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Chen B, Pu B, Li S, Gong Y, Dong H. The role of NSAID in mediating the effect of genetically predicted major depressive disorder on osteomyelitis: A Mendelian randomization study. J Affect Disord 2023; 341:62-66. [PMID: 37634817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.08.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteomyelitis and major depressive disorder (MDD) are significant health concerns with potential interconnections. However, the underlying mechanisms linking these conditions remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate the potential mediating role of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) medication in the association between MDD and the risk of osteomyelitis. METHODS We utilized summary data from large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to perform Mendelian randomization (MR) mediation analysis. Instrumental variables were selected based on genome-wide significance, and instrumental strength was assessed using F-statistics. Univariable and multivariable MR analyses were conducted to estimate causal effects and proportions mediated by NSAID medication. RESULTS The univariable MR analysis revealed significant associations between MDD and osteomyelitis (odds ratio [OR] = 1.44, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.18-1.874) and between MDD and NSAID medication (OR = 1.36, 95 % CI 1.24-1.49). In the multivariable MR analysis, the direct effect of MDD on osteomyelitis was OR 1.35 (95 % CI: 1.09, 1.67) after adjusting for NSAID medication. The proportion of mediation by NSAID medication was 23 % (95 % CI: 0.05 %, 38.6 %). CONCLUSION This MR study provides evidence for a genetically predicted causal association between MDD, NSAID medication, and osteomyelitis. The findings emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach in managing individuals with comorbid depression and osteomyelitis, considering the potential risks and benefits of NSAID medication. Future research should address limitations and explore additional mediators and confounding factors to enhance understanding of this complex relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baixing Chen
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Bin Pu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Shaoshuo Li
- Wuxi Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China.
| | - Yu Gong
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hang Dong
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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2
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Chen L, Cheng G, Meng S, Ding Y. Collagen Membrane Derived from Fish Scales for Application in Bone Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132532. [PMID: 35808577 PMCID: PMC9269230 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Guided tissue/bone regeneration (GTR/GBR) is currently the main treatment for alveolar bone regeneration. The commonly used barrier membranes in GTR/GBR are collagen membranes from mammals such as porcine or cattle. Fish collagen is being explored as a potential substitute for mammalian collagen due to its low cost, no zoonotic risk, and lack of religious constraints. Fish scale is a multi-layer natural collagen composite with high mechanical strength, but its biomedical application is limited due to the low denaturation temperature of fish collagen. In this study, a fish scale collagen membrane with a high denaturation temperature of 79.5 °C was prepared using an improved method based on preserving the basic shape of fish scales. The fish scale collagen membrane was mainly composed of type I collagen and hydroxyapatite, in which the weight ratios of water, organic matter, and inorganic matter were 20.7%, 56.9%, and 22.4%, respectively. Compared to the Bio-Gide® membrane (BG) commonly used in the GTR/GBR, fish scale collagen membrane showed good cytocompatibility and could promote late osteogenic differentiation of cells. In conclusion, the collagen membrane prepared from fish scales had good thermal stability, cytocompatibility, and osteogenic activity, which showed potential for bone tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (L.C.); (G.C.); (S.M.)
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Periodontology, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guoping Cheng
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (L.C.); (G.C.); (S.M.)
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Periodontology, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shu Meng
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (L.C.); (G.C.); (S.M.)
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Periodontology, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Ding
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (L.C.); (G.C.); (S.M.)
