1
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Winer L, Motiei L, Margulies D. Fluorescent Investigation of Proteins Using DNA-Synthetic Ligand Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1509-1522. [PMID: 37556353 PMCID: PMC10515487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The unfathomable role that fluorescence detection plays in the life sciences has prompted the development of countless fluorescent labels, sensors, and analytical techniques that can be used to detect and image proteins or investigate their properties. Motivated by the demand for simple-to-produce, modular, and versatile fluorescent tools to study proteins, many research groups have harnessed the advantages of oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) for scaffolding such probes. Tight control over the valency and position of protein binders and fluorescent dyes decorating the polynucleotide chain and the ability to predict molecular architectures through self-assembly, inherent solubility, and stability are, in a nutshell, the important properties of DNA probes. This paper reviews the progress in developing DNA-based, fluorescent sensors or labels that navigate toward their protein targets through small-molecule (SM) or peptide ligands. By describing the design, operating principles, and applications of such systems, we aim to highlight the versatility and modularity of this approach and the ability to use ODN-SM or ODN-peptide conjugates for various applications such as protein modification, labeling, and imaging, as well as for biomarker detection, protein surface characterization, and the investigation of multivalency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Winer
- Department of Chemical and
Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of
Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Leila Motiei
- Department of Chemical and
Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of
Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - David Margulies
- Department of Chemical and
Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of
Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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2
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Roy S, Curry SD, Bibbey MG, Chapnick DA, Liu X, Goodwin AP, Cha JN. Effect of covalent photoconjugation of affibodies to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on cellular quiescence. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:187-198. [PMID: 34676884 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cellular quiescence is a reversible state of cell cycle arrest whereby cells are temporarily maintained in the nondividing phase. Inducing quiescence in cancer cells by targeting growth receptors is a treatment strategy to slow cell growth in certain aggressive tumors, which in turn increases the efficacy of treatments such as surgery or systemic chemotherapy. However, ligand interactions with cell receptors induce receptor-mediated endocytosis followed by proteolytic degradation, which limits the duration of cellular quiescence. Here, we report the effects of targeted covalent affibody photoconjugation to epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) on EGFR-positive MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells. First, covalently conjugating affibodies to cells increased doubling time two-fold and reduced ERK activity by 30% as compared to cells treated with an FDA-approved anti-EGFR antibody Cetuximab, which binds to EGFR noncovalently. The distribution of cells in each phase of the cell cycle was determined, and cells conjugated with the affibody demonstrated an accumulation in the G1 phase, indicative of G1 cell cycle arrest. Finally, the proliferative capacity of the cells was determined by the incorporation of 5-ethynyl-2-deoxyuridine and Ki67 Elisa assay, which showed that the percentage of proliferative cells with photoconjugated affibody was half of that found for the untreated control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shambojit Roy
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Shane D Curry
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael G Bibbey
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Douglas A Chapnick
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Xuedong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Andrew P Goodwin
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Jennifer N Cha
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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3
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Usha SP, Manoharan H, Deshmukh R, Álvarez-Diduk R, Calucho E, Sai VVR, Merkoçi A. Attomolar analyte sensing techniques (AttoSens): a review on a decade of progress on chemical and biosensing nanoplatforms. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:13012-13089. [PMID: 34673860 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00137j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Detecting the ultra-low abundance of analytes in real-life samples, such as biological fluids, water, soil, and food, requires the design and development of high-performance biosensing modalities. The breakthrough efforts from the scientific community have led to the realization of sensing technologies that measure the analyte's ultra-trace level, with relevant sensitivity, selectivity, response time, and sampling efficiency, referred to as Attomolar Analyte Sensing Techniques (AttoSens) in this review. In an AttoSens platform, 1 aM detection corresponds to the quantification of 60 target analyte molecules in 100 μL of sample volume. Herein, we review the approaches listed for various sensor probe design, and their sensing strategies that paved the way for the detection of attomolar (aM: 10-18 M) concentration of analytes. A summary of the technological advances made by the diverse AttoSens trends from the past decade is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Prasood Usha
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), India.
| | - Hariharan Manoharan
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), India.
| | - Rehan Deshmukh
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), India.
| | - Ruslan Álvarez-Diduk
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Campus UAB, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Enric Calucho
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Campus UAB, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - V V R Sai
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), India.
| | - Arben Merkoçi
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Campus UAB, Barcelona, Spain. .,ICREA, Institució Catalana de Recercai Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Shining light on the histamine H 2 receptor: Synthesis of carbamoylguanidine-type agonists as a pharmacological tool to study internalization. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 52:128388. [PMID: 34600035 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
So far, only little is known about the internalization process of the histamine H2 receptor (H2R). One promising approach to study such dynamic processes is the use of agonistic fluorescent ligands. Therefore, a series of carbamoylguanidine-type H2R agonists containing various fluorophores, heterocycles, and linkers (28-40) was synthesized. The ligands were pharmacologically characterized in several binding and functional assays. These studies revealed a significantly biased efficacy (Emax) for some of the compounds, e.g. 32: whereas 32 acted as strong partial (Emax: 0.77, mini-Gs recruitment) or full agonist (Emax: 1.04, [35S]GTPγS binding) with respect to G protein activation, it was only a weak partial agonist regarding β-arrestin1/2 recruitment (Emax: 0.09-0.12) and failed to promote H2R internalization (confocal microscopy). On the other hand, H2R internalization was observed for compounds that exhibited moderate agonistic activity in the β-arrestin1/2 pathways (Emax ≥ 0.22). The presented differently-biased fluorescent ligands are versatile molecular tools for future H2R studies on receptor trafficking and internalization e.g. using fluorescence microscopy.
