1
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Sumikawa T, Nakakido M, Matsunaga R, Kuroda D, Nagatoishi S, Tsumoto K. Generation of antibodies to an extracellular region of the transporters Glut1/Glut4 by immunization with a designed antigen. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105640. [PMID: 38199569 PMCID: PMC10862009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are one of the fastest growing class of drugs. Nevertheless, relatively few biologics target multispanning membrane proteins because of technical challenges. To target relatively small extracellular regions of multiple membrane-spanning proteins, synthetic peptides, which are composed of amino acids corresponding to an extracellular region of a membrane protein, are often utilized in antibody discovery. However, antibodies to these peptides often do not recognize parental membrane proteins. In this study, we designed fusion proteins in which an extracellular helix of the membrane protein glucose transporter 1 (Glut1) was grafted onto the scaffold protein Adhiron. In the initial design, the grafted fragment did not form a helical conformation. Molecular dynamics simulations of full-length Glut1 suggested the importance of intramolecular interactions formed by surrounding residues in the formation of the helical conformation. A fusion protein designed to maintain such intramolecular interactions did form the desired helical conformation in the grafted region. We then immunized an alpaca with the designed fusion protein and obtained VHH (variable region of heavy-chain antibodies) using the phage display method. The binding of these VHH antibodies to the recombinant Glut1 protein was evaluated by surface plasmon resonance, and their binding to Glut1 on the cell membrane was further validated by flow cytometry. Furthermore, we also succeeded in the generation of a VHH against another integral membrane protein, glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) with the same strategy. These illustrates that our combined biochemical and computational approach can be applied to designing other novel fusion proteins for generating site-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Sumikawa
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakakido
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ryo Matsunaga
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kuroda
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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2
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High P, Carmon KS. G protein-coupled receptor-targeting antibody-drug conjugates: Current status and future directions. Cancer Lett 2023; 564:216191. [PMID: 37100113 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as promising anti-cancer therapeutic agents with several having already received market approval for the treatment of solid tumor and hematological malignancies. As ADC technology continues to improve and the range of indications treatable by ADCs increases, the repertoire of target antigens has expanded and will undoubtedly continue to grow. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are well-characterized therapeutic targets implicated in many human pathologies, including cancer, and represent a promising emerging target of ADCs. In this review, we will discuss the past and present therapeutic targeting of GPCRs and describe ADCs as therapeutic modalities. Moreover, we will summarize the status of existing preclinical and clinical GPCR-targeted ADCs and address the potential of GPCRs as novel targets for future ADC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyton High
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kendra S Carmon
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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3
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Zúñiga L, Cayo A, González W, Vilos C, Zúñiga R. Potassium Channels as a Target for Cancer Therapy: Current Perspectives. Onco Targets Ther 2022; 15:783-797. [PMID: 35899081 PMCID: PMC9309325 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s326614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Potassium (K+) channels are highly regulated membrane proteins that control the potassium ion flux and respond to different cellular stimuli. These ion channels are grouped into three major families, Kv (voltage-gated K+ channel), Kir (inwardly rectifying K+ channel) and K2P (two-pore K+ channels), according to the structure, to mediate the K+ currents. In cancer, alterations in K+ channel function can promote the acquisition of the so-called hallmarks of cancer – cell proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, metabolic changes, angiogenesis, and migratory capabilities – emerging as targets for the development of new therapeutic drugs. In this review, we focus our attention on the different K+ channels associated with the most relevant and prevalent cancer types. We summarize our knowledge about the potassium channels structure and function, their cancer dysregulated expression and discuss the K+ channels modulator and the strategies for designing new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Zúñiga
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.,Centro de Nanomedicina, Diagnóstico y Desarrollo de Fármacos (ND3), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Angel Cayo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.,Centro de Nanomedicina, Diagnóstico y Desarrollo de Fármacos (ND3), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Wendy González
- Centro de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Cristian Vilos
- Centro de Nanomedicina, Diagnóstico y Desarrollo de Fármacos (ND3), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.,Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Targeted Delivery, School of Medicine, Universidad de Talca, Talca, 3460000, Chile.,Center for The Development of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, 8350709, Chile
| | - Rafael Zúñiga
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.,Centro de Nanomedicina, Diagnóstico y Desarrollo de Fármacos (ND3), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
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4
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Hutchings CJ. Mini-review: antibody therapeutics targeting G protein-coupled receptors and ion channels. Antib Ther 2020; 3:257-264. [PMID: 33912796 PMCID: PMC7799348 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are now well established as therapeutics with many additional advantages over small molecules and peptides relative to their selectivity, bioavailability, half-life and effector function. Major classes of membrane-associated protein targets include G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and ion channels that are linked to a wide range of disease indications across all therapeutic areas. This mini-review summarizes the antibody target landscape for both GPCRs and ion channels as well as current progress in the respective research and development pipelines with some example case studies highlighted from clinical studies, including those being evaluated for the treatment of symptoms in COVID-19 infection.