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Periodontology, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence:
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3
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Zheng Z, Johansson H, Harvey NC, Lorentzon M, Vandenput L, Liu E, Kanis JA, McCloskey EV. Potential Adverse Effect of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) on Bisphosphonate Efficacy: An Exploratory Post Hoc Analysis From a Randomized Controlled Trial of Clodronate. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:1117-1124. [PMID: 35441396 PMCID: PMC9487988 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been reported to have weak but beneficial effects on bone health, including fracture risk, but many epidemiological studies are likely confounded. We explored the relationship between NSAIDs and fracture risk in a post hoc analysis of a well-documented, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the bisphosphonate, clodronate, in which treatment reduced osteoporotic fracture risk by 23%. Concurrent medication use at baseline was used to identify those prescribed oral NSAIDs. Only verified, incident fractures were included in the analysis. A total of 1082 (20.8%) women reported use of NSAIDs at baseline. They were slightly, but significantly, younger (mean 79 versus 80 years, p = 0.004), heavier (mean 66.7 versus 64.7 kg, p < 0.001) than nonusers, with slightly higher femoral neck bone mineral density (FN-BMD, 0.66 versus 0.64 g/cm2 , p < 0.001). In an adjusted model, NSAID use was associated with a significant increase in osteoporotic fracture risk over the 3-year study period (hazard ratio [HR] 1.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.62; p = 0.039). However, this increase in risk was not statistically significant in the placebo group (HR 1.11; 95% CI, 0.81-1.52). In women receiving clodronate, the effect of the bisphosphonate to reduce osteoporotic fracture risk was not observed in those receiving NSAIDs (HR 0.95; 95% CI, 0.65-1.41; p = 0.81) in contrast to those not using NSAIDs (HR 0.71; 95% CI, 0.58-0.89; p = 0.002). In a subset with hip BMD repeated at 3 years, BMD loss during clodronate therapy was greater in those women receiving NSAIDs than in nonusers (eg, total hip -2.75% versus -1.27%, p = 0.078; femoral neck -3.06% versus -1.12%, p = 0.028), and was not significantly different from that observed in women receiving placebo. The efficacy of the bisphosphonate, clodronate, to reduce fracture risk was largely negated in those receiving NSAIDs. Although the mechanism is unclear, this clinically significant observation requires exploration in studies of commonly used bisphosphonates. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangan Zheng
- Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Medical Research Council (MRC) Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research in Musculoskeletal Ageing, Department of Oncology & MetabolismUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- Department of Trauma and Spine SurgeryThe Second People's Hospital of WuhuWuhuChina
| | - Helena Johansson
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of MedicineSahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health ResearchAustralian Catholic UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Nicholas C. Harvey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology CentreUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of MedicineSahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health ResearchAustralian Catholic UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Liesbeth Vandenput
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of MedicineSahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health ResearchAustralian Catholic UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Enwu Liu
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health ResearchAustralian Catholic UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - John A. Kanis
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health ResearchAustralian Catholic UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
- Centre for Metabolic Bone DiseasesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Eugene V. McCloskey
- Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Medical Research Council (MRC) Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research in Musculoskeletal Ageing, Department of Oncology & MetabolismUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- Centre for Metabolic Bone DiseasesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
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Purohit B, Kumar A, Mahato K, Srivastava A, Chandra P. Engineered three-dimensional Au-Cu bimetallic dendritic nanosensor for ultrasensitive drug detection in urine samples and in vitro human embryonic kidney cells model. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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5
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Hadjicharalambous C, Alpantaki K, Chatzinikolaidou M. Effects of NSAIDs on pre-osteoblast viability and osteogenic differentiation. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:740. [PMID: 34046094 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used in the treatment of a variety of musculoskeletal conditions, injuries and after surgery for postoperative pain management. Their use has been associated with impaired bone healing, possibly due to a multifactorial function, which may include inhibition of osteoblast recruitment and differentiation. However, up to date, there is no consensus regarding the impact of NSAIDs on bone-healing. