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Sabra MS, Mohammed AA, Hassanein KMA, Ahmed AAN, Hassan D, Abdel-Lah ES. Novel drug therapy of acute hepatic failure induced in rats by a combination of tadalafil and Lepidium sativum. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:104. [PMID: 38413963 PMCID: PMC10900715 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04406-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocyte death and a systemic inflammatory response are the outcome of a complex chain of events mediated by numerous inflammatory cells and chemical mediators. The point of this study was to find out if tadalafil and/or Lepidium sativum (L. sativum) could help people who have been exposed to carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) and are experiencing acute moderate liver failure. This was especially true when the two were used together. METHOD AND MATERIALS To cause mild liver failure 24 h before sacrifice, a single oral dosage of CCL4 (2.5 mL/kg b.w.) (50% in olive oil) was utilized. Furthermore, immunohistochemical expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) as well as histological abnormalities were performed on liver tissue. RESULTS The results showed that tadalafil and/or L. sativum, especially in combination, performed well to cure acute mild liver failure caused by CCL4. This was demonstrated by a decrease in NF-κB expression in the liver tissue and an improvement in organ damage markers observed in the blood and liver tissues. Furthermore, such therapy reduced interleukin1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels in the liver tissue. It's worth noting that the tested combination resulted in greater liver improvement. CONCLUSIONS According to the findings, tadalafil and L. sativum, particularly in combination, have the ability to protect the liver from the negative effects of CCL4 exposure. Because of its capacity to improve liver function, restore redox equilibrium, and decrease inflammatory mediators, it is a prospective option for mitigating the negative effects of common environmental pollutants such as CCL4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud S Sabra
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed A Mohammed
- Department of animal and poultry behavior and management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Khaled M Ahmed Hassanein
- Pathology and Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A N Ahmed
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut branch, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Dalia Hassan
- Department of animal and poultry hygiene and environmental sanitation, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Ebtsam S Abdel-Lah
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
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Abu-Khudir R, Badr GM, Abd El-Moaty HI, Hamad RS, Al Abdulsalam NK, Abdelrahem ASA, Alqarni S, Alkuwayti MA, Salam SA, Abd El-Kareem HF. Garden Cress Seed Oil Abrogates Testicular Oxidative Injury and NF-kB-Mediated Inflammation in Diabetic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15478. [PMID: 37895159 PMCID: PMC10607464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder associated with various complications encompassing male reproductive dysfunction. The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of biologically active Lepidium sativum seed oil (LSO) against the testicular dysfunction associated with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Male adults (n = 24) were divided into four groups: control, LSO-administered, diabetic (D), and LSO-treated diabetic (D+LSO) groups. LSO was extracted from L. sativum seeds, and its chemical composition was determined using GC-MS. Serum testosterone levels, testicular enzymatic antioxidants (catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)), an oxidative stress (OS) biomarker, malondialdehyde (MDA), pro-inflammatory markers (NF-kB, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α), and the expression level of NF-kB were assessed. In addition, histopathological changes were evaluated in testicular tissues. The results obtained showed that the chemical composition of LSO indicated its enrichment mainly with γ-tocopherol (62.1%), followed by 2-methylhexacosane (8.12%), butylated hydroxytoluene (8.04%), 10-Methylnonadecane (4.81%), and δ-tocopherol (3.91%). Moreover, LSO administration in the D+LSO mice significantly increased testosterone levels and ameliorated the observed testicular oxidative damage, inflammatory response, and reduced NF-kB expression compared to the diabetic mice. Biochemical and molecular analyses confirmed the histological results. In conclusion, LSO may prevent the progression of diabetes-induced impairment in the testes through inhibition of the OS- and NF-kB-mediated inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Abu-Khudir
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Gehan M. Badr
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; (G.M.B.); (H.F.A.E.-K.)
| | - Heba Ibrahim Abd El-Moaty
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (H.I.A.E.-M.); (R.S.H.); (N.K.A.A.); (M.A.A.)
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Department, Desert Research Center El-Mataria, Cairo 11753, Egypt
| | - Rabab S. Hamad
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (H.I.A.E.-M.); (R.S.H.); (N.K.A.A.); (M.A.A.)
