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Vainer Y, Wang Y, Huff RM, Perets D, Sar-Shalom E, Yakir E, Ghaninia M, Coutinho-Abreu Gomes IV, Ruiz C, Rajamanickam D, Warburg A, Akbari OS, Papathanos PA, Ignell R, Riffell JA, Pitts RJ, Bohbot JD. A conserved odorant receptor underpins borneol-mediated repellency in culicine mosquitoes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.08.01.548337. [PMID: 37577635 PMCID: PMC10418152 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.01.548337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of essential oils derived from the camphor tree to repel mosquitoes is an ancient practice that originated in Southeast Asia and gradually spread to China and across Europe via the Maritime Silk Road. The olfactory mechanisms by which these oils elicit avoidance behavior are unclear. Here we show that plant bicyclic monoterpenoids and borneol specifically activate a neural pathway that originates in the orphan olfactory receptor neuron of the capitate peg sensillum in the maxillary palp, and projects to the mediodorsal glomerulus 3 in the antennal lobe. This neuron co-locates with two olfactory receptor neurons tuned to carbon dioxide and octenol that mediate human-host detection. We also confirm that borneol elicits repellency against human-seeking female mosquitoes. Understanding the functional role of the mosquito maxillary palp is essential to investigating olfactory signal integration and host-selection behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Vainer
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yinliang Wang
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
- Northeast Normal University, China
| | | | - Dor Perets
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Esther Yakir
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Majid Ghaninia
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
| | | | - Carlos Ruiz
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, USA
| | | | - A. Warburg
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Omar S. Akbari
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, USA
| | | | - R. Ignell
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
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2
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Fairbanks EL, Tambwe MM, Moore J, Mpelepele A, Lobo NF, Mashauri R, Chitnis N, Moore SJ. Evaluating human landing catches as a measure of mosquito biting and the importance of considering additional modes of action. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11476. [PMID: 38769342 PMCID: PMC11106315 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61116-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Entomological evaluations of vector control tools often use human landing catches (HLCs) as a standard measure of a direct human-vector contact. However, some tools have additional characteristics, such as mortality, and HLCS are not sensitive for measuring other effects beyond landing inhibition. Therefore, additional measures may need to be considered when evaluating these tools for public health use. This study has two main aims (1) the evaluate the accuracy of HLCs as a proxy for feeding and (2) to compare the predicted reduction in vectorial capacity when we do and do not consider these additional characteristics. To achieve this, we analyse previously published semi-field data from an experiment which used HLCs and another where mosquitoes were allowed to feed in the presence of different dosages of the volatile pyrethroid spatial repellent, transfluthrin. We compare results for two mathematical models: one which only considers the reduction in feeding effect and one which also considers mortality before and after feeding (using data gathered by the aspiration of mosquitoes after the semi-field feeding/landing period and 24 h survival monitoring). These Bayesian hierarchical models are parameterised using Bayesian inference. We observe that, for susceptible mosquitoes, reduction in landing is underestimated by HLCs. For knockdown resistant mosquitoes the relationship is less clear; with HLCs sometimes appearing to overestimate this characteristic. We find HLCs tend to under-predict the relative reduction in vectorial capacity in susceptible mosquitoes while over-predicting this impact in knockdown-resistant mosquitoes. Models without secondary effects have lower predicted relative reductions in vectorial capacities. Overall, this study highlights the importance of considering additional characteristics to reduction in biting of volatile pyrethroid spatial repellents. We recommend that these are considered when evaluating novel vector control tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Fairbanks
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwill, Basel, 4123, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland.
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Mgeni M Tambwe
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwill, Basel, 4123, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Jason Moore
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwill, Basel, 4123, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Ahmed Mpelepele
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Rajabu Mashauri
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwill, Basel, 4123, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sarah J Moore
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwill, Basel, 4123, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- The Nelson Mandela, African Institution of Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences and Bio Engineering, Tengeru, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania
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3
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Aldridge RL, Pagac AA, Norris EJ, Kline DL, Geden CJ, Linthicum KJ. Point Protection with Transfluthrin against Musca domestica L. in a Semi-Field Enclosure. INSECTS 2024; 15:277. [PMID: 38667407 PMCID: PMC11050206 DOI: 10.3390/insects15040277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
House flies are notoriously difficult to control, owing to their tendency to live in close relationships with humans and their livestock, and their rapid development of resistance to chemical controls. With this in mind, we explored an alternative chemical control, a spatial repellent to deter Musca domestica L. from points we wanted to protect (i.e., a baited trap). Our results demonstrated that the synthetic spatial repellent, transfluthrin, is effective in preventing M. domestica adults from entering protected traps for both a susceptible strain (CAR21) and a field-acquired permethrin-resistant strain (WHF; 24 h LD50 resistance ratio of 150), comprising 22% and 28% of the total number of flies collected, respectively. These results are promising and demonstrate that transfluthrin can be an effective spatial repellent to protect points of interest where needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Aldridge
- Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology (CMAVE), U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Gainesville, FL 32608, USA; (A.A.P.); (E.J.N.); (D.L.K.); (C.J.G.); (K.J.L.)