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5
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Borgarelli C, Klingl YE, Escamilla-Ayala A, Munck S, Van Den Bosch L, De Borggraeve WM, Ismalaj E. Lighting Up the Plasma Membrane: Development and Applications of Fluorescent Ligands for Transmembrane Proteins. Chemistry 2021; 27:8605-8641. [PMID: 33733502 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that transmembrane proteins represent the main therapeutic targets for decades, complete and in-depth knowledge about their biochemical and pharmacological profiling is not fully available. In this regard, target-tailored small-molecule fluorescent ligands are a viable approach to fill in the missing pieces of the puzzle. Such tools, coupled with the ability of high-precision optical techniques to image with an unprecedented resolution at a single-molecule level, helped unraveling many of the conundrums related to plasma proteins' life-cycle and druggability. Herein, we review the recent progress made during the last two decades in fluorescent ligand design and potential applications in fluorescence microscopy of voltage-gated ion channels, ligand-gated ion channels and G-coupled protein receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Borgarelli
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Design and Synthesis, KU Leuven Campus Arenberg Celestijnenlaan 200F -, box 2404, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yvonne E Klingl
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 -, box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurobiology, VIB, Center for Brain &, Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 -, box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Abril Escamilla-Ayala
- Center for Brain & Disease Research, & VIB BioImaging Core, VIB-KU Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 -, box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 - box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastian Munck
- Center for Brain & Disease Research, & VIB BioImaging Core, VIB-KU Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 -, box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 - box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ludo Van Den Bosch
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 -, box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurobiology, VIB, Center for Brain &, Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 -, box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim M De Borggraeve
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Design and Synthesis, KU Leuven Campus Arenberg Celestijnenlaan 200F -, box 2404, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ermal Ismalaj
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Design and Synthesis, KU Leuven Campus Arenberg Celestijnenlaan 200F -, box 2404, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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6
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Soave M, Stoddart LA, White CW, Kilpatrick LE, Goulding J, Briddon SJ, Hill SJ. Detection of genome-edited and endogenously expressed G protein-coupled receptors. FEBS J 2021; 288:2585-2601. [PMID: 33506623 PMCID: PMC8647918 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of membrane receptors and major targets for FDA-approved drugs. The ability to quantify GPCR expression and ligand binding characteristics in different cell types and tissues is therefore important for drug discovery. The advent of genome editing along with developments in fluorescent ligand design offers exciting new possibilities to probe GPCRs in their native environment. This review provides an overview of the recent technical advances employed to study the localisation and ligand binding characteristics of genome-edited and endogenously expressed GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Soave
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamUK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamThe MidlandsUK
| | - Leigh A. Stoddart
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamUK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamThe MidlandsUK
| | - Carl W. White
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamThe MidlandsUK
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical ResearchQEII Medical CentreThe University of Western AustraliaNedlandsAustralia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics TechnologiesAustralia
| | - Laura E. Kilpatrick
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamThe MidlandsUK
- Division of Biomolecular Science and Medicinal ChemistrySchool of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery InstituteUniversity of NottinghamUK
| | - Joëlle Goulding
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamUK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamThe MidlandsUK
| | - Stephen J. Briddon
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamUK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamThe MidlandsUK
| | - Stephen J. Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamUK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamThe MidlandsUK
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7
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Işbilir A, Serfling R, Möller J, Thomas R, De Faveri C, Zabel U, Scarselli M, Beck-Sickinger AG, Bock A, Coin I, Lohse MJ, Annibale P. Determination of G-protein-coupled receptor oligomerization by molecular brightness analyses in single cells. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:1419-1451. [PMID: 33514946 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-00458-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Oligomerization of membrane proteins has received intense research interest because of their importance in cellular signaling and the large pharmacological and clinical potential this offers. Fluorescence imaging methods are emerging as a valid tool to quantify membrane protein oligomerization at high spatial and temporal resolution. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for an image-based method to determine the number and oligomerization state of fluorescently labeled prototypical G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on the basis of small out-of-equilibrium fluctuations in fluorescence (i.e., molecular brightness) in single cells. The protocol provides a step-by-step procedure that includes instructions for (i) a flexible labeling strategy for the protein of interest (using fluorescent proteins, small self-labeling tags or bio-orthogonal labeling) and the appropriate controls, (ii) performing temporal and spatial brightness image acquisition on a confocal microscope and (iii) analyzing and interpreting the data, excluding clusters and intensity hot-spots commonly observed in receptor distributions. Although specifically tailored for GPCRs, this protocol can be applied to diverse classes of membrane proteins of interest. The complete protocol can be implemented in 1 month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Işbilir
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Robert Serfling
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Möller
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Romy Thomas
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chiara De Faveri
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Zabel
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Scarselli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Andreas Bock
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Irene Coin
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin J Lohse
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany. .,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. .,ISAR Bioscience Institute, Munich, Germany.
| | - Paolo Annibale
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
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8
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Alhalaili B, Popescu IN, Kamoun O, Alzubi F, Alawadhia S, Vidu R. Nanobiosensors for the Detection of Novel Coronavirus 2019-nCoV and Other Pandemic/Epidemic Respiratory Viruses: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E6591. [PMID: 33218097 PMCID: PMC7698809 DOI: 10.3390/s20226591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is considered a public health emergency of international concern. The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that caused this pandemic has spread rapidly to over 200 countries, and has drastically affected public health and the economies of states at unprecedented levels. In this context, efforts around the world are focusing on solving this problem in several directions of research, by: (i) exploring the origin and evolution of the phylogeny of the SARS-CoV-2 viral genome; (ii) developing nanobiosensors that could be highly effective in detecting the new coronavirus; (iii) finding effective treatments for COVID-19; and (iv) working on vaccine development. In this paper, an overview of the progress made in the development of nanobiosensors for the detection of human coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is presented, along with specific techniques for modifying the surface of nanobiosensors. The newest detection methods of the influenza virus responsible for acute respiratory syndrome were compared with conventional methods, highlighting the newest trends in diagnostics, applications, and challenges of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 causative virus) nanobiosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badriyah Alhalaili
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Program, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwait; (B.A.); (F.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Ileana Nicoleta Popescu
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Mechanics, Valahia University of Targoviste, 13 Aleea Sinaia Street, 130004 Targoviste, Romania
| | - Olfa Kamoun
- Physics of Semiconductor Devices Unit, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1068, Tunisia;
| | - Feras Alzubi
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Program, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwait; (B.A.); (F.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Sami Alawadhia
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Program, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwait; (B.A.); (F.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Ruxandra Vidu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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9
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Roy S, Cha JN, Goodwin AP. Nongenetic Bioconjugation Strategies for Modifying Cell Membranes and Membrane Proteins: A Review. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:2465-2475. [PMID: 33146010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cell membrane possesses an extensive library of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids that control a significant portion of inter- and intracellular functions, including signaling, proliferation, migration, and adhesion, among others. Augmenting the cell surface composition would open possibilities for advances in therapy, tissue engineering, and probing fundamental cell processes. While genetic engineering has proven effective for many in vitro applications, these techniques result in irreversible changes to cells and are difficult to apply in vivo. Another approach is to instead attach exogenous functional groups to the cell membrane without changing the genetic nature of the cell. This review focuses on more recent approaches of nongenetic methods of cell surface modification through metabolic pathways, anchorage by hydrophobic interactions, and chemical conjugation. Benefits and drawbacks of each approach are considered, followed by a discussion of potential applications for nongenetic cell surface modification and an outlook on the future of the field.
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10
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Hoogendoorn S, van Puijvelde GHM, van der Marel GA, van Koppen CJ, Timmers CM, Overkleeft HS. Fluorescent small-molecule agonists as follicle-stimulating hormone receptor imaging tools. RSC Chem Biol 2020; 1:263-272. [PMID: 34458765 PMCID: PMC8341919 DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00068j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent cell surface receptor agonists allow visualization of processes that are set in motion by receptor activation. This study describes the synthesis of two fluorescent, low molecular weight ligands for the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), based on a dihydropyridine (DHP) agonist. We show that both BODIPY- and Cy5-conjugated DHP (m-DHP-BDP and m-DHP-Cy5) are potent FSHR agonists, able to activate receptor signalling with nanomolar potencies and to effect receptor internalisation at higher concentrations. FSHR-dependent uptake of m-DHP-Cy5 is in stark contrast to the cellular uptake of m-DHP-BDP which was efficiently internalised also in the absence of FSHR. Our results comprise a first-in-class fluorescent low molecular weight ligand for in situ FSHR imaging and pertain the potential means for targeted delivery of drugs into the endolysosomal pathway of FSHR-expressing cells. Discovery of a potent, small-molecule, fluorescent agonist of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) for selective staining of FSHR-expressing cells.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Hoogendoorn
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Gijs H M van Puijvelde
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Gijs A van der Marel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
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11
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Perkins LA, Bruchez MP. Fluorogen activating protein toolset for protein trafficking measurements. Traffic 2020; 21:333-348. [PMID: 32080949 PMCID: PMC7462100 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the past decade the use of fluorogen activating proteins (FAPs) has expanded with several unique reporter dyes that support a variety of methods to specifically quantify protein trafficking events. The platform's capabilities have been demonstrated in several systems and shared for widespread use. This review will highlight the current FAP labeling techniques for protein traffic measurements and focus on the use of the different designed fluorogenic dyes for selective and specific labeling applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia A. Perkins
- School of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Marcel P. Bruchez
- The Department of Biological SciencesCarnegie MellonPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of ChemistryCarnegie MellonPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Molecular and Biosensor Imaging CenterCarnegie MellonPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
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12
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Bricault S, Barandov A, Harvey P, DeTienne E, Hai A, Jasanoff A. Image-guided neural activity manipulation with a paramagnetic drug. Nat Commun 2020; 11:136. [PMID: 31919353 PMCID: PMC6952355 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13933-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted manipulations of neural activity are essential approaches in neuroscience and neurology, but monitoring such procedures in the living brain remains a significant challenge. Here we introduce a paramagnetic analog of the drug muscimol that enables targeted neural inactivation to be performed with feedback from magnetic resonance imaging. We validate pharmacological properties of the compound in vitro, and show that its distribution in vivo reliably predicts perturbations to brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bricault
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Rm. 16-561, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ali Barandov
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Rm. 16-561, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Peter Harvey
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Rm. 16-561, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Elizabeth DeTienne
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Rm. 16-561, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Aviad Hai
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Rm. 16-561, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Alan Jasanoff
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Rm. 16-561, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. .,Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Rm. 16-561, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. .,Department of Nuclear Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Rm. 16-561, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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13
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Xue D, Ye L, Zheng J, Wu Y, Zhang X, Xu Y, Li T, Stevens RC, Xu F, Zhuang M, Zhao S, Zhao F, Tao H. The structure-based traceless specific fluorescence labeling of the smoothened receptor. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:6136-6142. [PMID: 31180094 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00654k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The smoothened receptor (SMO) mediates the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway and plays a vital role in embryonic development and tumorigenesis. The visualization of SMO has the potential to provide new insights into its enigmatic mechanisms and associated disease pathogenesis. Based on recent progress in structural studies of SMO, we have designed and characterized a group of affinity probes to facilitate the turn-on fluorescence labeling of SMO at the ε-amine of K395. These chemical probes were derived from a potent SMO antagonist skeleton by the conjugation of a small non-fluorescent unit, O-nitrobenzoxadiazole (O-NBD). In this context, optimal probes were developed to be capable of efficiently and selectively lighting up SMO regardless of whether it is in micelles or in native membranes. More importantly, the resulting labeled SMO only bears a very small fluorophore and allows for the recovery of the unoccupied pocket by dissociation of the residual ligand module. These advantages should allow the probe to serve as a potential tool for monitoring SMO trafficking, understanding Hh activation mechanisms, and even the diagnosis of tumorigenesis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxiang Xue
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201210, China.
