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Shi Q, Chen Z, Yang J, Liu X, Su Y, Wang M, Xi J, Yang F, Li F. Review of Codonopsis Radix biological activities: A plant of traditional Chinese tonic. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 332:118334. [PMID: 38740108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Codonopsis Radix, commonly known as Dangshen in Chinese, is frequently used to treat deficiencies of spleen and lung Qi, gastrointestinal discomfort, fatigue, asthmatic breathing, sallow complexion, lack of strength, shortness of breath, deficiencies of both Qi and blood, as well as impairments to both Qi and body fluids in suboptimal health status. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review systematically expounds on the modern pharmacological studies related to the use of Codonopsis Radix in invigorating Qi and nourishing the body in recent years. The aim is to provide theoretical research and reference for the in-depth and systematic exploration and development of the applications of Codonopsis Radix in the fields of food and medicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study employs "Codonopsis Radix," "Codonopsis," and "Dangshen" as keywords to gather pertinent information on Codonopsis Radix medicine through electronic searches of classical literature and databases such as PubMed, Elsevier, Google Scholar, Wiley, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and Baidu Scholar. RESULTS From previous studies, activities such as immune system modulation, gastrointestinal motility regulation, cardiac function revitalization, lung function improvement, blood circulation enhancement, aging process deceleration, learning and memory augmentation, fatigue resistance enhancement, and liver and kidney damage protection of Codonopsis Radix have been reported. Recognized as an important medicine and food homologous traditional Chinese herbal remedy for supplementing deficiencies, its mode of action is multi-elemental, multi-systemic, multi-organ, multi-mechanistic, and multi-targeted. Furthermore, the benefits of its tonic surpass its therapeutic value, establishing it as an extraordinary preventive and therapeutic medicine. CONCLUSIONS With its long history of traditional applications and the revelations of contemporary pharmacological research, Codonopsis Radix exhibits great potential as both a therapeutic agent and a dietary supplement for further research in medicine, nutrition, and healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhengjun Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xuxia Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yuanjin Su
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Miao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jiayu Xi
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fude Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Fang Li
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Russo I, Barale C, Melchionda E, Penna C, Pagliaro P. Platelets and Cardioprotection: The Role of Nitric Oxide and Carbon Oxide. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076107. [PMID: 37047079 PMCID: PMC10094148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) represent a pair of biologically active gases with an increasingly well-defined range of effects on circulating platelets. These gases interact with platelets and cells in the vessels and heart and exert fundamentally similar biological effects, albeit through different mechanisms and with some peculiarity. Within the cardiovascular system, for example, the gases are predominantly vasodilators and exert antiaggregatory effects, and are protective against damage in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Indeed, NO is an important vasodilator acting on vascular smooth muscle and is able to inhibit platelet activation. NO reacts with superoxide anion (O2(-•)) to form peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)), a nitrosating agent capable of inducing oxidative/nitrative signaling and stress both at cardiovascular, platelet, and plasma levels. CO reduces platelet reactivity, therefore it is an anticoagulant, but it also has some cardioprotective and procoagulant properties. This review article summarizes current knowledge on the platelets and roles of gas mediators (NO, and CO) in cardioprotection. In particular, we aim to examine the link and interactions between platelets, NO, and CO and cardioprotective pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Russo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences of Turin University, Orbassano, I-10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Barale
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences of Turin University, Orbassano, I-10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Melchionda
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences of Turin University, Orbassano, I-10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Claudia Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences of Turin University, Orbassano, I-10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Pasquale Pagliaro
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences of Turin University, Orbassano, I-10043 Turin, Italy
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Alarabi AB, Lozano PA, Khasawneh FT, Alshbool FZ. The effect of emerging tobacco related products and their toxic constituents on thrombosis. Life Sci 2022; 290:120255. [PMID: 34953893 PMCID: PMC9118784 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Although conventional cigarette smoking is declining, emerging tobacco related products (ETRPs) are currently gaining ground, especially among the youth. These products include electronic cigarettes, waterpipes/hookah, cigars/cigarillo, smokeless tobacco, and heat-not-burn cigarettes. The observed increase in the use of ETRPs is multifactorial and complex but appears to be mainly driven by efforts from the major tobacco companies to reinvent themselves, and present more appealing and allegedly safe(r) tobacco products. However, it is becoming apparent that these products produce substantial amounts of toxic chemicals, many of which have been shown to exert negative health effects, including in the context of the cardiovascular system. Thus, there has been research efforts, albeit limited in general, to characterize the health impact of these products on occlusive/thrombotic cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In this review, we will discuss the potential impact of ETRPs on thrombosis-based CVD. Specifically, we will review how these products and the major chemicals they produce and/or emit can trigger key players in the process of thrombosis, namely inflammation, oxidative stress, platelets, coagulation, and the vascular endothelium, and the relationship between these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed B Alarabi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX, USA
| | - Patricia A Lozano
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX, USA
| | - Fadi T Khasawneh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX, USA.
| | - Fatima Z Alshbool
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX, USA.
