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Spiewok S, Lamla M, Schaefer M, Kuehne AJC. A Phosphoramidate Prodrug Platform: One-Pot Amine Functionalization of Kinase Inhibitors with Oligoethylene Glycol for Improved Water-Solubility. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401781. [PMID: 38923708 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Small molecular kinase inhibitors play a key role in modern cancer therapy. Protein kinases are essential mediators in the growth and progression of cancerous tumors, rendering involved kinases an increasingly important target for therapy. However, kinase inhibitors are almost insoluble in water because of their hydrophobic aromatic nature, often lowering their availability and pharmacological efficacy. Direct drug functionalization with polar groups represents a simple strategy to improve the drug solubility, availability, and performance. Here, we present a strategy to functionalize secondary amines with oligoethylene glycol (OEG) phosphate using a one-pot synthesis in three exemplary kinase inhibiting drugs Ceritinib, Crizotinib, and Palbociclib. These OEG-prodrug conjugates demonstrate superior solubility in water compared to the native drugs, with the solubility increasing up to 190-fold. The kinase inhibition potential is only slightly decreased for the conjugates compared to the native drugs. We further show pH dependent hydrolysis of the OEG-prodrugs which releases the native drug. We observe a slow release at pH 3, while the conjugates remain stable over 96 h under physiological conditions (pH 7.4). Using confocal microscopy, we verify improved cell uptake of the drug-OEG conjugates into the cytoplasm of HeLa cells, further supporting our universal solubility approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Spiewok
- Institute of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Lamla
- Institute of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schaefer
- Institute of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander J C Kuehne
- Institute of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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2
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Rina A, Maffeo D, Minnai F, Esposito M, Palmieri M, Serio VB, Rosati D, Mari F, Frullanti E, Colombo F. The Genetic Analysis and Clinical Therapy in Lung Cancer: Current Advances and Future Directions. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2882. [PMID: 39199653 PMCID: PMC11352260 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16162882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer, including both non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, representing 18% of the total cancer deaths in 2020. Many patients are identified already at an advanced stage with metastatic disease and have a worsening prognosis. Recent advances in the genetic understanding of lung cancer have opened new avenues for personalized treatments and targeted therapies. This review examines the latest discoveries in the genetics of lung cancer, discusses key biomarkers, and analyzes current clinical therapies based on this genetic information. It will conclude with a discussion of future prospects and potential research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Rina
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.R.); (D.M.); (M.P.); (V.B.S.); (D.R.); (E.F.)
- UOC Laboratorio di Assistenza e Ricerca Traslazionale, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Debora Maffeo
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.R.); (D.M.); (M.P.); (V.B.S.); (D.R.); (E.F.)
- Cancer Genomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Minnai
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, 20054 Segrate, Italy; (F.M.); (M.E.)
| | - Martina Esposito
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, 20054 Segrate, Italy; (F.M.); (M.E.)
| | - Maria Palmieri
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.R.); (D.M.); (M.P.); (V.B.S.); (D.R.); (E.F.)
- Cancer Genomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Viola Bianca Serio
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.R.); (D.M.); (M.P.); (V.B.S.); (D.R.); (E.F.)
- Cancer Genomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Diletta Rosati
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.R.); (D.M.); (M.P.); (V.B.S.); (D.R.); (E.F.)
- Cancer Genomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Mari
- UOC Laboratorio di Assistenza e Ricerca Traslazionale, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy;
- Cancer Genomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Elisa Frullanti
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.R.); (D.M.); (M.P.); (V.B.S.); (D.R.); (E.F.)
- Cancer Genomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Colombo
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, 20054 Segrate, Italy; (F.M.); (M.E.)