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14
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Daly CJ. Examining Vascular Structure and Function Using Confocal Microscopy and 3D Imaging Techniques. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1120:97-106. [PMID: 30919297 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-06070-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The structure of the blood vessel wall has historically been studied using thin cut sections using standard histological stains. In the mid-80s laser scanning confocal microscopes became available and offered investigators the chance to examine the 3D structure of thicker sections (i.e. ~60 μm depth penetration for a typical vascular wall). Unfortunately, desktop computers lagged far behind in their capacity to process and display large 3D (confocal) data sets. Even extremely highly priced graphics workstations of the early to mid-90s offered little in the way of flexible 3D viewing. Today's gaming PCs provide the kind of processing power that 3D confocal users have been waiting for. Coupled with high end animation software, virtual reality and game design software, we now have the capacity to exploit the huge data sets that modern microscopes can produce. In this chapter, the vascular wall will be used as an example of a biological tissue that can benefit from these developments in imaging hardware and software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig J Daly
- College of Medical Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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15
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The Impact of GFP Reporter Gene Transduction and Expression on Metabolomics of Placental Mesenchymal Stem Cells Determined by UHPLC-Q/TOF-MS. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:3167985. [PMID: 29230249 PMCID: PMC5694582 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3167985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is widely used as a reporter gene in regenerative medicine research to label and track stem cells. Here, we examined whether expressing GFP gene may impact the metabolism of human placental mesenchymal stem cells (hPMSCs). Methods The GFP gene was transduced into hPMSCs using lentiviral-based infection to establish GFP+hPMSCs. A sensitive 13C/12C-dansyl labeling LC-MS method targeting the amine/phenol submetabolome was used for in-depth cell metabolome profiling. Results A total of 1151 peak pairs or metabolites were detected from 12 LC-MS runs. Principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis showed poor separation, and the volcano plots demonstrated that most of the metabolites were not significantly changed when hPMSCs were tagged with GFP. Overall, 739 metabolites were positively or putatively identified. Only 11 metabolites showed significant changes. Metabolic pathway analyses indicated that three of the identified metabolites were involved in nine pathways. However, these metabolites are unlikely to have a large impact on the metabolic pathways due to their nonessential roles and limited hits in pathway analysis. Conclusion This study indicated that the expression of ectopic GFP reporter gene did not significantly alter the metabolomics pathways covered by the amine/phenol submetabolome.
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16
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High-Affinity Functional Fluorescent Ligands for Human β-Adrenoceptors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12319. [PMID: 28951558 PMCID: PMC5614969 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12468-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Visualization of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) is of great importance for studying its function in a native cell. We have synthesized a series of red-emitting fluorescent probes targeting β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) that are compatible with confocal and Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) microscopy as well as with Time-Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (TR-FRET) binding assay in living cells. The probe based on the agonist BI-167107 and fluorescent dye KK114 demonstrates nanomolar binding affinity and up to nine-fold β2AR selectivity over β1AR. Carazolol-derived probes are fluorogenic and allow no-wash imaging experiments. STED microscopy of β2ARs stained at the native expression level on pancreatic CAPAN cells provides two-fold improvement in lateral optical resolution over confocal mode and reveals the formation of receptor microdomains. These probes retain their functional (agonist or antagonist) properties, allowing simultaneous modulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels and receptor internalization as well as imaging receptor localization.
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17
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Nicol A, Qin W, Kwok RTK, Burkhartsmeyer JM, Zhu Z, Su H, Luo W, Lam JWY, Qian J, Wong KS, Tang BZ. Functionalized AIE nanoparticles with efficient deep-red emission, mitochondrial specificity, cancer cell selectivity and multiphoton susceptibility. Chem Sci 2017; 8:4634-4643. [PMID: 28970884 PMCID: PMC5618339 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00908a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiphoton microscopy is an exciting tool for biomedical research because it can be used to image single cells in vivo due to its greater penetration depth, lower phototoxicity and higher resolution when compared to confocal laser scanning microscopy. This helps researchers understand how certain cells change over time and evaluate the efficacy of different therapies. Herein, we report a new AIE luminogen (AIEgen), abbreviated as TPE-TETRAD, with a favorable absorption and efficient deep-red emission in the solid state. TPE-TETRAD possesses a high two-photon absorption cross-section (313 MG at 830 nm) and a rich array of non-linear optical properties including aggregation-induced three-photon luminescence. Biotinylated TPE-TETRAD nanoparticles are also fabricated and applied to stain mitochondria in live cancer cells with high specificity. The purpose of this study is to characterize a novel deep-red AIEgen and fabricate biotinylated nanoparticles for applications as (1) biocompatible and photostable AIE probes for specific mitochondria imaging and (2) multiphoton imaging probes suitable for two/three-photon fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Nicol
- Division of Biomedical Engineering , Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction , Institute for Advanced Study , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China .
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute , No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park Nanshan , Shenzhen 518057 , China
| | - Wei Qin
- Division of Biomedical Engineering , Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction , Institute for Advanced Study , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China .
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute , No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park Nanshan , Shenzhen 518057 , China
| | - Ryan T K Kwok
- Division of Biomedical Engineering , Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction , Institute for Advanced Study , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China .
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute , No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park Nanshan , Shenzhen 518057 , China
| | | | - Zhenfeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation , Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research , Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Sensing Technologies , Zhejiang University , 310058 Hangzhou , China
| | - Huifang Su
- Division of Biomedical Engineering , Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction , Institute for Advanced Study , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China .
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute , No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park Nanshan , Shenzhen 518057 , China
| | - Wenwen Luo
- Guangdong Innovative Research Team , SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Laboratory , State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Jacky W Y Lam
- Division of Biomedical Engineering , Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction , Institute for Advanced Study , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China .
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute , No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park Nanshan , Shenzhen 518057 , China
| | - Jun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation , Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research , Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Sensing Technologies , Zhejiang University , 310058 Hangzhou , China
| | - Kam Sing Wong
- Department of Physics , HKUST , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Division of Biomedical Engineering , Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction , Institute for Advanced Study , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China .
