Pyridaben induces mitochondrial dysfunction and leads to latent male reproductive abnormalities

A self-assembled 3D nanoflowers based nano-ELISA platform for the sensitive detection of pyridaben

Biomimetic methods are invariably employed to synthesize hybrid organic-inorganic multilevel structure nanoflowers with self-assembly processes in aqueous solutions, which is an ideal way to meet the challenges of immobilizing antibodies or enzymes in nanomaterial based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (nano-ELISA). In this study, we developed protein-inorganic hybrid 3D nanoflowers composed of bovine serum albumin (BSA), horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (IgG-HRP) and copper(Ⅱ) phosphate (BSA-(IgG-HRP)-Cu3(PO4)2) using a self-assembly biomimetic method. The preparation process avoided the use of any organic solvent and protein immobilization did not require covalent modifications. Additionally, the unique hierarchical structure enhances the thermal and storage stability of HRP. The BSA-(IgG-HRP)-Cu3(PO4)2 hybrid 3D nanoflower was then applied to a nano-ELISA platform for pyridaben detection, achieving a 50% inhibition concentration of 3.90 ng mL-1. The nano-ELISA achieved excellent accuracy for pyridaben detection. Such a novel BSA-(IgG-HRP)-Cu3(PO4)2 hybrid 3D nanoflower provide an excellent reagent for small molecule immunoassay.

Fludioxonil induces cardiotoxicity via mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in two cardiomyocyte models

Fludioxonil (Flu) is a phenylpyrrole fungicide and is currently used in over 900 agricultural products globally. Flu possesses endocrine-disrupting chemical-like properties and has been shown to mediate various physiological and pathological changes, such as apoptosis and differentiation, in diverse cell lines. However, the effects of Flu on cardiomyocytes have not been studied so far. The present study investigated the effects of Flu on mitochondria in AC16 human cardiomyocytes and H9c2 rat cardiomyoblasts. Flu decreased cell viability in a water-soluble tetrazolium assay and mediated morphological changes suggestive of apoptosis in AC16 and H9c2 cells. We confirmed that annexin V positive cells were increased by Flu through annexin V/propidium iodide staining. This suggests that the decrease in cell viability due to Flu may be associated with increased apoptotic changes. Flu consistently increased the expression of pro-apoptotic markers such as Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and cleaved-caspase 3. Further, Flu reduced the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in AC16 and H9c2 cells, which is associated with decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) as observed through JC-1 staining. In addition, Flu augmented the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, which can trigger oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes. Taken together, these results indicate that Flu induces mitochondrial dysregulation in cardiomyocytes via the downregulation of the OCR and MMP and upregulation of the oxidative stress, consequently resulting in the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. This study provides evidence of the risk of Flu toxicity on cardiomyocytes leading to the development of cardiovascular diseases and suggests that the use of Flu in agriculture should be done with caution and awareness of the probable health consequences of exposure to Flu.

Pyridaben impaired cell cycle progression through perturbation of calcium homeostasis and PI3K/Akt pathway in zebrafish hepatocytes

Environmental pollution caused by pesticides is a growing concern. Pyridaben, a widely used organochlorine insecticide, is a representative water pollutant. Owing to its extensive usage, it has been detected in various aquatic ecosystems, including rivers and oceans. Pyridaben is highly toxic to aquatic organisms; however, the mechanism of its toxicity in the liver, which is important in toxicant metabolism, has not been studied. Therefore, we employed zebrafish and its well-characterized liver cell line, ZFL to assess pyridaben hepatotoxicity and explore its potential mechanisms of action. Pyridaben led to reduction of the liver size and fluorescence intensity of dsRed-labeled Tg (fabp10a:dsRed) zebrafish. It reduced the viability and proliferation of ZFL cells in vitro by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. These changes might be primarily linked to uncontrolled intracellular calcium flow in ZFL cells exposed to pyridaben. Additionally, it also downregulates the PI3K/Akt signaling cascade, leading to the inactivation of Gsk3β and nuclear translocation of β-catenin. Taken together, our findings suggest that pyridaben could have hepatotoxic effects on aquatic organisms. This study is the first to provide insight into the hepatotoxic mechanism of pyridaben using both in vivo and in vitro models.

The adverse role of endocrine disrupting chemicals in the reproductive system

Reproductive system diseases pose prominent threats to human physical and mental well-being. Besides being influenced by genetic material regulation and changes in lifestyle, the occurrence of these diseases is closely connected to exposure to harmful substances in the environment. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), characterized by hormone-like effects, have a wide range of influences on the reproductive system. EDCs are ubiquitous in the natural environment and are present in a wide range of industrial and everyday products. Currently, thousands of chemicals have been reported to exhibit endocrine effects, and this number is likely to increase as the testing for potential EDCs has not been consistently required, and obtaining data has been limited, partly due to the long latency of many diseases. The ability to avoid exposure to EDCs, especially those of artificially synthesized origin, is increasingly challenging. While EDCs can be divided into persistent and non-persistent depending on their degree of degradation, due to the recent uptick in research studies in this area, we have chosen to focus on the research pertaining to the detrimental effects on reproductive health of exposure to several EDCs that are widely encountered in daily life over the past six years, specifically bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates (PAEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), parabens, pesticides, heavy metals, and so on. By focusing on the impact of EDCs on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, which leads to the occurrence and development of reproductive system diseases, this review aims to provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of EDCs' damage to human health and to encourage further in-depth research to clarify the potentially harmful effects of EDC exposure through various other mechanisms. Ultimately, it offers a scientific basis to enhance EDCs risk management, an endeavor of significant scientific and societal importance for safeguarding reproductive health.