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of five NSAIDs on the cellular functions of mouse MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts. Cells were treated with the non-selective COX inhibitors lornoxicam and diclofenac, the COX-2 selective inhibitors parecoxib, meloxicam and paracetamol, as well as steroidal prednisolone at different doses and exposure times. The PrestoBlue™ technique was used to measure cell viability, an enzymatic assay was employed for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and alizarin red S mineral staining was used to determine osteogenic differentiation. All drugs had a negative impact on pre-osteoblast cell growth, with the exception of paracetamol. Lornoxicam, diclofenac and meloxicam reduced ALP activity, while the other NSAIDs had no effect and prednisolone strongly increased ALP activity. In contrast, calcium deposits were either unaffected or increased by NSAID treatments but were significantly decreased by prednisolone. These results provide evidence that NSAIDs may adversely affect the viability of mouse pre-osteoblast cells but their actions on the osteogenic differentiation are drug-specific. The direct comparison of the effects of different NSAIDs and prednisolone on pre-osteoblasts may serve to place some NSAIDs in a preferential position for analgesic and anti-inflammatory therapy during bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystalleni Hadjicharalambous
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion 70013, Greece.,Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion 70013, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Alpantaki
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Venizeleion General Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion 71409, Greece
| | - Maria Chatzinikolaidou
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion 70013, Greece.,Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion 70013, Greece
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6
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Kim W, Tokuda H, Tanabe K, Yamaguchi S, Hioki T, Tachi J, Matsushima-Nishiwaki R, Kozawa O, Iida H. Acetaminophen reduces osteoprotegerin synthesis stimulated by PGE 2 and PGF 2α in osteoblasts: attenuation of SAPK/JNK but not p38 MAPK or p44/p42 MAPK. Biomed Res 2021; 42:77-84. [PMID: 33840687 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.42.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen is one of the most widely used analgesic and antipyretic medicines, whose long-period use has reportedly been associated with an increased risk of bone fracture. However, the mechanism underlying this undesired effect remains to be investigated. The homeostatic control of bone tissue depends on the interaction between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoprotegerin produced by osteoblasts is known to play an essential role in suppressing osteoclast induction. We have previously reported that prostaglandin (PG) E2 and PGF2α induce osteoprotegerin synthesis through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), p44/p42 MAPK and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. In the present study, we investigated the effects of acetaminophen on the osteoprotegerin synthesis induced by PGE2 and PGF2α in MC3T3-E1 cells. Acetaminophen significantly suppressed the osteoprotegerin release stimulated by PGE2 and PGF2α. The PGE2-induced expression of osteoprotegerin mRNA was also reduced by acetaminophen. Acetaminophen markedly downregulated the phosphorylation of SAPK/JNK stimulated by PGE2 and PGF2α, but not those of p38 MAPK or p44/p42 MAPK. SP600125, an inhibitor of SAPK/JNK, suppressed the levels of PGE2- and PGF2α-upregulated osteoprotegerin mRNA expression. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that acetaminophen reduces the PGE2- and PGF2α-stimulated synthesis of osteoprotegerin in osteoblasts, and that the suppressive effect is exerted via attenuation of SAPK/JNK. These findings provide a molecular basis for the possible effect of acetaminophen on bone tissue metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine.,Department of Pharmacology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Haruhiko Tokuda
- Department of Pharmacology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine.,Department of Clinical Laboratory/Medical Genome Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology
| | - Kumiko Tanabe
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Shinobu Yamaguchi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Tomoyuki Hioki
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine.,Department of Dermatology, Kizawa Memorial Hospital
| | - Junko Tachi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine.,Department of Pharmacology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Osamu Kozawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hiroki Iida
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine
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7
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Przybyła GW, Szychowski KA, Gmiński J. Paracetamol - An old drug with new mechanisms of action. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:3-19. [PMID: 32767405 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is the most commonly used over-the-counter (OTC) drug in the world. Despite its popularity and use for many years, the safety of its application and its mechanism of action are still unclear. Currently, it is believed that paracetamol is a multidirectional drug and at least several metabolic pathways are involved in its analgesic and antipyretic action. The mechanism of paracetamol action consists in inhibition of cyclooxygenases (COX-1, COX-2, and COX-3) and involvement in the endocannabinoid system and serotonergic pathways. Additionally, paracetamol influences transient receptor potential (TRP) channels and voltage-gated Kv7 potassium channels and inhibits T-type Cav3.2 calcium channels. It also exerts an impact on L-arginine in the nitric oxide (NO) synthesis pathway. However, not all of these effects have been clearly confirmed. Therefore, the aim of our paper was to summarize the current state of knowledge of the mechanism of paracetamol action with special attention to its safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Konrad A Szychowski