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3
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Kaur R, Suresh PK. Chemoresistance Mechanisms in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer-Opportunities for Drug Repurposing. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:4382-4438. [PMID: 37721630 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04595-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Globally, lung cancer contributes significantly to the public health burden-associated mortality. As this form of cancer is insidious in nature, there is an inevitable diagnostic delay leading to chronic tumor development. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) constitutes 80-85% of all lung cancer cases, making this neoplasia form a prevalent subset of lung carcinoma. One of the most vital aspects for proper diagnosis, prognosis, and adequate therapy is the precise classification of non-small cell lung cancer based on biomarker expression profiling. This form of biomarker profiling has provided opportunities for improvements in patient stratification, mechanistic insights, and probable druggable targets. However, numerous patients have exhibited numerous toxic side effects, tumor relapse, and development of therapy-based chemoresistance. As a result of these exacting situations, there is a dire need for efficient and effective new cancer therapeutics. De novo drug development approach is a costly and tedious endeavor, with an increased attrition rate, attributed, in part, to toxicity-related issues. Drug repurposing, on the other hand, when combined with computer-assisted systems biology approach, provides alternatives to the discovery of new, efficacious, and safe drugs. Therefore, in this review, we focus on a comparison of the conventional therapy-based chemoresistance mechanisms with the repurposed anti-cancer drugs from three different classes-anti-parasitic, anti-depressants, and anti-psychotics for cancer treatment with a primary focus on NSCLC therapeutics. Certainly, amalgamating these novel therapeutic approaches with that of the conventional drug regimen in NSCLC-affected patients will possibly complement/synergize the existing therapeutic modalities. This approach has tremendous translational significance, since it can combat drug resistance and cytotoxicity-based side effects and provides a relatively new strategy for possible application in therapy of individuals with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajdeep Kaur
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P K Suresh
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Kim SH, Kang JM, Park Y, Kim Y, Lim B, Park JH. Effects of bipolar irreversible electroporation with different pulse durations in a prostate cancer mouse model. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9902. [PMID: 38688960 PMCID: PMC11061152 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60413-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal ablation technique for local tumor treatment known to be influenced by pulse duration and voltage settings, affecting its efficacy. This study aims to investigate the effects of bipolar IRE with different pulse durations in a prostate cancer mouse model. The therapeutic effectiveness was assessed with in vitro cell experiments, in vivo tumor volume changes with magnetic resonance imaging, and gross and histological analysis in a mouse model. The tumor volume continuously decreased over time in all IRE-treated groups. The tumor volume changes, necroptosis (%), necrosis (%), the degree of TUNEL-positive cell expression, and ROS1-positive cell (%) in the long pulse duration-treated groups (300 μs) were significantly increased compared to the short pulse duration-treated groups (100 μs) (all p < 0.001). The bipolar IRE with a relatively long pulse duration at the same voltage significantly increased IRE-induced cell death in a prostate cancer mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Hee Kim
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Medical Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, 88 Olympic-ro 43-Gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-Gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeon Min Kang
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Medical Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, 88 Olympic-ro 43-Gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Yubeen Park
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Medical Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, 88 Olympic-ro 43-Gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunlim Kim
- Departments of Urology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-Gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumjin Lim
- Departments of Urology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-Gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung-Hoon Park
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Medical Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, 88 Olympic-ro 43-Gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-Gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Melchior L, Hirschmann A, Hofman P, Bontoux C, Concha A, Mrabet-Dahbi S, Vannuffel P, Watkin E, Putzová M, Scarpino S, Cayre A, Martin P, Stoehr R, Hartmann A. Multicenter evaluation of an automated, multiplex, RNA-based molecular assay for detection of ALK, ROS1, RET fusions and MET exon 14 skipping in NSCLC. Virchows Arch 2024; 484:677-686. [PMID: 38492039 PMCID: PMC11062995 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-024-03778-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The current study assessed the performance of the fully automated RT-PCR-based Idylla™ GeneFusion Assay, which simultaneously covers the advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma (aNSCLC) actionable ALK, ROS1, RET, and MET exon 14 rearrangements, in a routine clinical setting involving 12 European clinical centers. The Idylla™ GeneFusion Assay detects fusions using fusion-specific as well as expression imbalance detection, the latter enabling detection of uncommon fusions not covered by fusion-specific assays. In total, 326 archival aNSCLC formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples were included of which 44% were resected specimen, 46% tissue biopsies, and 9% cytological specimen. With a total of 179 biomarker-positive cases (i.e., 85 ALK, 33 ROS1, 20 RET fusions and 41 MET exon 14 skipping), this is one of the largest fusion-positive datasets ever tested. The results of the Idylla™ GeneFusion Assay were compared with earlier results of routine reference technologies including fluorescence in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and next-generation sequencing, establishing a high sensitivity/specificity of 96.1%/99.6% for ALK, 96.7%/99.0% for ROS1, 100%/99.3% for RET fusion, and 92.5%/99.6% for MET exon 14 skipping, and a low failure rate (0.9%). The Idylla™ GeneFusion Assay was found to be a reliable, sensitive, and specific tool for routine detection of ALK, ROS1, RET fusions and MET exon 14 skipping. Given its short turnaround time of about 3 h, it is a time-efficient upfront screening tool in FFPE samples, supporting rapid clinical decision making. Moreover, expression-imbalance-based detection of potentially novel fusions may be easily verified with other routine technologies without delaying treatment initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linea Melchior
