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Baris E, Arici MA, Tosun M. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated effects of varenicline on LPS-elevated prostaglandin and cyclooxygenase levels in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1392689. [PMID: 38859932 PMCID: PMC11163068 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1392689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of this study is to delineate anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of varenicline, a cigarette smoking cessation aid, on decreasing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-elevated proinflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cultures which we showed earlier to occur via cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) activation. To this end, we investigated the possible suppressive capacity of varenicline on LPS-regulated cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) via α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) activation using the same in vitro model. Materials and Methods: In order to test anti-inflammatory effectiveness of varenicline, the levels of COX isoforms and products (PGE2, 6-keto PGF1α, a stable analog of PGI2, and TXA2) altered after LPS administration were determined by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The antioxidant effects of varenicline were assessed by measuring reductions in reactive oxygen species (ROS) using a fluorometric intracellular ROS assay kit. We further investigated the contribution of nAChR subtypes by using non-selective and/or selective α7nAChR antagonists. The results were compared with that of conventional anti-inflammatory medications, such as ibuprofen, celecoxib and dexamethasone. Results: Varenicline significantly reduced LPS-induced COX-1, COX-2 and prostaglandin levels and ROS to an extent similar to that observed with anti-inflammatory agents used. Discussion: Significant downregulation in LPS-induced COX isoforms and associated decreases in PGE2, 6-keto PGF1α, and TXA2 levels along with reduction in ROS may be partly mediated via varenicline-activated α7nAChRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Baris
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Mualla Aylin Arici
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Metiner Tosun
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Türkiye
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2
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Andrographolide inhibits IL-1β release in bone marrow-derived macrophages and monocyte infiltration in mouse knee joints induced by monosodium urate. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 410:115341. [PMID: 33242555 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Andrographolide (AND) is the major diterpenoid in A. paniculata with wide clinical application and has been shown to be a potent anti-inflammatory agent. Gout is the leading inflammatory disease of the joints, and the deposition of urate in the articular cavity attracts immune cells that release inflammatory cytokines. Monosodium urate (MSU) is known to be one of the activators of the NLRP3 (NLR family pyrin domain containing 3) inflammasome. After activation, the NLRP3 inflammasome releases interleukin-1β (IL-1β), which causes the development of many inflammatory diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether AND attenuates the release of IL-1β mediated by the NLRP3 inflammasome. The effects of AND were studied in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and MSU and in mice with MSU-induced joint inflammation. AND suppressed MSU phagocytosis dose-dependently and markedly inhibited LPS- and MSU-induced IL-1β release in BMDMs. Moreover, AND pretreatment inhibited the LPS-induced NLRP3 inflammasome priming stage by inhibiting the IKK/NFκB signaling pathway, which resulted in decreased protein expression of NLRP3 and proIL-1β. AND induced HO-1 protein expression in a dose-dependent manner and attenuated MSU-induced ROS generation. Silencing HO-1 mitigated AND inhibition of LPS/MSU-induced IL-1β release in J774A.1 cells. In addition, AND decreased MSU-mediated ASC binding to NLRP3. Oral administration of AND attenuated MSU-induced monocyte infiltration in mouse knee joints. These results suggest that the working mechanisms by which AND down-regulates MSU-induced joint inflammation might be via HO-1 induction and attenuation of ROS-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and subsequent IL-1β release.
