamed
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Hamed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University (Assiut Branch), Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Hanem S Abdel-Tawab
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
| | - Salwa Mansour
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Hamdy A M Soliman
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 8562, Egypt
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Alaa El-Din H Sayed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt.
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Hernandez-Toledano D, Vega L. The cytoskeleton as a non-cholinergic target of organophosphate compounds. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 346:109578. [PMID: 34265256 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Current organophosphate (OP) toxicity research now considers potential non-cholinergic mechanisms for these compounds, since the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) cannot completely explain all the adverse biological effects of OP. Thanks to the development of new strategies for OP detection, some potential molecular targets have been identified. Among these molecules are several cytoskeletal proteins, including actin, tubulin, intermediate filament proteins, and associated proteins, such as motor proteins, microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), and cofilin. in vitro, ex vivo, and some in vivo reports have identified alterations in the cytoskeleton following OP exposure, including cell morphology defects, cells detachments, intracellular transport disruption, aberrant mitotic spindle formation, modification of cell motility, and reduced phagocytic capability, which implicate the cytoskeleton in OP toxicity. Here, we reviewed the evidence indicating the cytoskeletal targets of OP compounds, including their strategies, the potential effects of their alterations, and their possible participation in neurotoxicity, embryonic development, cell division, and immunotoxicity related to OP compounds exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hernandez-Toledano
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute. Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, C.P. 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Libia Vega
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute. Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, C.P. 07360, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Garate OF, Gazzaniga S, Cochón AC. A comparative study of enzymatic and immunological parameters in Planorbarius corneus and Biomphalaria glabrata exposed to the organophosphate chlorpyrifos. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 225:105544. [PMID: 32569998 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of chlorpyrifos on biomarkers related to neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity in two allopatric freshwater gastropod species belonging to the family Planorbidae. For this purpose, Planorbarius corneus and Biomphalaria glabrata were exposed to chlorpyrifos (active ingredient or commercial formulation) for 48 h at environmentally realistic concentrations (1 and 7.5 μg L-1). Basal acetylcholinesterase activity in soft tissues and hemolymph was almost one order of magnitude higher in P. corneus than in B. glabrata. However, upon chlorpyrifos exposure, statistically significant inhibition of enzymatic activity was registered in both species. Acetylcholinesterase was more sensitive to inhibition in soft tissues than in hemolymph. The highest inhibition was observed in the B. glabrata soft tissues exposed to the commercial formulation (88 % at 1 μg L-1 and 93 % at 7.5 μg L-1). Hemocyte number and lysosomal membrane stability did not show significant changes with respect to controls in any of the exposed groups. Superoxide anion generation was diminished (21-46 %) in P. corneus hemocytes exposed to the active ingredient and in B. glabrata hemocytes exposed to the active ingredient or the formulation. In contrast, hemocyte phagocytic activity increased in all exposed groups. Phagocytosis was most stimulated (89 %) in hemocytes sampled from B. glabrata treated with 7.5 μg L-1 chlorpyrifos. Altogether the results suggest that the freshwater gastropods P. corneus and B. glabrata are suitable model animals for environmental monitoring studies in the Northern Hemisphere and Latin America, respectively. Furthermore, these results add information on the relevance of testing pesticide formulations and on the usefulness of acetylcholinesterase inhibition and immunological parameters as biomarkers of the acute effects of chlorpyrifos in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio F Garate
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvina Gazzaniga
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana C Cochón
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Li X, Li N, Rao K, Huang Q, Ma M. In Vitro Immunotoxicity of Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Human THP-1-Derived Macrophages. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:8900-8908. [PMID: 32643373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Scarce attention has been paid to the immunotoxicity of organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs), which poses a challenge to the systematic assessment of their health risks. In this study, a battery of in vitro immunotoxicity screening assays, including adhesion, phagocytosis, and 48 cytokine/chemokine production, was measured after exposing THP-1-derived macrophages to six selected common PFRs (TPHP, TDCPP, TNBP, TOCP, TCEP, and TBOEP) at a noncytotoxic concentration (≤50 μM). Our results showed that TPHP and TBOEP partially attenuated the adhesion and phagocytosis of the THP-1 mφs and that TDCPP caused a functional loss of phagocytosis, implying the potential immunosuppression. In contrast, TNBP and TOCP may cause an immunostimulation by significantly promoting cell adhesion and enhancing phagocytic efficiency. Additionally, the results from a cytokine/chemokine secretion analysis revealed the proinflammatory properties of TDCPP, TPHP, and TBOEP. TOCP was thought to disrupt the inflammatory balance by inhibiting both proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines. TCEP showed no effect on adhesion or phagocytosis and little modulation of cytokine release at this experimental concentration. Overall, this study supports that PFRs can be immunotoxic to macrophages in different ways and provides evidence for developing more sensitive in vitro immunotoxicity bioassay methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kaifeng Rao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qinghui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Mei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Agrelo M, Rivadeneira PR, Cossi PF, Cacciatore LC, Kristoff G. Azinphos-methyl causes in Planorbarius corneus toxic effects on reproduction, offspring survival and B-esterases depending on the exposure time. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 217:114-121. [PMID: 30528701 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to study in the freshwater gastropod Planorbarius corneus the effects of acute (2 days) and subchronic (14 days) exposures to an environmental concentration of the organophosphate azinphos-methyl on different reproductive parameters, offspring survival and B-esterase activities in gonads and in the whole organism soft tissue. The acute exposure inhibited only carboxylesterase activity in both tissues while the subchronic exposure also inhibited cholinesterase activity, decreased the number of hatched-eggs and increased offspring lethality (92%). On the other hand, B-esterases in gonads were more effective biomarkers than B-esterases in the whole organism due their inhibition appeared earlier in time (cholinesterase activity) and their activity remained inhibited for a longer time (carboxylesterase activity) when recovery studies were performed. We concluded that B-esterases and reproductive parameters can be used as effect biomarkers of aquatic contamination with azinphos-methyl. Our studies showed that a 14 days exposure to an environmental concentration of azinphos-methyl produced severe signs of toxicity in adult organisms, egg masses and juveniles that could cause negative effects at the population level in contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Agrelo
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática: Invertebrados Nativos (EAIN), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Nuñez, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil
| | - Pamela R Rivadeneira
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática: Invertebrados Nativos (EAIN), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Nuñez, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Ecosistemas Costeros, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula F Cossi
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática: Invertebrados Nativos (EAIN), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Nuñez, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis C Cacciatore
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática: Invertebrados Nativos (EAIN), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Nuñez, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Morón, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gisela Kristoff
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática: Invertebrados Nativos (EAIN), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Nuñez, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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