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- , Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Astrid Hirschmann
- Department of Pathology, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Hofman
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Hôpital Pasteur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
- Hospital-integrated Biobank (BB-0033-00025), Hôpital Pasteur, Nice, France
- FHU OncoAge, IHU RespirERA, Hôpital Pasteur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Christophe Bontoux
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Hôpital Pasteur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
- Hospital-integrated Biobank (BB-0033-00025), Hôpital Pasteur, Nice, France
- FHU OncoAge, IHU RespirERA, Hôpital Pasteur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Angel Concha
- Complejo Hospitalario de A Coruña, Corunna, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Stefania Scarpino
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Pathology Unit, St. Andrea University Hospital, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Anne Cayre
- UF de Pathologie, Centre Jean Perrin, INSERM U1240, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Paloma Martin
- Molecular Pathology Group, Department of Pathology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert Stoehr
- Institute of Pathology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen EMN, Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen EMN, Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Erlangen, Germany
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6
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Wang M, Dai X, Yang X, Jin B, Xie Y, Xu C, Liu Q, Wang L, Ying L, Lu W, Chen Q, Fu T, Su D, Liu Y, Tan W. Serum Protein Fishing for Machine Learning-Boosted Diagnostic Classification of Small Nodules of Lung. ACS NANO 2024; 18:4038-4055. [PMID: 38270088 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Diagnosis of benign and malignant small nodules of the lung remains an unmet clinical problem which is leading to serious false positive diagnosis and overtreatment. Here, we developed a serum protein fishing-based spectral library (ProteoFish) for data independent acquisition analysis and a machine learning-boosted protein panel for diagnosis of early Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) and classification of benign and malignant small nodules. We established an extensive NSCLC protein bank consisting of 297 clinical subjects. After testing 5 feature extraction algorithms and six machine learning models, the Lasso algorithm for a 15-key protein panel selection and Random Forest was chosen for diagnostic classification. Our random forest classifier achieved 91.38% accuracy in benign and malignant small nodule diagnosis, which is superior to the existing clinical assays. By integrating with machine learning, the 15-key protein panel may provide insights to multiplexed protein biomarker fishing from serum for facile cancer screening and tackling the current clinical challenge in prospective diagnostic classification of small nodules of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Wang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Dai
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Baichuan Jin
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yueli Xie
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chenlu Xu
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qiqi Liu
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lichao Wang
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lisha Ying
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weishan Lu
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qixun Chen
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ting Fu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dan Su
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
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7
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Roskoski R. Properties of FDA-approved small molecule protein kinase inhibitors: A 2024 update. Pharmacol Res 2024; 200:107059. [PMID: 38216005 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Owing to the dysregulation of protein kinase activity in many diseases including cancer, this enzyme family has become one of the most important drug targets in the 21st century. There are 80 FDA-approved therapeutic agents that target about two dozen different protein kinases and seven of these drugs were approved in 2023. Of the approved drugs, thirteen target protein-serine/threonine protein kinases, four are directed against dual specificity protein kinases (MEK1/2), twenty block nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinases, and 43 inhibit receptor protein-tyrosine kinases. The data indicate that 69 of these drugs are prescribed for the treatment of neoplasms. Six drugs (abrocitinib, baricitinib, deucravacitinib, ritlecitinib, tofacitinib, upadacitinib) are used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases (atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, alopecia areata, and ulcerative colitis). Of the 80 approved drugs, nearly two dozen are used in the treatment of multiple diseases. The following seven drugs received FDA approval in 2023: capivasertib (HER2-positive breast cancer), fruquintinib (metastatic colorectal cancer), momelotinib (myelofibrosis), pirtobrutinib (mantle cell lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, small lymphocytic lymphoma), quizartinib (Flt3-mutant acute myelogenous leukemia), repotrectinib (ROS1-positive lung cancer), and ritlecitinib (alopecia areata). All of the FDA-approved drugs are orally effective with the exception of netarsudil, temsirolimus, and trilaciclib. This review summarizes the physicochemical properties of all 80 FDA-approved small molecule protein kinase inhibitors including the molecular weight, number of hydrogen bond donors/acceptors, polar surface area, potency, solubility, lipophilic efficiency, and ligand efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roskoski
- Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research, 221 Haywood Knolls Drive, Hendersonville, NC 28791, United States.