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5
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Hutchings CJ. A review of antibody-based therapeutics targeting G protein-coupled receptors: an update. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:925-935. [PMID: 32264722 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1745770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play key roles in many biological functions and are linked to many diseases across all therapeutic areas. As such, GPCRs represent a significant opportunity for antibody-based therapeutics. AREAS COVERED The structure of the major GPCR families is summarized in the context of choice of antigen source employed in the drug discovery process and receptor biology considerations which may impact on targeting strategies. An overview of the therapeutic GPCR-antibody target landscape and the diversity of current therapeutic programs is provided along with summary case studies for marketed antibody drugs or those in advanced clinical studies. Antibodies in early clinical studies and the emergence of next-generation modalities are also highlighted. EXPERT OPINION The GPCR-antibody pipeline has progressed significantly with a number of technical developments enabling the successful resolution of some of the challenges previously encountered and this has contributed to the growing interest in antibody-based therapeutics addressing this target class.
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Liu W, Su K. A Review on the Receptor-ligand Molecular Interactions in the Nicotinic Receptor Signaling Systems. Pak J Biol Sci 2019; 21:51-66. [PMID: 30221881 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2018.51.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine is regarded as the main active addictive ingredient in tobacco products driving continued tobacco abuse behavior (smoking) to the addiction behavior, whereas nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) is the crucial effective apparatus or molecular effector of nicotine and acetylcholine and other similar ligands. Many nAChR subunits have been revealed to bind to either neurotransmitters or exogenous ligands, such as nicotine and acetylcholine, being involved in the nicotinic receptor signal transduction. Therefore, the nicotinic receptor signalling molecules and the receptor-ligand molecular interactions between nAChRs and their ligands are universally regarded as crucial mediators of cellular functions and drug targets in medical treatment and clinical diagnosis. Given numerous endeavours have been made in defining the roles of nAChRs in response to nicotine and other addictive drugs, this review focuses on studies and reports in recent years on the receptor-ligand interactions between nAChR receptors and ligands, including lipid-nAChR and protein-nAChR molecular interactions, relevant signal transduction pathways and their molecular mechanisms in the nicotinic receptor signalling systems. All the references were carefully retrieved from the PubMed database by searching key words "nicotine", "acetylcholine", "nicotinic acetylcholine receptor(s)", "nAChR*", "protein and nAChR", "lipid and nAChR", "smok*" and "tobacco". All the relevant referred papers and reports retrieved were fully reviewed for manual inspection. This effort intend to get a quick insight and understanding of the nicotinic receptor signalling and their molecular interactions mechanisms. Understanding the cellular receptor-ligand interactions and molecular mechanisms between nAChRs and ligands will lead to a better translational and therapeutic operations and outcomes for the prevention and treatment of nicotine addiction and other chronic drug addictions in the brain's reward circuitry.