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute , No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park Nanshan , Shenzhen 518057 , China
- Guangdong Innovative Research Team , SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Laboratory , State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
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18
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Lace B, Prandi C. Shaping Small Bioactive Molecules to Untangle Their Biological Function: A Focus on Fluorescent Plant Hormones. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:1099-1118. [PMID: 27378726 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Modern biology overlaps with chemistry in explaining the structure and function of all cellular processes at the molecular level. Plant hormone research is perfectly located at the interface between these two disciplines, taking advantage of synthetic and computational chemistry as a tool to decipher the complex biological mechanisms regulating the action of plant hormones. These small signaling molecules regulate a wide range of developmental processes, adapting plant growth to ever changing environmental conditions. The synthesis of small bioactive molecules mimicking the activity of endogenous hormones allows us to unveil many molecular features of their functioning, giving rise to a new field, plant chemical biology. In this framework, fluorescence labeling of plant hormones is emerging as a successful strategy to track the fate of these challenging molecules inside living organisms. Thanks to the increasing availability of new fluorescent probes as well as advanced and innovative imaging technologies, we are now in a position to investigate many of the dynamic mechanisms through which plant hormones exert their action. Such a deep and detailed comprehension is mandatory for the development of new green technologies for practical applications. In this review, we summarize the results obtained so far concerning the fluorescent labeling of plant hormones, highlighting the basic steps leading to the design and synthesis of these compelling molecular tools and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Lace
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Cristina Prandi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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19
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Kay EI, Botha R, Montgomery JM, Mountjoy KG. hMRAPα, but Not hMRAP2, Enhances hMC4R Constitutive Activity in HEK293 Cells and This Is Not Dependent on hMRAPα Induced Changes in hMC4R Complex N-linked Glycosylation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140320. [PMID: 26469516 PMCID: PMC4607451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MRAP1 but not MRAP2, is essential for melanocortin receptor 2 functional expression. Human MRAP1 splice variant (hMRAPα) and human MRAP2 (hMRAP2) also interact with the other melanocortin receptor subtypes in vitro, although the physiological significance of these interactions is unknown. Previously we showed that HA-hMC4R co-expression with hMRAPα, but not hMRAP2, specifically alters HA-hMC4R complex N-linked glycosylation. hMRAPα-FLAG also enhances hMC4R constitutive activity in vitro. Here we directly compare hMRAPα and hMRAP2 effects on hMC4R constitutive activity in HEK293 cells. In contrast to hMRAPα, co-expression with hMRAP2 had no effect on HA-hMC4R or untagged hMC4R constitutive coupling to adenylyl cyclase. We used fixed and live cell imaging of HA-hMC4R and hMC4R-eGFP respectively, to further characterise effects of hMRAPα on hMC4R subcellular trafficking. hMRAPα-FLAG co-expression did not alter the partitioning of either HA-hMC4R or hMC4R-eGFP into either the ER or the Golgi apparatus, therefore the hMRAPα effect on hMC4R complex N-linked glycosylation is probably not due to hMC4R retention in the ER. We also observed that unlike HA-hMC4R, hMC4R-eGFP lacks complex glycosylation both in the presence and absence of hMRAPα, although both HA-hMC4R and hMC4R-eGFP exhibited increased constitutive coupling to adenylyl cyclase following co-expression with hMRAPα. We conclude that hMRAPα and not hMRAP2 modulates hMC4R constitutive activity. Furthermore, hMRAPα does not increase hMC4R constitutive activity by altering hMC4R complex N-linked glycosylation. Instead we hypothesise that hMRAPα alters hMC4R conformational states leading to increased hMC4R constitutive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma I. Kay
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Rikus Botha
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Johanna M. Montgomery
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kathleen G. Mountjoy
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
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20
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Scolaro L, Lorenser D, Madore WJ, Kirk RW, Kramer AS, Yeoh GC, Godbout N, Sampson DD, Boudoux C, McLaughlin RA. Molecular imaging needles: dual-modality optical coherence tomography and fluorescence imaging of labeled antibodies deep in tissue. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:1767-81. [PMID: 26137379 PMCID: PMC4467702 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.001767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imaging using optical techniques provides insight into disease at the cellular level. In this paper, we report on a novel dual-modality probe capable of performing molecular imaging by combining simultaneous three-dimensional optical coherence tomography (OCT) and two-dimensional fluorescence imaging in a hypodermic needle. The probe, referred to as a molecular imaging (MI) needle, may be inserted tens of millimeters into tissue. The MI needle utilizes double-clad fiber to carry both imaging modalities, and is interfaced to a 1310-nm OCT system and a fluorescence imaging subsystem using an asymmetrical double-clad fiber coupler customized to achieve high fluorescence collection efficiency. We present, to the best of our knowledge, the first dual-modality OCT and fluorescence needle probe with sufficient sensitivity to image fluorescently labeled antibodies. Such probes enable high-resolution molecular imaging deep within tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretta Scolaro
- Optical + Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic, & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Dirk Lorenser
- Optical + Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic, & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Wendy-Julie Madore
- Centre d'optique, photonique et lasers, Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal (QC), Canada
| | - Rodney W. Kirk
- Optical + Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic, & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Anne S. Kramer
- Centre for Medical Research, The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - George C. Yeoh
- Centre for Medical Research, The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Nicolas Godbout
- Centre d'optique, photonique et lasers, Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal (QC), Canada
| | - David D. Sampson
- Optical + Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic, & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation & Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Caroline Boudoux
- Centre d'optique, photonique et lasers, Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal (QC), Canada
| | - Robert A. McLaughlin
- Optical + Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic, & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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21
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McGrath JC. Localization of α-adrenoceptors: JR Vane Medal Lecture. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:1179-94. [PMID: 25377869 PMCID: PMC4337695 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED This review is based on the JR Vane Medal Lecture presented at the BPS Winter Meeting in December 2011 by J.C. McGrath. A recording of the lecture is included as supporting information. It covers his laboratory's work from 1990 to 2010 on the localization of vascular α1 -adrenoceptors in native tissues, mainly arteries. MAIN POINTS (i) α1 -adrenoceptors are present on several cell types in arteries, not only on medial smooth muscle, but also on adventitial, endothelial and nerve cells; (ii) all three receptor subtypes (α1 A , α1 B , α1 D ) are capable of binding ligands at the cell surface, strongly indicating that they are capable of function and not merely expressed. (iii) all of these cell types can take up an antagonist ligand into the intracellular compartments to which endocytosing receptors move; (iv) each individual subtype can exist at the cell surface and intracellularly in the absence of the other subtypes. As functional pharmacological experiments show variations in the involvement of the different subtypes in contractions of different arteries, it is concluded that the presence and disposition of α1 -adrenoceptors in arteries is not a simple guide to their involvement in function. Similar locations of the subtypes, even in different cell types, suggest that differences between the distribution of subtypes in model systems do not directly correlate with those in native tissues. This review includes a historical summary of the alternative terms used for adrenoceptors (adrenergic receptors, adrenoreceptors) and the author's views on the use of colours to illustrate different items, given his partial colour-blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C McGrath
- School of Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgow, UK
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22
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Ye Q, Chen S, Zhu D, Lu X, Lu Q. Preparation of aggregation-induced emission dots for long-term two-photon cell imaging. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:3091-3097. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00207a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance two-photon probe with long-term cellular imaging capability was synthesized from an amphiphilic aggregation-induced emission molecule derived from tetraphenylethylene fluorogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- China
| | - Shuangshuang Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- China
| | - Dandan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- China
| | - Xuemin Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- China
| | - Qinghua Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- China
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23
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Karpenko IA, Collot M, Richert L, Valencia C, Villa P, Mély Y, Hibert M, Bonnet D, Klymchenko AS. Fluorogenic Squaraine Dimers with Polarity-Sensitive Folding As Bright Far-Red Probes for Background-Free Bioimaging. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 137:405-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5111267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iuliia A. Karpenko
