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Raut S, Singh K, Sanghvi S, Loyo-Celis V, Varghese L, Singh E, Gururaja Rao S, Singh H. Chloride ions in health and disease. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20240029. [PMID: 38573803 PMCID: PMC11065649 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20240029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Chloride is a key anion involved in cellular physiology by regulating its homeostasis and rheostatic processes. Changes in cellular Cl- concentration result in differential regulation of cellular functions such as transcription and translation, post-translation modifications, cell cycle and proliferation, cell volume, and pH levels. In intracellular compartments, Cl- modulates the function of lysosomes, mitochondria, endosomes, phagosomes, the nucleus, and the endoplasmic reticulum. In extracellular fluid (ECF), Cl- is present in blood/plasma and interstitial fluid compartments. A reduction in Cl- levels in ECF can result in cell volume contraction. Cl- is the key physiological anion and is a principal compensatory ion for the movement of the major cations such as Na+, K+, and Ca2+. Over the past 25 years, we have increased our understanding of cellular signaling mediated by Cl-, which has helped in understanding the molecular and metabolic changes observed in pathologies with altered Cl- levels. Here, we review the concentration of Cl- in various organs and cellular compartments, ion channels responsible for its transportation, and recent information on its physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish K. Raut
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
| | - Kulwinder Singh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
| | - Shridhar Sanghvi
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
| | - Veronica Loyo-Celis
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
| | - Liyah Varghese
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
| | - Ekam R. Singh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
| | | | - Harpreet Singh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
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Wang J, Luo J, Liu Y, Jiang Y, Qu X, Liu C, Xiang Y, Qin X. Stress stimulation promotes the injury repair process of airway epithelial cells through the [Cl -] i-FAK signaling axis. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2024; 323:104237. [PMID: 38354845 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2024.104237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The airway epithelium serves as a critical interface with the external environment, making it vulnerable to various external stimuli. Airway epithelial stress acts as a catalyst for the onset of numerous pulmonary and systemic diseases. Our previous studies have highlighted the impact of acute stress stimuli, especially bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), on the continuous elevation of intracellular chloride concentration ([Cl-]i). However, the precise mechanism behind this [Cl-]i elevation and the consequential effects of such stress on the injury repair function of airway epithelial cells remain unclear. Our findings indicate that H2O2 induces an elevation in [Cl-]i by modulating the expression of CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and Ca-activated transmembrane protein 16 A (TMEM16A) in airway epithelial cells (BEAS-2B), whereas LPS achieves this solely through CFTR. Subsequently, the elevated [Cl-]i level facilitated the injury repair process of airway epithelial cells by activating focal adhesion kinase (FAK). In summary, the [Cl-]i-FAK axis appears to play a promoting effect on the injury repair process triggered by stress stimulation. Furthermore, our findings suggest that abnormalities in the [Cl-]i-FAK signaling axis may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of chronic airway diseases. Therefore, controlling the structure and function of airway epithelial barriers through the modulation of [Cl-]i holds promising prospects for future applications in managing and treating such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First-affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410016, China; Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Jinhua Luo
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Yanjuan Liu
- Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First-affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410016, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First-affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410016, China
| | - Xiangping Qu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Chi Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China.
| | - Xiaoqun Qin
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China.
