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Feng Y. Exploring clues pointing toward the existence of a brain-gut microbiota-hair follicle axis. Curr Res Transl Med 2024; 72:103408. [PMID: 38246020 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2023.103408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Proposing the concept of a brain-gut-skin axis has led some researchers to recognize the relationship among brain activity, gut microbiota, and the skin. Hair follicles are skin accessory organs, a previously unnoticed target tissue for classical neurohormones, neurotrophins, and neuropeptides. Some studies have shown a relationship between the central nervous system and hair follicles that an imbalance in the gut bacteria can affect hair follicle density. This review summarizes existing evidence from literature and explores clues supporting a connection linking the brain, gut microbiota, and hair follicles. It amalgamates previously proposed partial concepts into a new, unified concept-the "brain-gut microbiota-hair follicle" axis, -which suggests that modulation of the microbiome via probiotics can have positive effects on hair follicles. This review also explores how preclinical research on hair follicles can propel novel and clinically untapped applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.
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Rehman FU, Farid A, Shah SU, Dar MJ, Rehman AU, Ahmed N, Rashid SA, Shaukat I, Shah M, Albadrani GM, Kamel M, Altyar AE, Abdel-Daim MM, Shah KU. Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SEDDS): Measuring Energy Dynamics to Determine Thermodynamic and Kinetic Stability. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091064. [PMID: 36145285 PMCID: PMC9500766 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This research was designed to identify thermodynamically and kinetically stable lipidic self-emulsifying formulations through simple energy dynamics in addition to highlighting and clarifying common ambiguities in the literature in this regard. Proposing a model study, this research shows how most of the professed energetically stable systems are actually energetically unstable, subjected to indiscriminate and false characterization, leading to significant effects for their pharmaceutical applications. A self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) was developed and then solidified (S-SEDDS) using a model drug finasteride. Physical nature of SEDDS was identified by measuring simple dynamics which showed that the developed dispersion was thermodynamically unstable. An in vivo study of albino rats showed a three-fold enhanced bioavailability of model drug with SEDDS as compared to the commercial tablets. The study concluded that measuring simple energy dynamics through inherent properties can distinguish between thermodynamically stable and unstable lipidic systems. It might lead to correct identification of a specific lipidic formulation and the application of appropriate characterization techniques accordingly. Future research strategies include improving their pharmaceutical applications and understanding the basic differences in their natures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiza Ur Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Arshad Farid
- Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (A.F.); (K.U.S.)
| | - Shefaat Ullah Shah
- Skin/Regenerative Medicine and Drug Delivery Research, GCPS, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Junaid Dar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Asim Ur Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Sheikh Abdur Rashid
- Skin/Regenerative Medicine and Drug Delivery Research, GCPS, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Shaukat
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Narowal, Narowal 51600, Pakistan
| | - Muddaser Shah
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - Ghadeer M. Albadrani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Kamel
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E. Altyar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Kifayat Ullah Shah
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (A.F.); (K.U.S.)
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Zhang Y, Liu JQ, Wang XS. Copper(I)-catalyzed synthesis of isoindolo[1,2-b]quinazoline derivatives via an α-arylation under Pd and ligand free conditions. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Zhang Y, Liu JQ, Wang XS. An efficient synthesis of 16H-dibenzo[2,3:6,7][1,4]oxazepino[5,4-b]quinazolin-16-ones via an Ullmann reaction catalyzed by CuI. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:1679-1685. [PMID: 29446417 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00005k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CuI functions as a mild Lewis acid catalyst to promote the condensation and cyclization reaction of 2-amino-N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzamide and 2-bromobenzaldehyde to build the quinazoline moiety first. With the addition of Cs2CO3, it also can catalyse the subsequent intramolecular Ullmann type reaction to give 16H-dibenzo[2,3:6,7][1,4]oxazepino[5,4-b]quinazolin-16-ones in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116, P. R. China.
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Seo JO, Yumnam S, Jeong KW, Kim SY. Finasteride inhibits melanogenesis through regulation of the adenylate cyclase in melanocytes and melanoma cells. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 41:324-332. [PMID: 29397551 PMCID: PMC5859039 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Finasteride is a well-known 5α-reductase inhibitor used for treatment of alopecia and prostate cancer. But the effect of finasteride in regulating melanogenesis is still unclear. In the present study the role of finasteride on melanogenesis was investigated. Finasteride decrease melanin level in melanocyte melan-a cells and B16F10 melanoma cells without inducing cytotoxicity. MC1R (melanocortin 1 receptor) protein expression was also inhibited by finasteride thereby decreasing the expression of adenylate cyclase, MITF (Melanogenesis associated transcription factor), tyrosinases, TRP (tyrosinase-related protein) -1 and -2. Thus our study suggest that finasteride inhibits melanogenesis in melanocyte and melanoma cells by inhibiting MC1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ok Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, #191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Silvia Yumnam
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, #191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Won Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, #191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 406-799, Republic of Korea.,Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 409-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, #191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 406-799, Republic of Korea. .,Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea. .,Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 409-799, Republic of Korea.