- Central Laboratory, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza 12411, Egypt
| | - Najla K. Al Abdulsalam
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (H.I.A.E.-M.); (R.S.H.); (N.K.A.A.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Aml Sayed Ali Abdelrahem
- Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Saleha Alqarni
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Science King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mayyadah Abdullah Alkuwayti
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (H.I.A.E.-M.); (R.S.H.); (N.K.A.A.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Sherine Abdel Salam
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21511, Egypt;
| | - Hanaa F. Abd El-Kareem
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; (G.M.B.); (H.F.A.E.-K.)
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Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Properties of Lepidium sativum. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:3645038. [PMID: 35937400 PMCID: PMC9348929 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3645038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Lepidium sativum (garden cress) is a member of the Brassicaceae family that has been utilized for medicinal and culinary purposes in centuries. Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, antihypertensive, antiasthmatic, and hypoglycemic properties are found in various portions of the plant. The anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects of L. sativum were the subject of this review. Methods The required information was gathered by searching the Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases for the terms anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, immune system, and Lepidium sativum. Up until February 2022, the search was conducted. Results TNF-, IL-6, IL-1, NO, iNOS, and HO-1 levels were reduced, indicating that L. sativum has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Flavonoids, alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, tannins, glucosinolates, sterols, and triterpenes are the key chemical components that contribute to the anti-inflammatory effects. In peritoneal neutrophils, L. sativum reduced oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals, as evidenced by a drop in superoxide anion and an increase in glutathione. Conclusion The anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities of L. sativum could be explored in clinical trials to treat inflammatory and immune system illnesses.
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Amer AA, Mohammed RS, Hussein Y, Ali ASM, Khalil AA. Development of Lepidium sativum Extracts/PVA Electrospun Nanofibers as Wound Healing Dressing. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:20683-20695. [PMID: 35755335 PMCID: PMC9218980 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lepidium sativum L. (Garden cress/Hab El Rashad) (Ls), family Brassicaceae, has considerable importance in traditional medicine worldwide because of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Ls fruits were used in Ayurvedic medicines as a useful drug for injuries, skin, and eye diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the total ethanol extract (TEE) and polysaccharide (Poly) of Ls seeds loaded on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanofibers (NFs) as a wound healing dressing and to correlate the activity with the constituents of each. TEE and Poly were phytochemically analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative analysis proved the presence of phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, sterols, triterpenes, and mucilage. Meanwhile, quantitative determinations were carried out spectrophotometrically for total phenolic and total flavonoid contents. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for TEE identified 15 phenolic acids and flavonoid compounds, with gallic acid and catechin as the majors. Separation, purification, and identification of the major compounds were achieved through a Puriflash system, column Sephadex LH20, and spectroscopic data (1H, 13C NMR, and UV). Eight compounds (gallic acid, catechin, rutin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside, quercetin, and kaempferol) were obtained. Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) analysis for Poly identified 11 compounds, with galactose being the main. The antioxidant activity for both extracts was measured by three different methods based on different mechanisms: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), and 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS). TEE has the highest effectiveness as an antioxidant agent with IC50 82.6 ± 8.35 μg/mL for DPPH and 772.47 and 758.92 μM Trolox equivalent/mg extract for FRAP and ABTS, respectively. The PVA nanofibers (NFs) for each sample were fabricated by electrospinning. The fabricated NFs were characterized by SEM and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR); the results revealed successful encapsulation of TEE and Poly in the prepared NFs. Moreover, the swelling index of TEE in the prepared NFs shows that it is the most appropriate for use as a wound dressing. Cytotoxicity studies indicated a high cell viability with IC50 216 μg/mL and 1750 μg/mL for TEE and Poly, respectively. Moreover, the results revealed that nanofibers possess higher cell viability compared to solutions with the same sample quantities: 9-folds for TEE and 4-folds for Poly of amount 400 μg. The in vitro wound healing test showed that the TEE nanofibers performed better than Poly nanofibers in accelerating wound healing, with 90% for TEE, more than that for the Poly extract (82%), after 48 h. These findings implied that the incorporation of TEE in PVA nanofibers was more efficient than incorporation of Poly in improving the biological activity in wound healing. In conclusion, the TEE and polysaccharides of L. sativum L seed are ideal candidates for nanofibrous wound dressings. Furthermore, the contents of phenolic acids and flavonoids in TEE, which have potential antioxidant activity, make the TEE of L. sativum more favorable for wound healing dressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa A. Amer