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8
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Yang X, Tang Z, Li J, Jiang J, Liu Y. Progress of non-small-cell lung cancer with ROS1 rearrangement. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1238093. [PMID: 38187090 PMCID: PMC10766828 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1238093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
ROS1 rearrangement is found in 0.9%-2.6% of people with non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) target ROS1 and can block tumor growth and provide clinical benefits to patients. This review summarizes the current knowledge on ROS1 rearrangements in NSCLCs, including the mechanisms of ROS1 oncogenicity, epidemiology of ROS1-positive tumors, methods for detecting rearrangements, molecular characteristics, therapeutic agents, and mechanisms of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhe Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jizong Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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9
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Meredith DM, Cooley LD, Dubuc A, Morrissette J, Sussman RT, Nasrallah MP, Rathbun P, Yap KL, Wadhwani N, Bao L, Wolff DJ, Ida C, Sukhanova M, Horbinski C, Jennings LJ, Farooqi M, Gener M, Ginn K, Kam KL, Sasaki K, Kanagal-Shamanna R, Alexandrescu S, Brat D, Lu X. ROS1 Alterations as a Potential Driver of Gliomas in Infant, Pediatric, and Adult Patients. Mod Pathol 2023; 36:100294. [PMID: 37532182 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2023.100294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas harboring oncogenic ROS1 alterations are uncommon and primarily described in infants. Our goal was to characterize the clinicopathological features and molecular signatures of the full spectrum of ROS1 fusion-positive gliomas across all age groups. Through a retrospective multi-institutional collaboration, we report a collection of unpublished ROS1 fusion gliomas along with the characterization and meta-analysis of new and published cases. A cohort of 32 new and 58 published cases was divided into the following 3 age groups: 19 infants, 40 pediatric patients, and 31 adults with gliomas. Tumors in infants and adults showed uniformly high-grade morphology; however, tumors in pediatric patients exhibited diverse histologic features. The GOPC::ROS1 fusion was prevalent (61/79, 77%) across all age groups, and 10 other partner genes were identified. Adult tumors showed recurrent genomic alterations characteristic of IDH wild-type glioblastoma, including the +7/-10/CDKN2A deletion; amplification of CDK4, MDM2, and PDGFRA genes; and mutations involving TERTp, TP53, PIK3R1, PIK3CA, PTEN, and NF1 genes. Infant tumors showed few genomic alterations, whereas pediatric tumors showed moderate genomic complexity. The outcomes were significantly poorer in adult patients. Although not statistically significant, tumors in infant and pediatric patients with high-grade histology and in hemispheric locations appeared more aggressive than tumors with lower grade histology or those in nonhemispheric locations. In conclusion, this study is the largest to date to characterize the clinicopathological and molecular signatures of ROS1 fusion-positive gliomas from infant, pediatric, and adult patients. We conclude that ROS1 likely acts as a driver in infant and pediatric gliomas and as a driver or codriver in adult gliomas. Integrated comprehensive clinical testing might be helpful in identifying such patients for possible targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Meredith
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Linda D Cooley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Kansas City, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Adrian Dubuc
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer Morrissette
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Precision and Computational Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robyn T Sussman
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Precision and Computational Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - MacLean P Nasrallah
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Pamela Rathbun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kai Lee Yap
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nitin Wadhwani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Liming Bao
- Department of Pathology School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Daynna J Wolff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Cristiane Ida
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Mayo clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Madina Sukhanova
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Lurie Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Craig Horbinski
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Lurie Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lawrence J Jennings
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Lurie Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Midhat Farooqi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Kansas City, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Melissa Gener
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Kansas City, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Kevin Ginn
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplant, Children's Mercy Kansas City & School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Kwok Ling Kam
- Department of Pathology, Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Koji Sasaki
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rashmi Kanagal-Shamanna
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sanda Alexandrescu
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel Brat
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Lurie Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xinyan Lu
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Lurie Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois.