- Laboratoire
d’Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR 7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Labex MEDALIS, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74
route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Mayeul Collot
- Laboratoire
de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR 7213 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg,
Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Ludovic Richert
- Laboratoire
de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR 7213 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg,
Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Christel Valencia
- Platform
of Integrative Chemical Biology of Strasbourg (PCBIS), FMTS, UMS 3286 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, ESBS Pôle API, Bld Sébastien Brant, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Pascal Villa
- Platform
of Integrative Chemical Biology of Strasbourg (PCBIS), FMTS, UMS 3286 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, ESBS Pôle API, Bld Sébastien Brant, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Yves Mély
- Laboratoire
de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR 7213 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg,
Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Marcel Hibert
- Laboratoire
d’Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR 7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Labex MEDALIS, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74
route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Dominique Bonnet
- Laboratoire
d’Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR 7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Labex MEDALIS, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74
route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Andrey S. Klymchenko
- Laboratoire
de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR 7213 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg,
Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
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24
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Vernall AJ, Hill SJ, Kellam B. The evolving small-molecule fluorescent-conjugate toolbox for Class A GPCRs. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1073-84. [PMID: 23734587 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed fluorescently tagged drug molecules gaining significant attraction in their use as pharmacological tools with which to visualize and interrogate receptor targets at the single-cell level. Additionally, one can generate detailed pharmacological information, such as affinity measurements, down to almost single-molecule detection limits. The now accepted utilization of fluorescence-based readouts in high-throughput/high-content screening provides further evidence that fluorescent molecules offer a safer and more adaptable substitute to radioligands in molecular pharmacology and drug discovery. One such drug-target family that has received considerable attention are the GPCRs; this review therefore summarizes the most recent developments in the area of fluorescent ligand design for this important drug target. We assess recently reported fluorescent conjugates by adopting a receptor-family-based approach, highlighting some of the strengths and weaknesses of the individual molecules and their subsequent use. This review adds further strength to the arguments that fluorescent ligand design and synthesis requires careful planning and execution; providing examples illustrating that selection of the correct fluorescent dye, linker length/composition and geographic attachment point to the drug scaffold can all influence the ultimate selectivity and potency of the final conjugate when compared with its unlabelled precursor. When optimized appropriately, the resultant fluorescent conjugates have been successfully employed in an array of assay formats, including flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, FRET and scanning confocal microscopy. It is clear that fluorescently labelled GPCR ligands remain a developing and dynamic research arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Vernall
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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25
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McCall JR, Goodman AJ, Jacocks HM, Thompson A, Baden DG, Bourdelais AJ. Development of a fluorescence assay for the characterization of brevenal binding to rat brain synaptosomes. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:2014-2020. [PMID: 25226846 PMCID: PMC4176390 DOI: 10.1021/np500118p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The marine dinoflagellate Karenia brevis produces a family of neurotoxins known as brevetoxins. Brevetoxins elicit their effects by binding to and activating voltage-sensitive sodium channels (VSSCs) in cell membranes. K. brevis also produces brevenal, a brevetoxin antagonist, which is able to inhibit and/or negate many of the detrimental effects of brevetoxins. Brevenal binding to VSSCs has yet to be fully characterized, in part due to the difficulty and expense of current techniques. In this study, we have developed a novel fluorescence binding assay for the brevenal binding site. Several fluorescent compounds were conjugated to brevenal to assess their effects on brevenal binding. The assay was validated against the radioligand assay for the brevenal binding site and yielded comparable equilibrium inhibition constants. The fluorescence-based assay was shown to be quicker and far less expensive and did not generate radioactive waste or need facilities for handling radioactive materials. In-depth studies using the brevenal conjugates showed that, while brevenal conjugates do bind to a binding site in the VSSC protein complex, they are not displaced by known VSSC site specific ligands. As such, brevenal elicits its action through a novel mechanism and/or currently unknown receptor site on VSSCs.
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26
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Ma Z, Du L, Li M. Toward fluorescent probes for G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). J Med Chem 2014; 57:8187-203. [PMID: 24983484 DOI: 10.1021/jm401823z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), a superfamily of cell-surface receptors that are the targets of about 40% of prescription drugs on the market, can sense numerous critical extracellular signals. Recent breakthroughs in structural biology, especially in holo-form X-ray crystal structures, have contributed to our understanding of GPCR signaling. However, actions of GPCRs at the cellular and molecular level, interactions between GPCRs, and the role of protein dynamics in receptor activities still remain controversial. To overcome these dilemmas, fluorescent probes of GPCRs have been employed, which have advantages of in vivo safety and real-time monitoring. Various probes that depend on specific mechanisms and/or technologies have been used to study GPCRs. The present review focuses on surveying the design and applications of fluorescent probes for GPCRs that are derived from small molecules or using protein-labeling techniques, as well as discussing some design strategies for new probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University , Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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Fenrich KK, Zhao EY, Wei Y, Garg A, Rose PK. Isolating specific cell and tissue compartments from 3D images for quantitative regional distribution analysis using novel computer algorithms. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 226:42-56. [PMID: 24487018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isolating specific cellular and tissue compartments from 3D image stacks for quantitative distribution analysis is crucial for understanding cellular and tissue physiology under normal and pathological conditions. Current approaches are limited because they are designed to map the distributions of synapses onto the dendrites of stained neurons and/or require specific proprietary software packages for their implementation. NEW METHOD To overcome these obstacles, we developed algorithms to Grow and Shrink Volumes of Interest (GSVI) to isolate specific cellular and tissue compartments from 3D image stacks for quantitative analysis and incorporated these algorithms into a user-friendly computer program that is open source and downloadable at no cost. RESULTS The GSVI algorithm was used to isolate perivascular regions in the cortex of live animals and cell membrane regions of stained spinal motoneurons in histological sections. We tracked the real-time, intravital biodistribution of injected fluorophores with sub-cellular resolution from the vascular lumen to the perivascular and parenchymal space following a vascular microlesion, and mapped the precise distributions of membrane-associated KCC2 and gephyrin immunolabeling in dendritic and somatic regions of spinal motoneurons. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Compared to existing approaches, the GSVI approach is specifically designed for isolating perivascular regions and membrane-associated regions for quantitative analysis, is user-friendly, and free. CONCLUSIONS The GSVI algorithm is useful to quantify regional differences of stained biomarkers (e.g., cell membrane-associated channels) in relation to cell functions, and the effects of therapeutic strategies on the redistributions of biomolecules, drugs, and cells in diseased or injured tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith K Fenrich
- CIHR Group in Sensory-Motor Integration, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6; Center for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6; Aix Marseille University, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille-Luminy (IBDML), CNRS 7288, Case 907 - Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France; Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, 3-88 Corbett Hall, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G4.
| | - Ethan Y Zhao
- CIHR Group in Sensory-Motor Integration, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6; Center for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Yuan Wei
- CIHR Group in Sensory-Motor Integration, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6; Center for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Anirudh Garg
- CIHR Group in Sensory-Motor Integration, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6; Center for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - P Ken Rose
- CIHR Group in Sensory-Motor Integration, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6; Center for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6.