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Zhang Y, He S, He C, Zhou L, Xu O, Qiao L, Chen B, Cao Y, He Z. AsOBP1 is required for bioallethrin repellency in the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles sinensis. INSECT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38389031 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The use of insecticides, primarily pyrethroids, is a pivotal strategy for mosquito control globally. Bioallethrin, the first commercially available volatile pyrethroid, can elicit spatial (i.e., noncontact) repellency to mosquitoes through the coactivation of olfactory receptor neurons and sodium channels. However, the olfactory mechanism of the repellency elicited by bioallethrin in mosquitoes is still unclear. Here, we demonstrated the involvement of AsOBP1 in the bioallethrin repellency in Anopheles sinensis, one of the main vectors of vivax malaria in China and other Southeast Asian countries. The behavioral and electrophysiological analyses in AsOrco-/- mutant found that the spatial repellency elicited by bioallethrin depended on the odorant receptor (OR)-mediated olfactory pathway. Furthermore, the repellency was reduced in the AsOBP1-/- mutant and a pyrethroid-resistant strain, in which the expression of AsOBP1 was significantly decreased. Moreover, recombinant AsOBP1 protein bound to bioallethrin in an in vitro competition assay. These results indicate that activation of the AsOBP1-mediated olfactory pathway is an important component of bioallethrin repellency. Our research lays the foundation for further elucidation into the olfactory mechanism of bioallethrin repellency and the behavioral modifications of pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shulin He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chengyin He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ou Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Qiao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yueqing Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengbo He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
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5
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Luker HA. A critical review of current laboratory methods used to evaluate mosquito repellents. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 4:1320138. [PMID: 38469342 PMCID: PMC10926509 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2024.1320138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Pathogens transmitted by mosquitoes threaten human health around the globe. The use of effective mosquito repellents can protect individuals from contracting mosquito-borne diseases. Collecting evidence to confirm and quantify the effectiveness of a mosquito repellent is crucial and requires thorough standardized testing. There are multitudes of methods to test repellents that each have their own strengths and weaknesses. Determining which type of test to conduct can be challenging and the collection of currently used and standardized methods has changed over time. Some of these methods can be powerful to rapidly screen numerous putative repellent treatments. Other methods can test mosquito responses to specific treatments and measure either spatial or contact repellency. A subset of these methods uses live animals or human volunteers to test the repellency of treatments. Assays can greatly vary in their affordability and accessibility for researchers and/or may require additional methods to confirm results. Here I present a critical review that covers some of the most frequently used laboratory assays from the last two decades. I discuss the experimental designs and highlight some of the strengths and weaknesses of each type of method covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey A. Luker
- Molecular Vector Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
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Zhu X, Valbon W, Qiu M, Hu CT, Yang J, Erriah B, Jankowska M, Dong K, Ward MD, Kahr B. Insecticidal and Repellent Properties of Rapid-Acting Fluorine-Containing Compounds against Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1396-1407. [PMID: 37311068 PMCID: PMC10353007 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of safe and potent insecticides remains an integral part of a multifaceted strategy to effectively control human-disease-transmitting insect vectors. Incorporating fluorine can dramatically alter the physiochemical properties and bioavailability of insecticides. For example, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)ethane (DFDT)─a difluoro congener of trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT)─was demonstrated previously to be 10-fold less toxic to mosquitoes than DDT in terms of LD50 values, but it exhibited a 4-fold faster knockdown. Described herein is the discovery of fluorine-containing 1-aryl-2,2,2-trichloro-ethan-1-ols (FTEs, for fluorophenyl-trichloromethyl-ethanols). FTEs, particularly per-fluorophenyl-trichloromethyl-ethanol (PFTE), exhibited rapid knockdown not only against Drosophila melanogaster but also against susceptible and resistant Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, major vectors of Dengue, Zika, yellow fever, and Chikungunya viruses. The R enantiomer of any chiral FTE, synthesized enantioselectively, exhibited faster knockdown than its corresponding S enantiomer. PFTE does not prolong the opening of mosquito sodium channels that are characteristic of the action of DDT and pyrethroid insecticides. In addition, pyrethroid/DDT-resistant Ae. aegypti strains having enhanced P450-mediated detoxification and/or carrying sodium channel mutations that confer knockdown resistance were not cross-resistant to PFTE. These results indicate a mechanism of PFTE insecticidal action distinct from that of pyrethroids or DDT. Furthermore, PFTE elicited spatial repellency at concentrations as low as 10 ppm in a hand-in-cage assay. PFTE and MFTE were found to possess low mammalian toxicity. These results suggest the substantial potential of FTEs as a new class of compounds for controlling insect vectors, including pyrethroid/DDT-resistant mosquitoes. Further investigations of FTE insecticidal and repellency mechanisms could provide important insights into how incorporation of fluorine influences the rapid lethality and mosquito sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003 USA
| | - Wilson Valbon
- Department
of Biology, Duke University, 130 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - Mengdi Qiu
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003 USA
| | - Chunhua T. Hu
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003 USA
| | - Jingxiang Yang
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003 USA
| | - Bryan Erriah
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003 USA
| | - Milena Jankowska
- Department
of Biology, Duke University, 130 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA
- Department
of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Nicolaus
Copernicus University, Lwowska 1 Street, Toruń 87-100, Poland
| | - Ke Dong
- Department
of Biology, Duke University, 130 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - Michael D. Ward
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003 USA
| | - Bart Kahr
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003 USA
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