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7
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Use of syngeneic cells expressing membrane-bound GM-CSF as an adjuvant to induce antibodies against native multi-pass transmembrane protein. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9931. [PMID: 31289297 PMCID: PMC6616555 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane antigens (mAgs) are important targets for the development of antibody (Ab) drugs. However, native mAgs are not easily prepared, causing difficulties in acquiring functional Abs. In this study, we present a platform in which human mAgs were expressed in native form on cell adjuvants made with membrane-bound cytokines that were then used immunize syngeneic mice directly. The membrane-bound cytokines were used as immune stimulators to enhance specific Ab responses against the desired mAgs. Then, mAgs-expressing xenogeneic cells were used for Ab characterization to reduce non-specific binding. We established cell adjuvants by expressing membrane-bound cytokines (mIL-2, mIL-18, or mGM-CSF) on BALB/3T3 cells, which were effective in stimulating splenocyte proliferation in vitro. We then transiently expressed ecotropic viral integration site 2B (EVI2B) on the adjuvants and used them to directly immunize BALB/c mice. We found that 3T3/mGM-CSF cells stimulated higher specific anti-EVI2B Ab response in the immunized mice than the other cell adjuvants. A G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), CXCR2, was then transiently expressed on 3T3/mGM-CSF cell adjuvant to immunize mice. The immune serum exhibited relatively higher binding to xenogeneic 293 A/CXCR2 cells than 293 A cells (~3.5-fold). Several hybridoma clones also exhibited selective binding to 293 A/CXCR2 cells. Therefore, the cell adjuvant could preserve the native conformation of mAgs and exhibit anti-mAg Ab stimulatory ability, providing a more convenient and effective method to generate functional Abs, thus possibly accelerating Ab drug development.
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8
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Wulff H, Christophersen P, Colussi P, Chandy KG, Yarov-Yarovoy V. Antibodies and venom peptides: new modalities for ion channels. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 18:339-357. [PMID: 30728472 PMCID: PMC6499689 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ion channels play fundamental roles in both excitable and non-excitable tissues and therefore constitute attractive drug targets for myriad neurological, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases as well as for cancer and immunomodulation. However, achieving selectivity for specific ion channel subtypes with small-molecule drugs has been challenging, and there currently is a growing trend to target ion channels with biologics. One approach is to improve the pharmacokinetics of existing or novel venom-derived peptides. In parallel, after initial studies with polyclonal antibodies demonstrated the technical feasibility of inhibiting channel function with antibodies, multiple preclinical programmes are now using the full spectrum of available technologies to generate conventional monoclonal and engineered antibodies or nanobodies against extracellular loops of ion channels. After a summary of the current state of ion channel drug discovery, this Review discusses recent developments using the purinergic receptor channel P2X purinoceptor 7 (P2X7), the voltage-gated potassium channel KV1.3 and the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.7 as examples of targeting ion channels with biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | | | | | - K George Chandy
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Infection and Immunity Theme, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vladimir Yarov-Yarovoy
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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9
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Luo M, Zhao M, Cagliero C, Jiang H, Xie Y, Zhu J, Yang H, Zhang M, Zheng Y, Yuan Y, Du Z, Lu H. A general platform for efficient extracellular expression and purification of Fab from Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:3341-3353. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09745-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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10
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Strickland M, Yacoubi-Loueslati B, Bouhaouala-Zahar B, Pender SLF, Larbi A. Relationships Between Ion Channels, Mitochondrial Functions and Inflammation in Human Aging. Front Physiol 2019; 10:158. [PMID: 30881309 PMCID: PMC6405477 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is often associated with a loss of function. We believe aging to be more an adaptation to the various, and often continuous, stressors encountered during life in order to maintain overall functionality of the systems. The maladaptation of a system during aging may increase the susceptibility to diseases. There are basic cellular functions that may influence and/or are influenced by aging. Mitochondrial function is amongst these. Their presence in almost all cell types makes of these valuable targets for interventions to slow down or even reserve signs of aging. In this review, the role of mitochondria and essential physiological regulators of mitochondria and cellular functions, ion channels, will be discussed in the context of human aging. The origins of inflamm-aging, associated with poor clinical outcomes, will be linked to mitochondria and ion channel biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Strickland
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Besma Yacoubi-Loueslati
- Laboratory of Mycology, Pathologies and Biomarkers, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Balkiss Bouhaouala-Zahar
- Laboratory of Venoms and Therapeutic Molecules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Medical School of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sylvia L. F. Pender