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Marunaka Y. The Role of Ion-Transporting Proteins in Human Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1726. [PMID: 38339004 PMCID: PMC10855098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This Special Issue focuses on the significance of ion-transporting proteins, such as ion channels and transporters, providing evidence for their significant contribution to bodily and cellular functions via the regulation of signal transduction and ionic environments [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Marunaka
- Medical Research Institute, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, 67 Kitatsuboi-cho, Nishinokyo, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8472, Japan;
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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Tutol J, Ong WSY, Phelps SM, Peng W, Goenawan H, Dodani SC. Engineering the ChlorON Series: Turn-On Fluorescent Protein Sensors for Imaging Labile Chloride in Living Cells. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:77-86. [PMID: 38292617 PMCID: PMC10823515 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Beyond its role as the "queen of electrolytes", chloride can also serve as an allosteric regulator or even a signaling ion. To illuminate this essential anion across such a spectrum of biological processes, researchers have relied on fluorescence imaging with genetically encoded sensors. In large part, these have been derived from the green fluorescent protein found in the jellyfish Aequorea victoria. However, a standalone sensor with a turn-on intensiometric response at physiological pH has yet to be reported. Here, we address this technology gap by building on our discovery of the anion-sensitive fluorescent protein mNeonGreen (mNG). The targeted engineering of two non-coordinating residues, namely K143 and R195, in the chloride binding pocket of mNG coupled with an anion walking screening and selection strategy resulted in the ChlorON sensors: ChlorON-1 (K143W/R195L), ChlorON-2 (K143R/R195I), and ChlorON-3 (K143R/R195L). In vitro spectroscopy revealed that all three sensors display a robust turn-on fluorescence response to chloride (20- to 45-fold) across a wide range of affinities (Kd ≈ 30-285 mM). We further showcase how this unique sensing mechanism can be exploited to directly image labile chloride transport with spatial and temporal resolution in a cell model overexpressing the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. Building from this initial demonstration, we anticipate that the ChlorON technology will have broad utility, accelerating the path forward for fundamental and translational aspects of chloride biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine
N. Tutol
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Whitney S. Y. Ong
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Shelby M. Phelps
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Weicheng Peng
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Helen Goenawan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Sheel C. Dodani
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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Marunaka Y. Physiological roles of chloride ions in bodily and cellular functions. J Physiol Sci 2023; 73:31. [PMID: 37968609 PMCID: PMC10717538 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-023-00889-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Physiological roles of Cl-, a major anion in the body, are not well known compared with those of cations. This review article introduces: (1) roles of Cl- in bodily and cellular functions; (2) the range of cytosolic Cl- concentration ([Cl-]c); (3) whether [Cl-]c could change with cell volume change under an isosmotic condition; (4) whether [Cl-]c could change under conditions where multiple Cl- transporters and channels contribute to Cl- influx and efflux in an isosmotic state; (5) whether the change in [Cl-]c could be large enough to act as signals; (6) effects of Cl- on cytoskeletal tubulin polymerization through inhibition of GTPase activity and tubulin polymerization-dependent biological activity; (7) roles of cytosolic Cl- in cell proliferation; (8) Cl--regulatory mechanisms of ciliary motility; (9) roles of Cl- in sweet/umami taste receptors; (10) Cl--regulatory mechanisms of with-no-lysine kinase (WNK); (11) roles of Cl- in regulation of epithelial Na+ transport; (12) relationship between roles of Cl- and H+ in body functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Marunaka
- Medical Research Institute, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, General Incorporated Foundation, 67 Kitatsuboi-Cho, Nishinokyo, Nakagyo-Ku, Kyoto, 604-8472, Japan.
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan.
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
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Mitchell SJ, Pardo-Pastor C, Zangle TA, Rosenblatt J. Voltage-dependent volume regulation controls epithelial cell extrusion and morphology. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.13.532421. [PMID: 36993671 PMCID: PMC10054995 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.13.532421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cells work collectively to provide a protective barrier, yet also turn over rapidly by cell death and division. If the number of dying cells does not match those dividing, the barrier would vanish, or tumors can form. Mechanical forces and the stretch-activated ion channel (SAC) Piezo1 link both processes; stretch promotes cell division and crowding triggers cell death by initiating live cell extrusion1,2. However, it was not clear how particular cells within a crowded region are selected for extrusion. Here, we show that individual cells transiently shrink via water loss before they extrude. Artificially inducing cell shrinkage by increasing extracellular osmolarity is sufficient to induce cell extrusion. Pre-extrusion cell shrinkage requires the voltage-gated potassium channels Kv1.1 and Kv1.2 and the chloride channel SWELL1, upstream of Piezo1. Activation of these voltage-gated channels requires the mechano-sensitive Epithelial Sodium Channel, ENaC, acting as the earliest crowd-sensing step. Imaging with a voltage dye indicated that epithelial cells lose membrane potential as they become crowded and smaller, yet those selected for extrusion are markedly more depolarized than their neighbours. Loss of any of these channels in crowded conditions causes epithelial buckling, highlighting an important role for voltage and water regulation in controlling epithelial shape as well as extrusion. Thus, ENaC causes cells with similar membrane potentials to slowly shrink with compression but those with reduced membrane potentials to be eliminated by extrusion, suggesting a chief driver of cell death stems from insufficient energy to maintain cell membrane potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranne J Mitchell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- The Randall Centre for Cell & Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, & School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Carlos Pardo-Pastor
- The Randall Centre for Cell & Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, & School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas A Zangle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jody Rosenblatt
- The Randall Centre for Cell & Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, & School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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