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Karpenko IA, Kreder R, Valencia C, Villa P, Mendre C, Mouillac B, Mély Y, Hibert M, Bonnet D, Klymchenko AS. Red Fluorescent Turn-On Ligands for Imaging and Quantifying G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Living Cells. Chembiochem 2014; 15:359-63. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Sridharan R, Zuber J, Connelly SM, Mathew E, Dumont ME. Fluorescent approaches for understanding interactions of ligands with G protein coupled receptors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1838:15-33. [PMID: 24055822 PMCID: PMC3926105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors are responsible for a wide variety of signaling responses in diverse cell types. Despite major advances in the determination of structures of this class of receptors, the underlying mechanisms by which binding of different types of ligands specifically elicits particular signaling responses remain unclear. The use of fluorescence spectroscopy can provide important information about the process of ligand binding and ligand dependent conformational changes in receptors, especially kinetic aspects of these processes that can be difficult to extract from X-ray structures. We present an overview of the extensive array of fluorescent ligands that have been used in studies of G protein coupled receptors and describe spectroscopic approaches for assaying binding and probing the environment of receptor-bound ligands with particular attention to examples involving yeast pheromone receptors. In addition, we discuss the use of fluorescence spectroscopy for detecting and characterizing conformational changes in receptors induced by the binding of ligands. Such studies have provided strong evidence for diversity of receptor conformations elicited by different ligands, consistent with the idea that GPCRs are not simple on and off switches. This diversity of states constitutes an underlying mechanistic basis for biased agonism, the observation that different stimuli can produce different responses from a single receptor. It is likely that continued technical advances will allow fluorescence spectroscopy to play an important role in continued probing of structural transitions in G protein coupled receptors. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Structural and biophysical characterisation of membrane protein-ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajashri Sridharan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, P.O. Box 712, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Jeffrey Zuber
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, P.O. Box 712, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Sara M. Connelly
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, P.O. Box 712, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Elizabeth Mathew
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, P.O. Box 712, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Mark E. Dumont
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, P.O. Box 712, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
- Department of Pediatrics, P.O. Box 777, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
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31
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Zheng LH, Wang CH, Shang SJ, Zhang XY, Wang YS, Wu QH, Hu MQ, Chai ZY, Wu X, Zheng H, Zhang C, Wang LC, Xiong W, Zhou Z. Real-time endocytosis imaging as a rapid assay of ligand-GPCR binding in single cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 305:C751-60. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00335.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Most G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) do not generate membrane currents in response to ligand-receptor binding (LRB). Here, we describe a novel technique using endocytosis as a bioassay that can detect activation of a GPCR in a way analogous to patch-clamp recording of an ion channel in a living cell. The confocal imaging technique, termed FM endocytosis imaging (FEI), can record ligand-GPCR binding with high temporal (second) and spatial (micrometer) resolution. LRB leads to internalization of an endocytic vesicle, which can be labeled by a styryl FM dye and visualized as a fluorescent spot. Distinct from the green fluorescence protein-labeling method, FEI can detect LRB endocytosis mediated by essentially any receptors (GPCRs or receptors of tyrosine kinase) in a native cell/cell line. Three modified versions of FEI permit promising applications in functional GPCR studies and drug screening in living cells: 1) LRB can be recorded in “real time” (time scale of seconds); 2) internalized vesicles mediated by different GPCRs can be discriminated by different colors; and 3) a high throughput method can screen ligands of a specific GPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Hong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chang-He Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Jiang Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ye-Shi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi-Hui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei-Qin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zu-Yin Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lie-Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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32
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Lee YM, Lim C, Lee HS, Shin YK, Shin KO, Lee YM, Kim S. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Polyyne-Containing Sphingoid Base Probe as a Chemical Tool. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:1324-31. [DOI: 10.1021/bc300684q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Mi Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu,
Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Chaemin Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu,
Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Hun Seok Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu,
Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Young Kee Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu,
Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Kyong-Oh Shin
- College
of Pharmacy and MRC, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Yong-Moon Lee
- College
of Pharmacy and MRC, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Sanghee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu,
Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Sanchez LM, Knudsen GM, Hartmann C, De Muylder G, Mascuch SM, Mackey ZB, Gerwick L, Clayton C, McKerrow JH, Linington RG. Examination of the mode of action of the almiramide family of natural products against the kinetoplastid parasite Trypanosoma brucei. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:630-41. [PMID: 23445522 PMCID: PMC3971013 DOI: 10.1021/np300834q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Almiramide C is a marine natural product with low micromolar activity against Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of leishmaniasis. We have now shown that almiramide C is also active against the related parasite Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of human African trypanosomiasis. A series of activity-based probes have been synthesized to explore both the molecular target of this compound series in T. brucei lysates and site localization through epifluorescence microscopy. These target identification studies indicate that the almiramides likely perturb glycosomal function through disruption of membrane assembly machinery. Glycosomes, which are organelles specific to kinetoplastid parasites, house the first seven steps of glycolysis and have been shown to be essential for parasite survival in the bloodstream stage. There are currently no reported small-molecule disruptors of glycosome function, making the almiramides unique molecular probes for this understudied parasite-specific organelle. Additionally, examination of toxicity in an in vivo zebrafish model has shown that these compounds have little effect on organism development, even at high concentrations, and has uncovered a potential side effect through localization of fluorescent derivatives to zebrafish neuromast cells. Combined, these results further our understanding of the potential value of this lead series as development candidates against T. brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Giselle M. Knudsen
- Sandler Center for Drug Discovery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Claudia Hartmann
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany D-69120
| | - Geraldine De Muylder
- Sandler Center for Drug Discovery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Samantha M. Mascuch
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Zachary B. Mackey
- Sandler Center for Drug Discovery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Lena Gerwick
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Christine Clayton
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany D-69120
| | - James H. McKerrow
- Sandler Center for Drug Discovery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Roger G. Linington
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
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Ward RJ, Milligan G. Structural and biophysical characterisation of G protein-coupled receptor ligand binding using resonance energy transfer and fluorescent labelling techniques. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1838:3-14. [PMID: 23590995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between ligands and the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to which they bind has long been the focus of intensive investigation. The signalling cascades triggered by receptor activation, due in most cases to ligand binding, are of great physiological and medical importance; indeed, GPCRs are targeted by in excess of 30% of small molecule therapeutic medicines. Attempts to identify further pharmacologically useful GPCR ligands, for receptors with known and unknown endogenous ligands, continue apace. In earlier days direct assessment of such interactions was restricted largely to the use of ligands incorporating radioactive isotope labels as this allowed detection of the ligand and monitoring its interaction with the GPCR. This use of such markers has continued with the development of ligands labelled with fluorophores and their application to the study of receptor-ligand interactions using both light microscopy and resonance energy transfer techniques, including homogenous time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Details of ligand-receptor interactions via X-ray crystallography are advancing rapidly as methods suitable for routine production of substantial amounts and stabilised forms of GPCRs have been developed and there is hope that this may become as routine as the co-crystallisation of serine/threonine kinases with ligands, an approach that has facilitated widespread use of rapid structure-based ligand design. Conformational changes involved in the activation of GPCRs, widely predicted by biochemical and biophysical means, have inspired the development of intramolecular FRET-based sensor forms of GPCRs designed to investigate the events following ligand binding and resulting in a signal propagation across the cell membrane. Finally, a number of techniques are emerging in which ligand-GPCR binding can be studied in ways that, whilst indirect, are able to monitor its results in an unbiased and integrated manner. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Structural and biophysical characterisation of membrane protein-ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Ward