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10
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Meyer C, McCoy M, Li L, Posner B, Westover KD. LIMS-Kinase provides sensitive and generalizable label-free in vitro measurement of kinase activity using mass spectrometry. CELL REPORTS. PHYSICAL SCIENCE 2023; 4:101599. [PMID: 38213501 PMCID: PMC10783653 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2023.101599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Measurements of kinase activity are important for kinase-directed drug development, analysis of inhibitor structure and function, and understanding mechanisms of drug resistance. Sensitive, accurate, and miniaturized assay methods are crucial for these investigations. Here, we describe a label-free, high-throughput mass spectrometry-based assay for studying individual kinase enzymology and drug discovery in a purified system, with a focus on validated drug targets as benchmarks. We demonstrate that this approach can be adapted to many known kinase substrates and highlight the benefits of using mass spectrometry to measure kinase activity in vitro, including increased sensitivity. We speculate that this approach to measuring kinase activity will be generally applicable across most of the kinome, enabling research on understudied kinases and kinase drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Melissa McCoy
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lianbo Li
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Bruce Posner
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kenneth D. Westover
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- X (formerly Twitter): @KENWESTOVER
- Lead contact
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11
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Malik P, Rani R, Solanki R, Patel VH, Mukherjee TK. Understanding the feasibility of chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic targets against non-small cell lung cancers: an update of resistant responses and recent combinatorial therapies. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2023; 4:850-895. [PMID: 37970206 PMCID: PMC10645466 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2023.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite consistent progress in prompt diagnosis and curative therapies in the last decade, lung cancer (LC) continues to threaten mankind, accounting for nearly twice the casualties compared to prostate, breast, and other cancers. Statistics associate ~25% of 2021 cancer-related deaths with LC, more than 80% of which are explicitly caused by tobacco smoking. Prevailing as small and non-small cell pathologies, with respective occurring frequency of nearly 15% and 80-85%, non-small cell LCs (NSCLCs) are prominently distinguished into lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), subtypes. Since the first use of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor gefitinib for NSCLC treatment in 2002, immense progress has been made for targeted therapies with the next generation of drugs spanning across the chronological generations of small molecule inhibitors. The last two years have overseen the clinical approval of more than 10 therapeutic agents as first-line NSCLC medications. However, uncertain mutational aberrations as well as systemic resistant responses, and abysmal overall survival curtail the combating efficacies. Of late, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) against various molecules including programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) have been demonstrated as reliable LC treatment targets. Keeping these aspects in mind, this review article discusses the success of NSCLC chemo and immunotherapies with their characteristic effectiveness and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth Malik
- School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, Gujarat, India
| | - Ruma Rani
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Raghu Solanki
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, Gujarat, India
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12
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Kong Y, Jiang C, Wei G, Sun K, Wang R, Qiu T. Small Molecule Inhibitors as Therapeutic Agents Targeting Oncogenic Fusion Proteins: Current Status and Clinical. Molecules 2023; 28:4672. [PMID: 37375228 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic fusion proteins, arising from chromosomal rearrangements, have emerged as prominent drivers of tumorigenesis and crucial therapeutic targets in cancer research. In recent years, the potential of small molecular inhibitors in selectively targeting fusion proteins has exhibited significant prospects, offering a novel approach to combat malignancies harboring these aberrant molecular entities. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of small molecular inhibitors as therapeutic agents for oncogenic fusion proteins. We discuss the rationale for targeting fusion proteins, elucidate the mechanism of action of inhibitors, assess the challenges associated with their utilization, and provide a summary of the clinical progress achieved thus far. The objective is to provide the medicinal community with current and pertinent information and to expedite the drug discovery programs in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Kong
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Caihong Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Guifeng Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Kai Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Ruijie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Ting Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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13