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Chinese University of Hong Kong – University of Southampton Joint Lab for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Geriatrics Division, Department of Medicine, Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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11
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Hendrickx JO, van Gastel J, Leysen H, Santos-Otte P, Premont RT, Martin B, Maudsley S. GRK5 - A Functional Bridge Between Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1484. [PMID: 30618771 PMCID: PMC6304357 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex aging-triggered disorders are multifactorial programs that comprise a myriad of alterations in interconnected protein networks over a broad range of tissues. It is evident that rather than being randomly organized events, pathophysiologies that possess a strong aging component such as cardiovascular diseases (hypertensions, atherosclerosis, and vascular stiffening) and neurodegenerative conditions (dementia, Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, Parkinson's disease), in essence represent a subtly modified version of the intricate molecular programs already in place for normal aging. To control such multidimensional activities there are layers of trophic protein control across these networks mediated by so-called "keystone" proteins. We propose that these "keystones" coordinate and interconnect multiple signaling pathways to control whole somatic activities such as aging-related disease etiology. Given its ability to control multiple receptor sensitivities and its broad protein-protein interactomic nature, we propose that G protein coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) represents one of these key network controllers. Considerable data has emerged, suggesting that GRK5 acts as a bridging factor, allowing signaling regulation in pathophysiological settings to control the connectivity between both the cardiovascular and neurophysiological complications of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhana O. Hendrickx
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jaana van Gastel
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hanne Leysen
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paula Santos-Otte
- Institute of Biophysics, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard T. Premont
- Harrington Discovery Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, GA, United States
| | - Bronwen Martin
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stuart Maudsley
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
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12
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Abstract
It is now well established that antibodies have numerous potential benefits when developed as therapeutics. Here, we evaluate the technical challenges of raising antibodies to membrane-spanning proteins together with enabling technologies that may facilitate the discovery of antibody therapeutics to ion channels. Additionally, we discuss the potential targeting opportunities in the anti-ion channel antibody landscape, along with a number of case studies where functional antibodies that target ion channels have been reported. Antibodies currently in development and progressing towards the clinic are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Colussi
- a TetraGenetics Inc , Arlington Massachusetts , USA
| | - Theodore G Clark
- a TetraGenetics Inc , Arlington Massachusetts , USA.,b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Cornell University , Ithaca New York , USA
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13
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Colley CS, England E, Linley JE, Wilkinson TCI. Screening Strategies for the Discovery of Ion Channel Monoclonal Antibodies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 82:e44. [DOI: 10.1002/cpph.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S. Colley
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune; Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth England
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune; Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - John E. Linley
- Neuroscience, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca; Cambridge United Kingdom
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14
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Joslin J, Gilligan J, Anderson P, Garcia C, Sharif O, Hampton J, Cohen S, King M, Zhou B, Jiang S, Trussell C, Dunn R, Fathman JW, Snead JL, Boitano AE, Nguyen T, Conner M, Cooke M, Harris J, Ainscow E, Zhou Y, Shaw C, Sipes D, Mainquist J, Lesley S. A Fully Automated High-Throughput Flow Cytometry Screening System Enabling Phenotypic Drug Discovery. SLAS DISCOVERY 2018; 23:697-707. [PMID: 29843542 PMCID: PMC6055113 DOI: 10.1177/2472555218773086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The goal of high-throughput screening is to enable screening of compound libraries in an automated manner to identify quality starting points for optimization. This often involves screening a large diversity of compounds in an assay that preserves a connection to the disease pathology. Phenotypic screening is a powerful tool for drug identification, in that assays can be run without prior understanding of the target and with primary cells that closely mimic the therapeutic setting. Advanced automation and high-content imaging have enabled many complex assays, but these are still relatively slow and low throughput. To address this limitation, we have developed an automated workflow that is dedicated to processing complex phenotypic assays for flow cytometry. The system can achieve a throughput of 50,000 wells per day, resulting in a fully automated platform that enables robust phenotypic drug discovery. Over the past 5 years, this screening system has been used for a variety of drug discovery programs, across many disease areas, with many molecules advancing quickly into preclinical development and into the clinic. This report will highlight a diversity of approaches that automated flow cytometry has enabled for phenotypic drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Joslin