- Department of Lifestyle Disorders and Regenerative Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Jan Gmiński
- Department of Lifestyle Disorders and Regenerative Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
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8
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Nakagawa F, Higashi S, Ando E, Ohsumi T, Watanabe S, Takeuchi H. Modification of TRPV4 activity by acetaminophen. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03301. [PMID: 32051870 PMCID: PMC7002858 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP/acetaminophen) is a widely used analgesic/antipyretic with weaker inhibitory effects on cyclooxygenase compared to those of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The effect of APAP is mediated by its metabolites, N-arachidonoyl-phenolamine and N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine, which activate transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, including TRP vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and TRP ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) or cannabinoid receptor type 1. However, the exact molecular mechanism underlying the cellular actions of APAP remains unclear. Recently, we observed that APAP promotes cell migration through TRPV4; in this study, we examined the effect of APAP on Ca2+-channel activity of TRPV4. In the rat cell line PC12 expressing TRPV4, GSK1016790A (GSK), a TRPV4 agonist, stimulated an increase in [Ca2+]i; these effects were abrogated by HC-067047 treatment. This GSK-induced Ca2+ entry through TRPV4 was inhibited by APAP in a dose-dependent manner, whereas APAP alone did not affect [Ca2+]i. The specificity of the effect of APAP on TRPV4 was further confirmed using HeLa cells, which lack endogenous TRPV4 but stably express exogenous TRPV4 (HeLa-mTRPV4). GSK-induced [Ca2+]i elevation was only observed in HeLa-mTRPV4 cells compared to that in the control HeLa cells, indicating the specific action of GSK on TRPV4. APAP dose-dependently suppressed this GSK-induced Ca2+ entry in HeLa-mTRPV4. However, it is unlikely that the metabolites of APAP were involved in these effects as the reaction in this study was rapid. The results suggest that APAP suppresses the newly identified target TRPV4 without being metabolized and exerts antipyretic/analgesic and/or other effects on TRPV4-related phenomena in the body. The effect of APAP on TRPV4 was opposite to that on TRPV1 or TRPA1, as the latter is activated by APAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Nakagawa
- Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Control of Physical Functions, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, 803-8580, Japan
- Division of Applied Pharmacology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Sen Higashi
- Division of Applied Pharmacology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Eika Ando
- Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Control of Physical Functions, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ohsumi
- Division of Applied Pharmacology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Seiji Watanabe
- Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Control of Physical Functions, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takeuchi
- Division of Applied Pharmacology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, 803-8580, Japan
- Corresponding author.
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Renuka S, Poopal RK, Ramesh M, Clara-Bindu F. Responses of Labeo rohita fingerlings to N-acetyl-p-aminophenol toxicity. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 157:73-80. [PMID: 29605646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The short term (96 h) toxicity of N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (0.58 mg/L - Treatment I and 0.29 mg/L - Treatment II) on certain health indicators (haematology, biochemical, and enzymology) of an Indian major carp Labeo rohita was studied. When compared to control, N-acetyl-p-aminophenol treated fish showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), and erythrocyte (RBC) levels throughout the study period. Whereas, a significant (P < 0.05) increase were noted in leucocyte (WBC) counts (except 48 h in Treatment-I), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) values (except 24 h in Treatment-I). Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) values were found to be decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in fish exposed to 0.58 mg/L of N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, whereas in 0.29 mg/L exposed fish the values were found to be increased significantly (P < 0.05) (except 72 h). A significant (P < 0.05) increase in plasma glucose levels was noticed in fish exposed to 0.58 mg/L of N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (except 96 h). However, a biphasic trend in plasma glucose level was observed at 0.29 mg/L of N-acetyl-p-aminophenol exposed fish. Protein levels were found to be increased in both the treatments except at the end of 48 and 96 h in 0.58 and 0.29 mg/L, respectively. In both the treatments fluctuations of enzyme (GOT, GPT, and LDH) activities in gill and liver were also noted. However, these enzyme activities found to be significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in kidney and plasma of fish. From the result we conclude that the drug N-acetyl-p-aminophenol upon short term exposure could pose a risk to fish and the alteration of these parameters can be used to ecological risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivashankar Renuka
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, TamilNadu, India
| | - Rama Krishnan Poopal
- Ecotoxicology and Toxicogenomics Lab, Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, TamilNadu, India.
| | - Mathan Ramesh
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, TamilNadu, India.
| | - Frederick Clara-Bindu
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, TamilNadu, India
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