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Wu S, Liu Y, Li K, Liang Z, Zeng X. Molecular and cytogenetic features of NTRK fusions enriched in BRAF and RET double-negative papillary thyroid cancer. J Mol Diagn 2023:S1525-1578(23)00106-X. [PMID: 37236546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rare NTRK-driven malignant neoplasms can be effectively inhibited by anti-TRK agents. The discovery of NTRK1/2/3-rich tumours in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) patients is a precondition for the rapid identification of NTRK fusion tumours. Knowledge of NTRK gene activation is critical to accurately detect NTRK status. A total of 229 BRAF V600E-negative samples from PTC patients were analysed in this study. Break-apart fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) was performed to detect RET fusion. NTRK status was analysed using FISH, DNA- and RNA-based next-generation sequencing (NGS), and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). In 128 BRAF and RET double-negative cases, 56 (43.8%, 56/128) NTRK rearrangement tumours were found, including 1 NTRK2, 16 NTRK1, and 39 NTRK3 fusions. Two novel NTRK fusions, EZR::NTRK1 and EML4::NTRK2, was found in the NTRK rearrangement tumors.Dominant break-apart and extra 3' signal patterns accounted for 89.3% (50/56) and 5.4% (3/56) of all NTRK-positive cases, respectively, as determined by FISH. In our cohort, there were 2.3% (3/128) FISH false-negative and 3.1% (4/128) FISH false-positive cases identified. NTRK fusions are highly recurrent in BRAF and RET double-negative PTCs. FISH or RNA-based NGS is a reliable detection approach. NTRK rearrangement can be precisely, rapidly, and economically detected based on the developed optimal algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafei Wu
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, and Molecular Pathology Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, and Molecular Pathology Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Kaimi Li
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, and Molecular Pathology Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhiyong Liang
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, and Molecular Pathology Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Xuan Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, and Molecular Pathology Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
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14
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Terrones M, de Beeck KO, Van Camp G, Vandeweyer G. Pre-clinical modelling of ROS1+ non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2023; 180:107192. [PMID: 37068393 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2023.107192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a heterogeneous group of diseases which accounts for 80% of newly diagnosed lung cancers. In the previous decade, a new molecular subset of NSCLC patients (around 2%) harboring rearrangements of the c-ros oncogene 1 was defined. ROS1+ NSCLC is typically diagnosed in young, nonsmoker individuals presenting an adenocarcinoma histology. Patients can benefit from tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as crizotinib and entrectinib, compounds initially approved to treat ALK-, MET- or NTRK- rearranged malignancies respectively. Given the low prevalence of ROS1-rearranged tumors, the use of TKIs was authorized based on pre-clinical evidence using limited experimental models, followed by basket clinical trials. After initiating targeted therapy, disease relapse is reported in approximately 50% of cases as a result of the appearance of resistance mechanisms. The restricted availability of TKIs active against resistance events critically reduces the overall survival. In this review we discuss the pre-clinical ROS1+ NSCLC models developed up to date, highlighting their strengths and limitations with respect to the unmet clinical needs. By combining gene-editing tools and novel cell culture approaches, newly developed pre-clinical models will enhance the development of next-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors that overcome resistant tumor cell subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Terrones
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Prins Boudewijnlaan 43/6, 2650 Edegem, Belgium; Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Ken Op de Beeck
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Prins Boudewijnlaan 43/6, 2650 Edegem, Belgium; Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Guy Van Camp
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Prins Boudewijnlaan 43/6, 2650 Edegem, Belgium; Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Geert Vandeweyer
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Prins Boudewijnlaan 43/6, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
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15
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Roskoski R. Deucravacitinib is an allosteric TYK2 protein kinase inhibitor FDA-approved for the treatment of psoriasis. Pharmacol Res 2023; 189:106642. [PMID: 36754102 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a heterogeneous, inflammatory, autoimmune skin disease that affects up to 2% of the world's population. There are many treatment modalities including topical medicines, ultraviolet light therapy, monoclonal antibodies, and several oral medications. Cytokines play a central role in the pathogenesis of this disorder including TNF-α, (tumor necrosis factor-α) IL-17A (interleukin-17A), IL-17F, IL-22, and IL-23. Cytokine signaling involves transduction mediated by the JAK-STAT pathway. There are four JAKS (JAK1/2/3 and TYK2) and six STATS (signal transducer and activators of transcription). Janus kinases contain an inactive JH2 domain that is aminoterminal to the active JH1 domain. Under basal conditions, the JH2 domain inhibits the activity of the JH1 domain. Deucravacitinib is an orally effective N-trideuteromethyl-pyridazine derivative that targets and stabilizes the TYK2 JH2 domain and thereby blocks TYK2 JH1 activity. Seven other JAK inhibitors, which target the JAK family JH1 domain, are prescribed for the treatment of neoplastic and other inflammatory diseases. The use of deuterium in the trimethylamide decreases the rate of demethylation and slows the production of a metabolite that is active against a variety of targets in addition to TYK2. A second unique aspect in the development of deucravacitinib is the targeting of a pseudokinase domain. Deucravacitinib is rather specific for TYK2 and its toxic effects are much less than those of the other FDA-approved JAK inhibitors. The successful development of deucravacitinib may stimulate the development of additional pseudokinase ligands for the JAK family and for other kinase families as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roskoski
- Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research, 3754 Brevard Road, Suite 106, Box 19, Horse Shoe, NC 28742-8814, United States.