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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Li K, Qin W, Ding D, Tomczak N, Geng J, Liu R, Liu J, Zhang X, Liu H, Liu B, Tang BZ. Photostable fluorescent organic dots with aggregation-induced emission (AIE dots) for noninvasive long-term cell tracing. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1150. [PMID: 23359649 PMCID: PMC3556677 DOI: 10.1038/srep01150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term noninvasive cell tracing by fluorescent probes is of great importance to life science and biomedical engineering. For example, understanding genesis, development, invasion and metastasis of cancerous cells and monitoring tissue regeneration after stem cell transplantation require continual tracing of the biological processes by cytocompatible fluorescent probes over a long period of time. In this work, we successfully developed organic far-red/near-infrared dots with aggregation-induced emission (AIE dots) and demonstrated their utilities as long-term cell trackers. The high emission efficiency, large absorptivity, excellent biocompatibility, and strong photobleaching resistance of the AIE dots functionalized by cell penetrating peptides derived from transactivator of transcription proteins ensured outstanding long-term noninvasive in vitro and in vivo cell tracing. The organic AIE dots outperform their counterparts of inorganic quantum dots, opening a new avenue in the development of fluorescent probes for following biological processes such as carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, 3, Research Link, Singapore 117602
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Wei Qin
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, and Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Dan Ding
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576
| | - Nikodem Tomczak
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, 3, Research Link, Singapore 117602
| | - Junlong Geng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576
| | - Rongrong Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, 3, Research Link, Singapore 117602
| | - Jianzhao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, and Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xinhai Zhang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, 3, Research Link, Singapore 117602
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, 3, Research Link, Singapore 117602
| | - Bin Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, 3, Research Link, Singapore 117602
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, 3, Research Link, Singapore 117602
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, and Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Laboratory, Guangdong Innovative Research Team, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China, 510640
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Kozma E, Jayasekara PS, Squarcialupi L, Paoletta S, Moro S, Federico S, Spalluto G, Jacobson KA. Fluorescent ligands for adenosine receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:26-36. [PMID: 23200243 PMCID: PMC3557833 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Interest is increasing in developing fluorescent ligands for characterization of adenosine receptors (ARs), which hold a promise of usefulness in the drug discovery process. The size of a strategically labeled AR ligand can be greatly increased after the attachment of a fluorophore. The choice of dye moiety (e.g. Alexa Fluor 488), attachment point and linker length can alter the selectivity and potency of the parent molecule. Fluorescent derivatives of adenosine agonists and antagonists (e.g. XAC and other heterocyclic antagonist scaffolds) have been synthesized and characterized pharmacologically. Some are useful AR probes for flow cytometry, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, fluorescence microscopy, fluorescence polarization, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, and scanning confocal microscopy. Thus, the approach of fluorescent labeled GPCR ligands, including those for ARs, is a growing dynamic research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Kozma
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810 USA
| | - P Suresh Jayasekara
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810 USA
| | - Lucia Squarcialupi
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810 USA
| | - Silvia Paoletta
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810 USA
| | - Stefano Moro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Stephanie Federico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giampiero Spalluto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810 USA
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Daly CJ, Parmryd I, McGrath JC. Visualization and analysis of vascular receptors using confocal laser scanning microscopy and fluorescent ligands. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 897:95-107. [PMID: 22674162 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-909-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of fluorescent ligands to analyze receptor distribution is increasing in popularity. This is due to the ever growing number of fluorescent ligands and the increased sensitivity of microscope-based technologies. Image-analysis methods have advanced to a stage where quantification of fluorescent signals is relatively simple (if used appropriately). In this chapter we describe a method of analyzing the 2D and 3D distribution of fluorescent ligands in segments of blood vessels. In addition, we introduce the issues surrounding the accurate analysis of colocalization of two different fluorescent ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig J Daly
- College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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McCall JR, Jacocks HM, Baden DG, Bourdelais AJ. Development of a competitive fluorescence-based synaptosome binding assay for brevetoxins. HARMFUL ALGAE 2012; 19:85-91. [PMID: 22984362 PMCID: PMC3440185 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Brevetoxins are a family of ladder-frame polyether toxins produced during blooms of the marine dinoflagellate Karenia brevis. Inhalation of brevetoxins aerosolized by wind and wave action can lead to asthma-like symptoms in beach goers. Consumption of either shellfish or finfish exposed to K. brevis blooms can lead to the development of neurotoxic shellfish poisoning. The toxic effects of brevetoxins are due to activation of voltage-sensitive sodium channels (VSSCs) in cell membranes. Binding of brevetoxin analogs and competitors to site 5 on these channels has historically been measured using a radioligand competition assay that is fraught with difficulty, including slow analysis time, production of radioactive waste, and cumbersome and expensive methods associated with the generation of radioactive labeled ligands. In this study, we describe the development of a novel fluorescent synaptosome binding assay for the brevetoxin receptor. BODIPY(®)-conjugated to PbTx-2 was used as the labeled ligand. The BODIPY(®)-PbTx-2 conjugate was found to displace [(3)H]-PbTx-3 from its binding site on VSSCs on rat brain synaptosomes with an equilibrium inhibition constant of 0.11 nM. We have shown that brevetoxin A and B analogs are all able to compete for binding with the fluorescent ligand. Most importantly, this assay was validated against the current site 5 receptor binding assay standard, the radioligand receptor assay for the brevetoxin receptor using [(3)H]-PbTx-3 as the labeled ligand. The fluorescence based assay yielded equilibrium inhibition constants comparable to the radioligand assay for all brevetoxin analogs. The fluorescence based assay was quicker, far less expensive, and did not generate radioactive waste or need radioactive facilities. As such, this fluorescence-based assay can be used to replace the current radioligand assay for site 5 on voltage-sensitive sodium channels and will be a vital tool for future experiments examining the binding affinity of various ligands for site 5 on sodium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R. McCall
- Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, North Carolina 28409
- Corresponding Author, Tel: 910-962-2081, FAX: 910-962-2410,
| | - Henry M. Jacocks
- Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, North Carolina 28409
| | - Daniel G. Baden
- Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, North Carolina 28409
| | - Andrea J. Bourdelais
- Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, North Carolina 28409
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40
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Rose RH, Briddon SJ, Hill SJ. A novel fluorescent histamine H(1) receptor antagonist demonstrates the advantage of using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy to study the binding of lipophilic ligands. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:1789-1800. [PMID: 21880035 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01640.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Fluorescent ligands facilitate the study of ligand-receptor interactions at the level of single cells and individual receptors. Here, we describe a novel fluorescent histamine H(1) receptor antagonist (mepyramine-BODIPY630-650) and use it to monitor the membrane diffusion of the histamine H(1) receptor. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The human histamine H(1) receptor fused to yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) was transiently expressed in CHO-K1 cells. The time course of binding of mepyramine-BODIPY630-650 to the H(1) receptor was determined by confocal microscopy. Additionally, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) was used to characterize the diffusion coefficient of the H(1) receptor in cell membranes both directly (YFP fluorescence) and in its antagonist-bound state (with mepyramine-BODIPY630-650). KEY RESULTS Mepyramine-BODIPY630-650 was a high-affinity antagonist at the histamine H(1) receptor. Specific membrane binding, in addition to significant intracellular uptake of the fluorescent ligand, was detected by confocal microscopy. However, FCS was able to quantify the receptor-specific binding in the membrane, as well as the diffusion coefficient of the antagonist-H(1) receptor-YFP complexes, which was significantly slower than when determined directly using YFP. FCS also detected specific binding of mepyramine-BODIPY630-650 to the endogenous H(1) receptor in HeLa cells. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Mepyramine-BODIPY630-650 is a useful tool for localizing the H(1) receptor using confocal microscopy. However, its use in conjunction with FCS allows quantification of ligand binding at the membrane, as well as determining receptor diffusion in the absence of significant bleaching effects. Finally, these methods can be successfully extended to endogenously expressed untagged receptors in HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H Rose
- Institute of Cell Signalling, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stephen J Briddon
- Institute of Cell Signalling, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Institute of Cell Signalling, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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41
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The G protein coupled receptor 3 is involved in cAMP and cGMP signaling and maintenance of meiotic arrest in porcine oocytes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38807. [PMID: 22685609 PMCID: PMC3369857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The arrest of meiotic prophase in mammalian oocytes within fully grown follicles is dependent on cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) regulation. A large part of cAMP is produced by the Gs-linked G-protein-coupled receptor (GPR) pathway. In the present study, we examined whether GPR3 is involved in the maintenance of meiotic arrest in porcine oocytes. Expression and distribution of GPR3 were examined by western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy, respectively. The results showed that GPR3 was expressed at various stages during porcine oocyte maturation. At the germinal vesicle (GV) stage, GPR3 displayed a maximal expression level, and its expression remained stable from pro-metaphase I (MI) to metaphase II (MII). Immunofluorescence staining showed that GPR3 was mainly distributed at the nuclear envelope during the GV stage and localized to the plasma membrane at pro-MI, MI and MII stages. RNA interference (RNAi) was used to knock down the GPR3 expression within oocytes. Injection of small interfering double-stranded RNA (siRNA) targeting GPR3 stimulated meiotic resumption of oocytes. On the other hand, overexpression of GPR3 inhibited meiotic maturation of porcine oocytes, which was caused by increase of cGMP and cAMP levels and inhibition of cyclin B accumulation. Furthermore, incubation of porcine oocytes with the GPR3 ligand sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) inhibited oocyte maturation. We propose that GPR3 is required for maintenance of meiotic arrest in porcine oocytes through pathways involved in the regulation of cAMP and cGMP.