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Adach W, Olas B. The role of CORM-2 as a modulator of oxidative stress and hemostatic parameters of human plasma in vitro. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184787. [PMID: 28950024 PMCID: PMC5614530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The main aim of the experiment is to examine the effect of CORM-2, a donor of carbon monoxide (CO), on oxidative stress in human plasma in vitro. In addition, it examines the effects of CORM-2 on the hemostatic parameters of plasma: the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT) and prothrombin time (PT). METHODS Human plasma was incubated for 5-60 min with different concentrations of CORM-2: 0.1-100 μM. Following this, various hemostatic factors and biomarkers of oxidative stress were studied. Lipid peroxidation was measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) concentration, and the oxidation of amino acid residues in proteins was measured by determining the amounts of carbonyl and thiol groups. RESULTS Two oxidative stress inducers: hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the donor of hydroxyl radical (H2O2/Fe) were used. Decrease in protein carbonylation, thiol group oxidation and lipid peroxidation were detected at tested concentrations of CORM-2. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that CORM-2 may have antioxidant properties in human plasma treated with H2O2 or H2O2/Fe. In addition, our results indicate the anti-coagulant activities of CORM-2 in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Adach
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Beata Olas
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) during general anesthesia can result from volatile anesthetic degradation by carbon dioxide absorbents and rebreathing of endogenously produced CO. Although adherence to the Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation guidelines reduces the risk of CO poisoning, patients may still experience subtoxic CO exposure during low-flow anesthesia. The consequences of such exposures are relatively unknown. In contrast to the widely recognized toxicity of high CO concentrations, the biologic activity of low concentration CO has recently been shown to be cytoprotective. As such, low-dose CO is being explored as a novel treatment for a variety of different diseases. Here, we review the concept of anesthesia-related CO exposure, identify the sources of production, detail the mechanisms of overt CO toxicity, highlight the cellular effects of low-dose CO, and discuss the potential therapeutic role for CO as part of routine anesthetic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Levy
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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Roderique JD, Josef CS, Feldman MJ, Spiess BD. A modern literature review of carbon monoxide poisoning theories, therapies, and potential targets for therapy advancement. Toxicology 2015; 334:45-58. [PMID: 25997893 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The first descriptions of carbon monoxide (CO) and its toxic nature appeared in the literature over 100 years ago in separate publications by Drs. Douglas and Haldane. Both men ascribed the deleterious effects of this newly discovered gas to its strong interaction with hemoglobin. Since then the adverse sequelae of CO poisoning has been almost universally attributed to hypoxic injury secondary to CO occupation of oxygen binding sites on hemoglobin. Despite a mounting body of literature suggesting other mechanisms of injury, this pathophysiology and its associated oxygen centric therapies persists. This review attempts to elucidate the remarkably complex nature of CO as a gasotransmitter. While CO's affinity for hemoglobin remains undisputed, new research suggests that its role in nitric oxide release, reactive oxygen species formation, and its direct action on ion channels is much more significant. In the course of understanding the multifaceted character of this simple molecule it becomes apparent that current oxygen based therapies meant to displace CO from hemoglobin may be insufficient and possibly harmful. Approaching CO as a complex gasotransmitter will help guide understanding of the complex and poorly understood sequelae and illuminate potentials for new treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Roderique
- Department of Anesthesiology, VCU School of Medicine Sanger Hall, Rm B1-016, 1101 East Marshall Street, P.O. Box 980695, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Christopher S Josef
- Department of Anesthesiology, VCU School of Medicine Sanger Hall, Rm B1-016, 1101 East Marshall Street, P.O. Box 980695, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
| | - Michael J Feldman
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Critical Care Hospital 8th floor, 1213 East Clay St, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Bruce D Spiess
- Department of Anesthesiology, VCU School of Medicine Sanger Hall, Rm B1-016, 1101 East Marshall Street, P.O. Box 980695, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