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Zhang Y, Li X, Zhou K, Zhou M, Xia K, Xu Y, Sun X, Zhu Y, Cui C, Deng C. Influence of Experimental Autoimmune Prostatitis on Sexual Function and the Anti-inflammatory Efficacy of Celecoxib in a Rat Model. Front Immunol 2020; 11:574212. [PMID: 33013933 PMCID: PMC7509491 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.574212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP) is a well-established model induced by an autoimmune response to prostate antigen. The symptomatic, pathological, and immunological characteristics of EAP animals are highly consistent with human chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS), which makes EAP an ideal model for this disease. Here, we investigate the influence of EAP on male rat sexual function and the efficacy of anti-inflammatory therapy with celecoxib. EAP rat models were established using male Wistar rats. Rats were randomly assigned to a normal control group, an EAP model group, or an EAP model with celecoxib treatment group (celecoxib group). Behavioral changes, sexual behavioral changes, and erectile function were estimated using an open-field test, a sucrose consumption test, mating experiments, and by intracavernous pressure/mean arterial pressure ratio (ICP/MAP). Histological changes in the prostate were observed by HE staining, and the serum inflammatory factors IL-1β and TNF-α levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), 5-HT1A receptor, 5-HT2C receptor, and serotonin transporter (SERT) expression levels in the hippocampus and spinal cord (T13–L1, L5–S2) were examined by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Results showed that EAP rats exhibited characteristics of depression, decreased sexual drive, premature ejaculation, and increased threshold of penile erection. Moreover, all these changes were effectively alleviated by celecoxib. Significant increases in prostatic interstitial infiltration by inflammatory cells and in serum IL-1β and TNF-α levels were observed in EAP rats, and these were partially reduced by celecoxib. Additionally, the expression pattern of serotonin system regulators in the hippocampus and spinal cord were altered in EAP model rats, including a decrease in 5-HT levels and an increase in 5-HT1A receptor levels. In conclusion, autoimmune prostatitis impaired rat sexual function, and this was effectively prevented by anti-inflammatory therapy with celecoxib. Moreover, a serotonin system disorder in the central nervous system was likely mediated via inflammation in EAP rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Zhang
- Department of Urology and Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangping Li
- Department of Urology and Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kuikui Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Drug Addiction, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-HongKong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingkuan Zhou
- Department of Urology and Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Xia
- Department of Urology and Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunlong Xu
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Drug Addiction, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-HongKong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiangzhou Sun
- Department of Urology and Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingjie Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Drug Addiction, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-HongKong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunyan Cui
- Imaging and Minimally Invasive Intervention Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC), Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunhua Deng
- Department of Urology and Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Kramer JS, Woltersdorf S, Duflot T, Hiesinger K, Lillich FF, Knöll F, Wittmann SK, Klingler FM, Brunst S, Chaikuad A, Morisseau C, Hammock BD, Buccellati C, Sala A, Rovati GE, Leuillier M, Fraineau S, Rondeaux J, Hernandez-Olmos V, Heering J, Merk D, Pogoryelov D, Steinhilber D, Knapp S, Bellien J, Proschak E. Discovery of the First in Vivo Active Inhibitors of the Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Phosphatase Domain. J Med Chem 2019; 62:8443-8460. [PMID: 31436984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The emerging pharmacological target soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is a bifunctional enzyme exhibiting two different catalytic activities that are located in two distinct domains. Although the physiological role of the C-terminal hydrolase domain is well-investigated, little is known about its phosphatase activity, located in the N-terminal phosphatase domain of sEH (sEH-P). Herein we report the discovery and optimization of the first inhibitor of human and rat sEH-P that is applicable in vivo. X-ray structure analysis of the sEH phosphatase domain complexed with an inhibitor provides insights in the molecular basis of small-molecule sEH-P inhibition and helps to rationalize the structure-activity relationships. 4-(4-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-5-phenyloxazol-2-yl)butanoic acid (22b, SWE101) has an excellent pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile in rats and enables the investigation of the physiological and pathophysiological role of sEH-P in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan S Kramer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9 , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Stefano Woltersdorf
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9 , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Thomas Duflot
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Pharmacogenetics , Rouen University Hospital , 76000 Rouen , France.,Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1096 , 1 rue de Germont , 76000 Rouen , France
| | - Kerstin Hiesinger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9 , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Felix F Lillich
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9 , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Felix Knöll
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9 , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Sandra K Wittmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9 , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Franca-M Klingler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9 , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Steffen Brunst
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9 , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Apirat Chaikuad