- 1 Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - James Gilligan
- 1 Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Paul Anderson
- 1 Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Catherine Garcia
- 1 Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Orzala Sharif
- 1 Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Janice Hampton
- 1 Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Steven Cohen
- 1 Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Miranda King
- 1 Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- 1 Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Shumei Jiang
- 1 Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Robert Dunn
- 1 Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - John W Fathman
- 1 Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Snead
- 1 Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anthony E Boitano
- 1 Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tommy Nguyen
- 1 Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael Conner
- 1 Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mike Cooke
- 1 Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Harris
- 1 Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ed Ainscow
- 1 Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yingyao Zhou
- 1 Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Chris Shaw
- 1 Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Dan Sipes
- 1 Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - James Mainquist
- 1 Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Scott Lesley
- 1 Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
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15
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Isolation of state-dependent monoclonal antibodies against the 12-transmembrane domain glucose transporter 4 using virus-like particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E4990-E4999. [PMID: 29769329 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1716788115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-responsive 12-transmembrane transporter GLUT4 changes conformation between an inward-open state and an outward-open state to actively facilitate cellular glucose uptake. Because of the difficulties of generating conformational mAbs against complex and highly conserved membrane proteins, no reliable tools exist to measure GLUT4 at the cell surface, follow its trafficking, or detect the conformational state of the protein. Here we report the isolation and characterization of conformational mAbs that recognize the extracellular and intracellular domains of GLUT4, including mAbs that are specific for the inward-open and outward-open states of GLUT4. mAbs against GLUT4 were generated using virus-like particles to present this complex membrane protein in its native conformation and using a divergent host species (chicken) for immunization to overcome immune tolerance. As a result, the isolated mAbs recognize conformational epitopes on native GLUT4 in cells, with apparent affinities as high as 1 pM and with specificity for GLUT4 across the human membrane proteome. Epitope mapping using shotgun mutagenesis alanine scanning across the 509 amino acids of GLUT4 identified the binding epitopes for mAbs specific for the states of GLUT4 and allowed the comprehensive identification of the residues that functionally control the GLUT4 inward-open and outward-open states. The mAbs identified here will be valuable molecular tools for monitoring GLUT4 structure, function, and trafficking, for differentiating GLUT4 conformational states, and for the development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of diabetes.
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Chen WC, Murawsky CM. Strategies for Generating Diverse Antibody Repertoires Using Transgenic Animals Expressing Human Antibodies. Front Immunol 2018; 9:460. [PMID: 29563917 PMCID: PMC5845867 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic molecules derived from antibodies have become a dominant class of drugs used to treat human disease. Increasingly, therapeutic antibodies are discovered using transgenic animal systems that have been engineered to express human antibodies. While the engineering details differ, these platforms share the ability to raise an immune response that is comprised of antibodies with fully human idiotypes. Although the predominant transgenic host species has been mouse, the genomes of rats, rabbits, chickens, and cows have also been modified to express human antibodies. The creation of transgenic animal platforms expressing human antibody repertoires has revolutionized therapeutic antibody drug discovery. The observation that the immune systems of these animals are able to recognize and respond to a wide range of therapeutically relevant human targets has led to a surge in antibody-derived drugs in current development. While the clinical success of fully human monoclonal antibodies derived from transgenic animals is well established, recent trends have seen increasingly stringent functional design goals and a shift in difficulty as the industry attempts to tackle the next generation of disease-associated targets. These challenges have been met with a number of novel approaches focused on the generation of large, high-quality, and diverse antibody repertoires. In this perspective, we describe some of the strategies and considerations we use for manipulating the immune systems of transgenic animal platforms (such as XenoMouse®) with a focus on maximizing the diversity of the primary response and steering the ensuing antibody repertoire toward a desired outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihsu C Chen
- Biologics Discovery, Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen British Columbia Inc., Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher M Murawsky
- Biologics Discovery, Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen British Columbia Inc., Burnaby, BC, Canada
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