Pyridaben induces apoptosis and inflammation in bovine mammary epithelial cells by disturbance of calcium homeostasis and upregulation of MAPK cascades

Pyridaben is a widely used pyridazinone insecticide used to protect crops against insects and mites. The toxicity of pyridaben has been reported in mice, zebrafish, the human reproductive system, nervous system, and respiratory system. Pyridaben can also be ingested by dairy cattle through feed. However, the toxicity of pyridaben in cattle has not been investigated on. Thus, this study focuses on demonstrating the toxicity of pyridaben in the bovine mammary glands and with the generation milk in the bovine mammary epithelial cells, as it is crucial to the continuance of the amount and the quality of the milk produced. We started by analyzing the intracellular toxicity along with the impact of pyridaben on the cell cycle distribution and the transcription of associated genes. Pyridaben treatment induced cell cycle arrest accompanied the disruption in G1 and S phases with imbalanced cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium ion homeostasis, and caused a destruction of mitochondrial membrane potential. This eventually led to apoptosis of MAC-T cells. We also investigated in the impact that pyridaben has on MAPK signaling proteins, where phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 were upregulateed. Moreover, examination of the effect of pyridaben in the inflammatory genes revealed hyperactivation of the inflammatory gene transcription. This is the first research to assess the negative outcomes that pyridaben could impose on dairy cattle and milk production.

Acetamiprid and pyridaben poisoning: A case report

Background

The agricultural industry has experienced beneficial outcomes by implementing contemporary synthetic pesticides, specifically, the mixture of acetamiprid and pyridaben. However, concerns regarding public health have arisen due to the increased number of suicides caused by insecticide poisoning. Nevertheless, limited reports of human exposure to these pesticides have reported various adverse clinical effects. In this study, we present the case of an individual who consumed the acetamiprid and pyridaben mixture for suicidal purposes, and subsequently developed central nervous system depression, hyperlactacidemia, and metabolic acid poisoning, which thus required clinical management.

Case report

A 74-year-old woman was transported to our hospital after ingesting a combination of 30 mL of acetamiprid 5 % and pyridaben 5 %. The patient displayed nausea and vomiting symptoms, followed by confusion. An arterial blood gas analysis revealed metabolic acidosis and hyperlactacidemia. The patient was carefully monitored for vital signs and treated with gastric lavage, purgation, and proton pump inhibitors to reduce gastric acid, blood volume, and electrolyte resuscitation. In addition, the patient received 24 h of hemoperfusion (HP) and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). As a result of these interventions, the patient had a speedy recovery and was discharged 10 days later.

Conclusion

This case report provided the details of a rare instance of acute poisoning in humans resulting from exposure to newer synthetic pesticides, specifically acetamiprid and pyridaben. The report described the clinical manifestations and effective supportive therapy management. Future clinicians may find the results of this report valuable for identifying clinical symptoms and treating acute poisoning caused by newer synthetic pesticides.

Residue levels and risk assessment of acetamiprid-pyridaben mixtures in cabbage under various open field conditions

Acetamiprid and pyridaben are highly efficient insecticides widely used to protect leafy vegetables against various pests, such as Phyllotreta striolata, but analyses of their residual behaviors applied in mixtures in cabbage fields are primarily lacking. Herein, field trials were performed by spraying 50% acetamiprid-pyridaben wettable powder (50% WP) once at a dose of 150 g of active ingredient per hectare in 12 representative provinces of China under Good Agricultural Practices. The residues of acetamiprid and pyridaben were detected using modified Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, together with an assessment of their dietary risks. The average recoveries of the two insecticides were 84.6-104%, and the relative standard deviations were 0.898-10.1%. The residual concentrations of acetamiprid and pyridaben at the preharvest interval of 7 days were <0.364 and 0.972 mg/kg, respectively, and less than their maximum residue limits in cabbage (0.5 mg/kg for acetamiprid and 2 mg/kg for pyridaben) in China. The chronic and acute risk values of acetamiprid and pyridaben were 0.0787-33.3%, implying acceptable health hazards to Chinese consumers. In conclusion, applying 50% WP in cabbage fields under Good Agricultural Practices is acceptable. These results provide essential data for using mixtures of acetamiprid and pyridaben in cabbage fields.

Toxic encephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy of poisoning by Avermectin Pyridine: a case report and a review of the literature

Background

Avermectin Pyridaben (AVP) is an insecticide with extreme neurotoxicity in human, causing critical symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, coma and respiratory failure within a short time after oral ingestion. Neurological sequelae or even death may occur because of delayed treatment or excessive toxic dose.