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9 , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences , Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15 , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of California Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of California Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Carola Buccellati
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Milan , Via Balzaretti 9 , 20133 Milan , Italy
| | - Angelo Sala
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Milan , Via Balzaretti 9 , 20133 Milan , Italy
| | - G Enrico Rovati
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Milan , Via Balzaretti 9 , 20133 Milan , Italy
| | - Matthieu Leuillier
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1096 , 1 rue de Germont , 76000 Rouen , France
| | - Sylvain Fraineau
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1096 , 1 rue de Germont , 76000 Rouen , France
| | - Julie Rondeaux
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1096 , 1 rue de Germont , 76000 Rouen , France
| | - Victor Hernandez-Olmos
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9 , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP , Theodor-Stern-Kai 7 , 60596 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Jan Heering
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9 , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP , Theodor-Stern-Kai 7 , 60596 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9 , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Denys Pogoryelov
- Institute of Biochemistry , Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9 , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9 , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9 , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany.,Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Pharmacogenetics , Rouen University Hospital , 76000 Rouen , France
| | - Jeremy Bellien
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1096 , 1 rue de Germont , 76000 Rouen , France.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology , Rouen University Hospital , 76000 Rouen , France
| | - Ewgenij Proschak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9 , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
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Rodríguez-Soacha DA, Scheiner M, Decker M. Multi-target-directed-ligands acting as enzyme inhibitors and receptor ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 180:690-706. [PMID: 31401465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we present the latest advances in the field of multi-target-directed ligand (MTDL) design for the treatment of various complex pathologies of multifactorial origin. In particular, latest findings in the field of MTDL design targeting both an enzyme and a receptor are presented for different diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), depression, addiction, glaucoma, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and pain and inflammation. The ethology of the diseases is briefly described, with special emphasis on how the MTDL can evolve into novel therapies that replace the classic pharmacological dogma "one target one disease". Considering the current needs for therapy adherence improvement, it is exposed as from the medicinal chemistry, different molecular scaffolds are studied. With the use of structure activity relationship studies and molecular optimization, new hybrid molecules are generated with improved biological properties acting at two biologically very distinct targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Alejandro Rodríguez-Soacha
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Scheiner
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
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6
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Sala A, Proschak E, Steinhilber D, Rovati GE. Two-pronged approach to anti-inflammatory therapy through the modulation of the arachidonic acid cascade. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 158:161-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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7
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Alshbool FZ, Karim ZA, Espinosa EVP, Lin OA, Khasawneh FT. Investigation of a Thromboxane A 2 Receptor-Based Vaccine for Managing Thrombogenesis. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e009139. [PMID: 29936414 PMCID: PMC6064912 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.009139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the well-established role for the thromboxane A2 receptor (TPR) in the development of thrombotic disorders, none of the antagonists developed to date has been approved for clinical use. To this end, we have previously shown that an antibody targeted against TPR's ligand-binding domain inhibits platelet activation and thrombus formation, without exerting any effects on hemostasis. Thus, the goal of the present studies is to design a novel TPR-based vaccine, demonstrate its ability to trigger an immune response, and characterize its antiplatelet and antithrombotic activity. METHODS AND RESULTS We used a mouse keyhole limpet hemocyanin/peptide-based vaccination approach rationalized over the TPR ligand-binding domain (ie, the C-terminus of the second extracellular loop). The biological activity of this vaccine was assessed in the context of platelets and thrombotic diseases, and using a host of in vitro and in vivo platelet function experiments. Our results revealed that the TPR C-terminus of the second extracellular loop vaccine, in mice: (1) triggered an immune response, which resulted in the development of a C-terminus of the second extracellular loop antibody; (2) did not affect expression of major platelet integrins (eg, glycoprotein IIb-IIIa); (3) selectively inhibited TPR-mediated platelet aggregation, platelet-leukocyte aggregation, integrin glycoprotein IIb-IIIa activation, as well as dense and α granule release; (4) significantly prolonged thrombus formation; and (5) did so without impairing physiological hemostasis. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our findings shed light on TPR's structural biological features, and demonstrate that the C-terminus of the second extracellular loop domain may define a new therapeutic target and a TPR vaccine-based approach that should have therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Z Alshbool
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas El Paso, TX
| | - Zubair A Karim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas El Paso, TX
| | | | | | - Fadi T Khasawneh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas El Paso, TX
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8