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42
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Lohse MJ, Nuber S, Hoffmann C. Fluorescence/bioluminescence resonance energy transfer techniques to study G-protein-coupled receptor activation and signaling. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:299-336. [PMID: 22407612 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.004309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (FRET and BRET) techniques allow the sensitive monitoring of distances between two labels at the nanometer scale. Depending on the placement of the labels, this permits the analysis of conformational changes within a single protein (for example of a receptor) or the monitoring of protein-protein interactions (for example, between receptors and G-protein subunits). Over the past decade, numerous such techniques have been developed to monitor the activation and signaling of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in both the purified, reconstituted state and in intact cells. These techniques span the entire spectrum from ligand binding to the receptors down to intracellular second messengers. They allow the determination and the visualization of signaling processes with high temporal and spatial resolution. With these techniques, it has been demonstrated that GPCR signals may show spatial and temporal patterning. In particular, evidence has been provided for spatial compartmentalization of GPCRs and their signals in intact cells and for distinct physiological consequences of such spatial patterning. We review here the FRET and BRET technologies that have been developed for G-protein-coupled receptors and their signaling proteins (G-proteins, effectors) and the concepts that result from such experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Lohse
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany.
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43
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Joubert J, Geldenhuys WJ, Van der Schyf CJ, Oliver DW, Kruger HG, Govender T, Malan SF. Polycyclic cage structures as lipophilic scaffolds for neuroactive drugs. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:375-84. [PMID: 22307951 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic cage scaffolds have been successfully used in the development of numerous lead compounds demonstrating activity in the central nervous system (CNS). Several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, schizophrenia, and stroke, as well as drug abuse, can be modulated with polycyclic cage derivatives. These cage moieties, including adamantane and pentacycloundecane derivatives, improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of conjugated parent drugs and serve as an important scaffold in the design of therapeutically active agents for the treatment of neurological disorders. In this Minireview, we focus on the recent developments in the field of polycyclic cage compounds, as well as the relationship between the lipophilic character of these cage-derived drugs and the ability of such compounds to target and reach the CNS and improve the pharmacodynamic properties of compounds conjugated to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Joubert
- School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
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44
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Hazell GG, Hindmarch CC, Pope GR, Roper JA, Lightman SL, Murphy D, O’Carroll AM, Lolait SJ. G protein-coupled receptors in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei--serpentine gateways to neuroendocrine homeostasis. Front Neuroendocrinol 2012; 33:45-66. [PMID: 21802439 PMCID: PMC3336209 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of transmembrane receptors in the mammalian genome. They are activated by a multitude of different ligands that elicit rapid intracellular responses to regulate cell function. Unsurprisingly, a large proportion of therapeutic agents target these receptors. The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the hypothalamus are important mediators in homeostatic control. Many modulators of PVN/SON activity, including neurotransmitters and hormones act via GPCRs--in fact over 100 non-chemosensory GPCRs have been detected in either the PVN or SON. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the expression of GPCRs within the PVN/SON, including data from recent transcriptomic studies that potentially expand the repertoire of GPCRs that may have functional roles in these hypothalamic nuclei. We also present some aspects of the regulation and known roles of GPCRs in PVN/SON, which are likely complemented by the activity of 'orphan' GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stephen J. Lolait
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
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45
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Boreham A, Kim TY, Spahn V, Stein C, Mundhenk L, Gruber AD, Haag R, Welker P, Licha K, Alexiev U. Exploiting Fluorescence Lifetime Plasticity in FLIM: Target Molecule Localization in Cells and Tissues. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:724-8. [PMID: 24900259 DOI: 10.1021/ml200092m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of drug-receptor interactions and the controlled delivery of drugs via biodegradable and biocompatible nanoparticulate carriers are active research fields in nanomedicine. Many clinically used drugs target G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) due to the fact that signaling via GPCRs is crucial in physiological and pathological processes and thus central for the function of biological systems. In this letter, a fast and reliable ratiometric fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (rmFLIM) approach is described to analyze the distribution of protein-ligand complexes in the cellular context. Binding of the fluorescently labeled antagonist naloxone to the G-protein coupled μ-opioid receptor is used as an example. To show the broad applicability of the rmFLIM method, we extended this approach to investigate the distribution of polymer-based nanocarriers in histological liver sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Boreham
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - T.-Y. Kim
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - V. Spahn
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - C. Stein
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - L. Mundhenk
- Institut für Tierpathologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Strasse 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. D. Gruber
- Institut für Tierpathologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Strasse 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - R. Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - P. Welker
- mivenion GmbH, Robert-Koch-Platz 4, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - K. Licha
- mivenion GmbH, Robert-Koch-Platz 4, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - U. Alexiev
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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46
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Joubert J, Dyk SV, Green IR, Malan SF. Synthesis, evaluation and application of polycyclic fluorescent analogues as N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor and voltage gated calcium channel ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:5010-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor nanocrystals, and recently they have been shown as effective probes for cell labeling. Due to their unique spectral, physical, and chemical properties, QDs can concurrently tag multiple intercellular and intracellular components of live cells for time ranging from seconds to months. Different color QDs can label different cell components that can be visualized with fluorescent microscopy or in vivo. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for labeling postnatal and differentiated stem/progenitor cells with bioconjugated quantum dots. For example, peptide CGGGRGD is immobilized on CdSe-ZnS QDs with free carboxyl groups. These bioconjugates label selected integrins on cell membrane of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). QD concentration and incubation time to effectively label hMSCs is optimized. We discovered that bioconjugated QDs effectively label hMSCs not only during population doubling, but also during multi-lineage differentiation into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. Undifferentiated and differentiated stem cells labeled with bioconjugated QDs can be readily imaged by fluorescent microscopy. Thus, quantum dots represent an effective cell labeling probe and an alternative to organic dyes and fluorescent proteins for cell labeling and cell tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhranti S Shah
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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48
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Interfacial enzyme kinetics of a membrane bound kinase analyzed by real-time MAS-NMR. Nat Chem Biol 2011; 7:263-70. [PMID: 21423170 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The simultaneous observation of interdependent reactions within different phases as catalyzed by membrane-bound enzymes is still a challenging task. One such enzyme, the Escherichia coli integral membrane protein diacylglycerol kinase (DGK), is a key player in lipid regulation. It catalyzes the generation of phosphatidic acid within the membrane through the transfer of the γ-phosphate from soluble MgATP to membrane-bound diacylglycerol. We demonstrate that time-resolved (31)P magic angle spinning NMR offers a unique opportunity to simultaneously and directly detect both ATP hydrolysis and diacylglycerol phosphorylation. This experiment demonstrates that solid-state NMR provides a general approach for the kinetic analysis of coupled reactions at the membrane interface regardless of their compartmentalization. The enzymatic activity of DGK was probed with different lipid substrates as well as ATP analogs. Our data yield conclusions about intersubunit cooperativity, reaction stoichiometries and phosphoryl transfer mechanism and are discussed in the context of known structural data.
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49
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Lee SH. Platform Technologies for Research on the G Protein Coupled Receptor: Applications to Drug Discovery Research. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2011. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2011.19.1.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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50
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Briddon SJ, Kellam B, Hill SJ. Design and use of fluorescent ligands to study ligand-receptor interactions in single living cells. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 746:211-236. [PMID: 21607859 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-126-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of ligands with G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has been traditionally studied using radiolabelled variants of receptor ligands. More recently, increased knowledge about the way in which GPCRs exist in a highly organised membrane environment has led to an interest in investigating receptor-ligand interactions in single cells. In addition, substantial improvements in imaging technology and an increase in the expense of radioactive waste disposal have resulted in an expansion in the use of fluorescent technologies. One major requirement for these methods is a suitable fluorescent ligand for the receptor of interest. The design of fluorescent ligands for GPCRs is complex, and has to take into account their pharmacological, photophysical, and also physicochemical properties. Here, we describe some basic considerations in the design of fluorescent GPCR ligands, including choice of pharmacological template, linker, and fluorophore. In addition, we describe basic protocols for determining the photophysical properties of the ligand and determining the cellular localisation of their interaction with the target receptors. Finally, we provide a basic protocol for using fluorescent GPCR ligands to quantify the number and diffusion of receptor-ligand complexes in small areas of the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Briddon
- Institute of Cell Signalling, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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