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Gasomediators (·NO, CO, and H2S) and their role in hemostasis and thrombosis. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 445:115-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Carbon monoxide is not always a poison gas for human organism: Physiological and pharmacological features of CO. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 222:37-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Nielsen VG, Pretorius E. Carbon monoxide: Anticoagulant or procoagulant? Thromb Res 2013; 133:315-21. [PMID: 24360115 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Within the past decade there have been several investigations attempting to define the impact of exogenous and endogenous carbon monoxide exposure on hemostasis. Critically, two bodies of literature have emerged, with carbon monoxide mediated platelet inhibition cited as a cause of in vitro human and in vitro/in vivo rodent anticoagulation. In contrast, interaction with heme groups associated with fibrinogen, α₂-antiplasmin and plasmin by carbon monoxide has resulted in enhanced coagulation and decreased fibrinolysis in vitro in human and other species, and in vivo in rabbits. Of interest, the ultrastructure of platelet rich plasma thrombi demonstrates an abnormal increase in fine fiber formation and matting that are obtained from humans exposed to carbon monoxide. Further, thrombi obtained from humans and rabbits have very similar ultrastructures, whereas mice and rats have more fine fibers and matting present. In sum, there may be species specific differences with regard to hemostatic response to carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide may be a Janus-faced molecule, with potential to attenuate or exacerbate thrombophilic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vance G Nielsen
- The Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- The Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, South Africa
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Krasia-Christoforou T, Georgiou TK. Polymeric theranostics: using polymer-based systems for simultaneous imaging and therapy. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:3002-3025. [PMID: 32261003 DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20191k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Polymer-based nanomedicine is a large and fast growing field. Polymer-based systems have been extensively used as therapeutic carriers as well as bioimaging agents for example in tumour diagnosis. However, fewer polymeric systems have been able to combine both therapy and imaging in a new field that is called theranostics (theragnostics). This review aims to summarise the recent developments and trends on polymeric theranostics. Four different types of therapies/treatments are examined namely drug delivery, gene delivery, photodynamic therapy and hyperthermia treatment combined with different imaging moieties like magnetic resonance imaging agents, fluorescent agents and microbubbles for ultrasound imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Krasia-Christoforou
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Morel A, Malinowska J, Olas B. Antioxidative properties of hydrogen sulfide may involve in its antiadhesive action on blood platelets. Clin Biochem 2012; 45:1678-82. [PMID: 22981831 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a signaling molecule in different systems, including the cardiovascular system. However, mechanisms involved in the relationship between the action of H(2)S and hemostasis process are still unclear. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS The present work was designed to study the effects of hydrogen sulfide on adhesion of blood platelets in vitro. Platelet suspensions were preincubated (5-30 min) with NaHS as a hydrogen sulfide donor at the final concentrations of 0.00001-10 mM. Then, for platelet activation thrombin (0.1 U/mL) or TRAP, peptide with the sequence Ser-Phe-Leu-Leu-Arg-Asn (SFLLRN; 20 μM) was used. We also measured the effects of H(2)S on superoxide anion radicals (O(2)(-•)) production in blood platelets. RESULTS We observed that adhesion to collagen and to fibrinogen of resting platelets preincubated with NaHS was changed, and this process was statistically significant (for 0.00001-5mM NaHS, p<0.05; 10 mM, p<0.01). The inhibitory effect of NaHS on adhesion of thrombin - or TRAP - stimulated platelets to collagen was found (for 0.00001 and 0.0001 mM NaHS, p<0.05; 0.001-1 mM NaHS, p<0.01; 5 and 10 mM NaHS, p<0.001). Hydrogen sulfide reduced also the thrombin- or TRAP-induced platelet adhesion to fibrinogen (for 0.00001 and 0.0001 mM NaHS, p<0.05; 0.001-1 mM NaHS, p<0.01; 5 and 10 mM NaHS, p<0.001). Moreover, H(2)S caused a dose-dependent reduction of O(2)(-•) produced in platelets (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The results obtained that the antioxidative activity of H(2)S may involve in its antiadhesive properties on blood platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Morel
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/3, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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Medical gases: a novel strategy for attenuating ischemia-reperfusion injury in organ transplantation? J Transplant 2012; 2012:819382. [PMID: 22645665 PMCID: PMC3356705 DOI: 10.1155/2012/819382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is an inevitable clinical consequence in organ transplantation. It can lead to early graft nonfunction and contribute to acute and chronic graft rejection. Advanced molecular biology has revealed the highly complex nature of this phenomenon and few definitive therapies exist. This paper reviews factors involved in the pathophysiology of IRI and potential ways to attenuate it. In recent years, inhaled nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide have been increasingly explored as plausible novel medical gases that can attenuate IRI via multiple mechanisms, including microvascular vasorelaxation, reduced inflammation, and mitochondrial modulation. Here, we review recent advances in research utilizing inhaled nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide in animal and human studies of IRI and postulate on its future applications specific to solid organ transplantation.
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