Case presentation

We report a 15-year-old girl who presented with coma, respiratory failure, limb weakness, ataxia symptoms after ingestion of a toxic dose of AVP. Soon after the poisoning, the patient was treated with life-saving mechanical ventilation and haemodialysis. Subsequently brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and nerve conduction study (NCS) and electromyography (EMG) demonstrated toxic encephalopathy and peripheral nerve injury. Over the next 2 months the patient's limb function gradually recovered under treatment with hyperbaric oxygen, glucocorticoid pulses and neurotrophic drugs.

Conclusion

This case documents a rare presentation of toxic encephalopathy complicated with peripheral neuropathy following AVP poisoning. Seven other similar cases of poisoning in terms of common symptoms and effective treatment have also been summarised for providing clinicians with experience in diagnosis and therapy.

Monoclonal Antibody-Based Colorimetric Lateral Flow Immunoassay for the Detection of Pyridaben in the Environment

Pyridaben, a broad-spectrum pyridazinone acaricide that is widely used in agricultural production, can induce neurotoxicity and reproductive abnormalities, and is highly toxic to aquatic organisms. In this study, a pyridaben hapten was synthesized and used to prepare monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), among which 6E3G8D7 showed the highest sensitivity in indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of 3.49 ng mL^-1. The mAb, 6E3G8D7, was further applied to a gold nanoparticle-based colorimetric lateral flow immunoassay (CLFIA) for pyridaben detection, according to the signal intensity ratio of the test line to the control line, which showed a visual limit of detection of 5 ng mL^-1. The CLFIA also showed high specificity and achieved excellent accuracy in different matrices. In addition, the amounts of pyridaben in blind samples detected by the CLFIA, were consistent with high-performance liquid chromatography. Therefore, the developed CLFIA is considered a promising, reliable, and portable method for pyridaben on-site detection in agro-products and environmental samples.

Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate alleviates prenatal pyridaben exposure-induced anxiety-like behaviors in offspring

Pyridaben (PY) is a widely used organochlorine acaricide, which can be detected in the peripheral blood of pregnant women. Available evidence suggests that PY has reproductive toxicity. However, it remains uncertain whether prenatal PY exposure impacts neurobehavioral development in offspring. Here, we administered PY to pregnant mice at a dose of 0.5 and 5 mg kg^-1 day^-1 via gavage and observed anxiety-like behaviors in PY offspring aged five weeks. We then integrated the metabolome and transcriptome of the offspring's brain to explore the underlying mechanism. Metabolome data indicated that the vitamin B6 metabolism pathway was significantly affected, and the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) concentration and the active form of vitamin B6 was significantly reduced. Moreover, the transcriptome data showed that both PLP generation-related Pdxk and anxiety-related Gad1 were significantly down-regulated. Meanwhile, there was a decreasing trend in the concentration of GABA in the hippocampal DG region. Next, we supplemented PLP at a dose of 20 mg kg^-1 day^-1 to the PY offspring via intraperitoneal injection at three weeks. We found up-regulated expression of Pdxk and Gad1 and restored anxiety-like behaviors. This study suggests that prenatal exposure to PY can disrupt vitamin B6 metabolism, reduce the concentration of PLP, down-regulate the expression levels of Pdxk and Gad1, inhibit the production of GABA, and ultimately lead to anxiety-like behaviors in offspring.

Multiresidues of environmental contaminants in bats from Turkey

Bat populations have been steadily declining, most likely because of anthropogenic factors. Identification and classification of these risks have crucial importance in ensuring the survival of this species. Bats often coexist with humans in urban, industrial, and agricultural areas and are potentially exposed to a range of environmental pollutants. Two bat species widely distributed in Turkey were selected, and the residues of pesticides and organic contaminants in their carcasses were analyzed using: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Species and sex specific differences were evaluated along with their potential to be used as bioindicators. During the rigor mortis period, 23 adult Pipistrellus pipistrellus (11 female and 12 male) and 19 adult Myotis myotis (9 female and 10 male) were collected and 322 contaminants (pesticides and organic contaminants) were analyzed in whole carcasses of bats by using a validated method. Multiple pesticides and organic contaminants were detected in all collected 42 bats. The most frequent contamination was detected as 4,4-DDE, followed by ethoprophos, quinalphos, methidation, paraoxon-methyl, phosalone and tetramethrin. The least common compounds were as follows: 2,4-DDD, endrin, HCH-alpha, fenamiphos sulfoxide, parathion ethyl, bitertanol, oxycarboxin, procymidone, fluazifop-butyl, trifluralin, bifenazate, DMF, fenpyroximate, PBDE-47, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, and benzo(g,h,i) perylene; of these only one was found in each bat. In terms of frequency and concentration, there was no significant difference between species and sex. An average of 26.1 pollutants was found in each bat. Thus, it was concluded that bats can be used as potential bioindicators in determining environmental pollution.