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Wu XD, Chen HG, Zhou X, Huang Y, Hu EM, Jiang ZM, Zhao C, Gong XJ, Deng QF. Studies on Chromatographic Fingerprint and Fingerprinting Profile-Efficacy Relationship of Saxifraga stolonifera Meerb. Molecules 2015; 20:22781-98. [PMID: 26703540 PMCID: PMC6332099 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This work investigated the spectrum-effect relationships between high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprints and the anti-benign prostatic hyperplasia activities of aqueous extracts from Saxifraga stolonifera. The fingerprints of S. stolonifera from various sources were established by HPLC and evaluated by similarity analysis (SA), hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Nine samples were obtained from these 24 batches of different origins, according to the results of SA, HCA and the common chromatographic peaks area. A testosterone-induced mouse model of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) was used to establish the anti-benign prostatic hyperplasia activities of these nine S. stolonifera samples. The model was evaluated by analyzing prostatic index (PI), serum acid phosphatase (ACP) activity, concentrations of serum dihydrotestosterone (DHT), prostatic acid phosphatase (PACP) and type II 5α-reductase (SRD5A2). The spectrum-effect relationships between HPLC fingerprints and anti-benign prostatic hyperplasia activities were investigated using Grey Correlation Analysis (GRA) and partial least squares regression (PLSR). The results showed that a close correlation existed between the fingerprints and anti-benign prostatic hyperplasia activities, and peak 14 (chlorogenic acid), peak 17 (quercetin 5-O-β-d-glucopyranoside) and peak 18 (quercetin 3-O-β-l-rhamno-pyranoside) in the HPLC fingerprints might be the main active components against anti-benign prostatic hyperplasia. This work provides a general model for the study of spectrum-effect relationships of S. stolonifera by combing HPLC fingerprints with a testosterone-induced mouse model of BPH, which can be employed to discover the principle components of anti-benign prostatic hyperplasia bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Dong Wu
- Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Quality Control & Evaluation Technology of Medicine, Guizhou Normal University, 116 Baoshan North Rd., Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China.
- The Research Center for Quality Control of Natural Medicine, Guizhou Normal University, 116 Baoshan North Rd., Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China.
- Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 50 Shidong Rd., Guiyang 550002, Guizhou, China.
| | - Hua-Guo Chen
- Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Quality Control & Evaluation Technology of Medicine, Guizhou Normal University, 116 Baoshan North Rd., Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China.
- The Research Center for Quality Control of Natural Medicine, Guizhou Normal University, 116 Baoshan North Rd., Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China.
| | - Xin Zhou
- Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Quality Control & Evaluation Technology of Medicine, Guizhou Normal University, 116 Baoshan North Rd., Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China.
- The Research Center for Quality Control of Natural Medicine, Guizhou Normal University, 116 Baoshan North Rd., Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China.
- Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 50 Shidong Rd., Guiyang 550002, Guizhou, China.
| | - Ya Huang
- Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Quality Control & Evaluation Technology of Medicine, Guizhou Normal University, 116 Baoshan North Rd., Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China.
- The Research Center for Quality Control of Natural Medicine, Guizhou Normal University, 116 Baoshan North Rd., Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China.
- Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 50 Shidong Rd., Guiyang 550002, Guizhou, China.
| | - En-Ming Hu
- Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Quality Control & Evaluation Technology of Medicine, Guizhou Normal University, 116 Baoshan North Rd., Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China.
- The Research Center for Quality Control of Natural Medicine, Guizhou Normal University, 116 Baoshan North Rd., Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China.
| | - Zheng-Meng Jiang
- Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Quality Control & Evaluation Technology of Medicine, Guizhou Normal University, 116 Baoshan North Rd., Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China.
- The Research Center for Quality Control of Natural Medicine, Guizhou Normal University, 116 Baoshan North Rd., Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China.
| | - Chao Zhao
- Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Quality Control & Evaluation Technology of Medicine, Guizhou Normal University, 116 Baoshan North Rd., Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China.
- The Research Center for Quality Control of Natural Medicine, Guizhou Normal University, 116 Baoshan North Rd., Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China.
| | - Xiao-Jian Gong
- Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Quality Control & Evaluation Technology of Medicine, Guizhou Normal University, 116 Baoshan North Rd., Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China.
- The Research Center for Quality Control of Natural Medicine, Guizhou Normal University, 116 Baoshan North Rd., Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China.
| | - Qing-Fang Deng
- Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Quality Control & Evaluation Technology of Medicine, Guizhou Normal University, 116 Baoshan North Rd., Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China.
- The Research Center for Quality Control of Natural Medicine, Guizhou Normal University, 116 Baoshan North Rd., Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China.
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