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Reda S. Mohammed
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Yasmein Hussein
- Nanotechnology
Research Center (NTRC), The British University
in Egypt (BUE), El-Shorouk, Cairo 11837, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S. M. Ali
- Nanotechnology
Research Center (NTRC), The British University
in Egypt (BUE), El-Shorouk, Cairo 11837, Egypt
- Department
of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin 13355, Germany
| | - Ashraf A. Khalil
- Institute
of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, City of Scientific Research & Technology Applications, Borg Elarab, Alexandria 5220211, Egypt
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Nutraceutical Profiling, Bioactive Composition, and Biological Applications of Lepidium sativum L. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:2910411. [PMID: 35096265 PMCID: PMC8791756 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2910411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The roots, leaves, and seeds of Lepidium sativum L., popularly known as Garden cress in different regions, have high economic importance; although, the crop is particularly cultivated for the seeds. In traditional medicine, this plant has been reported to possess various biological activities. This review is aimed at providing updated and critical scientific information about the traditional, nutritional, phytochemical, and biological activities of L. sativum. In addition, the geographic distribution is also reviewed. The comprehensive literature search was carried out with the help of different search engines PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct. This review highlighted the importance of L. sativum as an edible herb that possesses a wide range of therapeutic properties along with high nutritional values. Preclinical studies (in vitro and in vivo) displayed anticancer, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, gastrointestinal, and fracture/bone healing activities of L. sativum and support the clinical importance of plant-derived bioactive compounds for the treatment of different diseases. Screening of literature revealed that L. sativum species and their bioactive compounds may be a significant source for new drug compounds and also could be used against malnutrition. Further clinical trials are needed to effectively assess the actual potential of the species and its bioactive compounds.
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Nazir S, El-Sherif AA, Abdel-Ghani NT, Ibrahim MAA, Hegazy MEF, Atia MAM. Lepidium sativum Secondary Metabolites (Essential Oils): In Vitro and In Silico Studies on Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091863. [PMID: 34579396 PMCID: PMC8470406 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer and the greatest cause of cancer-related death in the world. Garden cress (Lepidium sativum) seeds have been proven to possess extraordinary antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypothermic, and analgesic properties. In this study, in vitro cytotoxic efficiency evaluation of L. sativum fractions was performed against two hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines (HuH-7 and HEPG-2), and the expression of some apoptotic genes was explored. In addition, the chemical composition of a potent extract of L. sativum was analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Then, molecular docking analysis was implemented to identify the potential targets of the L. sativum components’ most potent extract. Overall, the n-hexane extract was the most potent against the two HCC cell lines. Moreover, these cytotoxicity levels were supported by the significant downregulation of EGFR and BCL2 gene expression levels and the upregulation of SMAD3, BAX, and P53 expression levels in both HuH-7 and HEPG2 cell lines. Regarding L. sativum’s chemical composition, GC–MS analysis of the n-hexane extract led to the identification of thirty compounds, including, mainly, hydrocarbons and terpenoids, as well as other volatile compounds. Furthermore, the binding affinities and interactions of the n-hexane fraction’s major metabolites were predicted against EGFR and BCL2 molecular targets using the molecular docking technique. These findings reveal the potential use of L. Sativum in the management of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa Nazir
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt; (S.N.); (N.T.A.-G.)
| | - Ahmed A. El-Sherif
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt; (S.N.); (N.T.A.-G.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.E.-S.); (M.-E.F.H.); (M.A.M.A.); Tel.: +20-10-6016-0168 (A.A.E.-S.); +20-33-371-635 (M.-E.F.H.); +20-10-0016-4922 (M.A.M.A.)
| | - Nour T. Abdel-Ghani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt; (S.N.); (N.T.A.-G.)
| | - Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed-Elamir F. Hegazy
- Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.A.E.-S.); (M.-E.F.H.); (M.A.M.A.); Tel.: +20-10-6016-0168 (A.A.E.-S.); +20-33-371-635 (M.-E.F.H.); +20-10-0016-4922 (M.A.M.A.)
| | - Mohamed A. M. Atia
- Molecular Genetic and Genome Mapping Laboratory, Genome Mapping Department, Agriculture Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agriculture Research Centre (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.A.E.-S.); (M.-E.F.H.); (M.A.M.A.); Tel.: +20-10-6016-0168 (A.A.E.-S.); +20-33-371-635 (M.-E.F.H.); +20-10-0016-4922 (M.A.M.A.)