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Hoxha M. A systematic review on the role of eicosanoid pathways in rheumatoid arthritis. Adv Med Sci 2018; 63:22-29. [PMID: 28818745 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by the production of eicosanoids, cytokines, adhesion molecules, infiltration of T and B lymphocytes in the synovium and oxygen reduction accompanied by the cartilage degradation. Eicosanoids are responsible for the progressive destruction of cartilage and bone, however neither steroids, nor the non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), cannot slow down cartilage and bone destruction providing only symptomatic improvement. The current rheumatoid arthritis treatment options include mainly the use of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, the corticosteroids, the NSAIDs and biological agents. METHODS PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase electronic database were used as the main sources for extracting several articles, reviews, original papers in English for further review and analysis on the implication of arachidonic acid metabolites with rheumatoid arthritis and different strategies of targeting arachidonic acid metabolites, different enzymes or receptors for improving the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis patients. RESULTS We first focused on the role of individual prostaglandins and leukotrienes, in the inflammatory process of arthritis, concluding with an outline of the current clinical situation of rheumatoid arthritis and novel treatment strategies targeting the arachidonic acid pathway. CONCLUSIONS Extended research is necessary for the development of these novel compounds targeting the eicosanoid pathway, by increasing the levels of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids (PGD2,15dPGJ2), by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids (PGE2, LTB4, PGI2) involved in rheumatoid arthritis or also by developing dual compounds displaying both the COX-2 inhibitor/TP antagonist activity within a single compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malvina Hoxha
- Department of Chemical-Toxicological and Pharmacological Evaluation of Drugs, Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel, Tirana, Albania; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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9
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Carullo G, Galligano F, Aiello F. Structure-activity relationships for the synthesis of selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors: an overview (2009-2016). MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:492-500. [PMID: 30108767 PMCID: PMC6072045 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00569a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Most drugs used to treat pain and inflammation act through inhibition of the enzymes prostaglandin G/H synthase, commonly known as cyclooxygenase (COX). Among these, the simultaneous inhibition of cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1) would explain the unwanted side effects in the gastrointestinal tract and many adverse cardiovascular effects, such as high blood pressure, myocardial infarction and thrombosis. These side effects led in time to the development of NSAIDs that behave as selective COX-2 inhibitors. This manuscript highlights the structure-activity relationships which characterize the chemical scaffolds endowed with selective COX-2 inhibition. Additionally, the role of COX-2 inhibitors in the pain phenomenon and cancer is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Carullo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences , University of Calabria , 87036 Rende , Italy .
| | - F Galligano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences , University of Calabria , 87036 Rende , Italy .
| | - F Aiello
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences , University of Calabria , 87036 Rende , Italy .
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10
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Han Q, Bing W, Di Y, Hua L, Shi-he L, Yu-hua Z, Xiu-guo H, Yu-gang W, Qi-ming F, Shih-mo Y, Ting-ting T. Kinsenoside screening with a microfluidic chip attenuates gouty arthritis through inactivating NF-κB signaling in macrophages and protecting endothelial cells. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2350. [PMID: 27584788 PMCID: PMC5059859 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gouty arthritis is a rheumatic disease that is characterized by the deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) in synovial joints cause by the increased serum hyperuricemia. This study used a three-dimensional (3D) flowing microfluidic chip to screen the effective candidate against MSU-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) damage, and found kinsenoside (Kin) to be the leading active component of Anoectochilus roxburghi, one of the Chinese medicinal plant widely used in the treatment of gouty arthritis clinically. Cell viability and apoptosis of HUVECs were evaluated, indicating that direct Kin stimulation and conditioned medium (CM) from Kin-treated macrophages both negatively modulated with MSU crystals. Additionally, Kin was capable of attenuating MSU-induced activation of nuclear factor-κB/mitogen-activated protein kinase (NF-κB/MAPK) signaling, targeting IκB kinase-α (IKKα) and IKKβ kinases of macrophages and influencing the expressions of NF-κB downstream cytokines and subsequent HUVEC bioactivity. Inflammasome NLR pyrin domain-containing 3 (NALP3) and toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) were also inhibited after Kin treatment. Also, Kin downregulated CD14-mediated MSU crystals uptake in macrophages. In vivo study with MSU-injected ankle joints further revealed the significant suppression of inflammatory infiltration and endothelia impairment coupled with alleviation of ankle swelling and nociceptive response via Kin treatments. Taken together, these data implicated that Kin was the most effective candidate from Anoectochilus roxburghi to treat gouty arthritis clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Bing
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Di
- Complex and Intelligent Research Center, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Hua
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Shi-he
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Yu-hua
- Wenshan Zhengbao Orthopaedic Hospital of Yunnan Province, Wenshan, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Xiu-guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Yu-gang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Qi-ming
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Shih-mo
- Complex and Intelligent Research Center, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tang Ting-ting
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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