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Ahmad A, Nabi R, Mishra A, Ahmad IZ. A Panoramic Review on Lepidium sativum L. Bioactives as Prospective Therapeutics. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2020; 71:233-242. [PMID: 33378774 DOI: 10.1055/a-1334-4101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lepidium sativum (L. sativum), an annual herb belonging to family Brassicaceae is commonly known as Garden cress of Egyptian origin but now a day's cultivated worldwide. The plant material and its constituents are used in various traditional and folk medicines for the treatment of various liver diseases and other ailments. OBJECTIVE This review aims to gather comprehensive information on L. sativum's bioactive constituents, and it's antioxidant, hepato-protective and anticancer activity. METHOD Systematic exploration for research evidences were carried out using well-structured and focused review question and presented data in the tabular form for readers' convenience. RESULTS The comprehensive literature survey was conducted, and we found that specific studies on L. Sativum and its bioactive compounds had been carried out to date. We explored the unique and selective effect of L. Sativum and its bioactive constituents to combat oxidative stress and hepatic carcinoma. CONCLUSION The present article appraised that L. sativum extract has a potential therapeutic effect against liver toxicity and hepato-carcinoma. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Ahmad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Dasauli, Kursi Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rabia Nabi
- Department of Bioscience, Integral University, Dasauli, Kursi Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anuradha Mishra
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Dasauli, Kursi Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Iffat Zareen Ahmad
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Dasauli, Kursi Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Raish M, Ahmad A, Alkharfy KM, Ahamad SR, Mohsin K, Al-Jenoobi FI, Al-Mohizea AM, Ansari MA. Hepatoprotective activity of Lepidium sativum seeds against D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide induced hepatotoxicity in animal model. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:501. [PMID: 27912738 PMCID: PMC5135812 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1483-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) is clinical syndrome with very poor prognosis and high mortality there is urgent need for the development of safe and non-toxic hepatoprotective agents for the adequate management of hepatitis. Hepatoprotective effect of the Lepidium sativum ethanolic extract (LSEE) was assessed by D-galactosamine-induced/lipopolysaccharide (400 mg/kg and 30 μg/kg) liver damage model in rats. METHODS Hepatoprotective activity of LSEE (150 and 300 mg/kg) and silymarin on D-GalN/LPS induced FHF in rat was assessed using several liver function enzyme parameters. Antioxidant properties as antioxidant stress enzymes were assessed in hepatic Liver as well as mRNA expression of cytokines genes such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 and stress related genes iNOS and HO-1 were determined by RT-PCR. Protein expression of apoptotic genes were evaluated through western blot. MPO and NF-κB DNA-binding activity was analyzed by ELISA. The magnitude of hepatic impairment was investigated through histopathological evaluation. RESULTS Marked amelioration of hepatic injuries by attenuation of serum and lipid peroxidation has been observed as comparable with silymarin (25 mg/kg p.o). D-GalN/LPS induced significant decrease in oxidative stress markers protein level, and albumin. LSEE significantly down-regulated the D-GalN/LPS induced pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-6 mRNA expression in dose dependent fashion about 0.47 and 0.26 fold and up-regulates the IL-10 by 1.9 and 2.8 fold, respectively. While encourages hepatoprotective activity by down-regulating mRNA expression of iNOS and HO-1. MPO activity and NF-κB DNA-binding effect significantly increased and was mitigated by LSEE in a dose-dependent style as paralleled with silymarin. CONCLUSION Our data suggests that pretreatment of LSEE down regulates the caspase 3 and up-regulates the BCl2 protein expression. The above findings revealed that Lepidium sativum has significant hepatoprotective activity.
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