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16
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Takumi Y, Arai S, Suzuki C, Fukuda K, Nishiyama A, Takeuchi S, Sato H, Matsumoto K, Sugio K, Yano S. MET kinase inhibitor reverses resistance to entrectinib induced by hepatocyte growth factor in tumors with NTRK1 or ROS1 rearrangements. Cancer Med 2023; 12:5809-5820. [PMID: 36416133 PMCID: PMC10028024 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Entrectinib is an effective drug for treating solid tumors with NTRK gene rearrangement and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with ROS1 gene rearrangement. However, its efficacy is limited by tolerance and acquired resistance, the mechanisms of which are not fully understood. The growth factors produced by the tumor microenvironment, including hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) produced by tumor-associated fibroblasts, critically affect the sensitivity to targeted drugs. METHODS We investigated whether growth factors that can be produced by the microenvironment affect sensitivity of NTRK1-rearranged colon cancer KM12SM cells and ROS1-rearranged NSCLC HCC78 cells to entrectinib both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Among the growth factors assessed, HGF most potently induced entrectinib resistance in KM12SM and HCC78 cells by activating its receptor MET. HGF-induced entrectinib resistance was reversed by the active-HGF-specific macrocyclic peptide HiP-8 and the MET kinase inhibitor capmatinib in vitro. In addition, HGF-producing fibroblasts promoted entrectinib resistance in vitro (culture model) and in vivo (subcutaneous tumor model). The use of capmatinib circumvented entrectinib resistance in a subcutaneous tumor model inoculated with KM12SM and HGF-producing fibroblasts. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that growth factors in the tumor microenvironment, such as HGF, may induce resistance to entrectinib in tumors with NTRK1 or ROS1 rearrangements. Our results further suggest that optimally co-administering inhibitors of resistance-inducing growth factors may maximize the therapeutic efficacy of entrectinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Takumi
- Division of Medical OncologyCancer Research Institute, Kanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
- Department of Thoracic and Breast SurgeryFaculty of MedicineOita UniversityYufuJapan
| | - Sachiko Arai
- Division of Medical OncologyCancer Research Institute, Kanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | - Chiaki Suzuki
- Division of Medical OncologyCancer Research Institute, Kanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | - Koji Fukuda
- Division of Medical OncologyCancer Research Institute, Kanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | - Akihiro Nishiyama
- Division of Medical OncologyCancer Research Institute, Kanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | - Shinji Takeuchi
- Division of Medical OncologyCancer Research Institute, Kanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | - Hiroki Sato
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and RegulationCancer Research Institute, Kanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | - Kunio Matsumoto
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and RegulationCancer Research Institute, Kanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | - Kenji Sugio
- Department of Thoracic and Breast SurgeryFaculty of MedicineOita UniversityYufuJapan
| | - Seiji Yano
- Division of Medical OncologyCancer Research Institute, Kanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
- Department of Respiratory MedicineFaculty of MedicineInstitute of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health SciencesKanazawaJapan
- WPI‐Nano Life Science Institute (WPI‐Nano LSI)Kanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
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17
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Properties of FDA-approved small molecule protein kinase inhibitors: A 2023 update. Pharmacol Res 2023; 187:106552. [PMID: 36403719 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the dysregulation of protein kinase activity in many diseases including cancer, this enzyme family has become one of the most important drug targets in the 21st century. There are 72 FDA-approved therapeutic agents that target about two dozen different protein kinases and three of these drugs were approved in 2022. Of the approved drugs, twelve target protein-serine/threonine protein kinases, four are directed against dual specificity protein kinases (MEK1/2), sixteen block nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinases, and 40 target receptor protein-tyrosine kinases. The data indicate that 62 of these drugs are prescribed for the treatment of neoplasms (57 against solid tumors including breast, lung, and colon, ten against nonsolid tumors such as leukemia, and four against both solid and nonsolid tumors: acalabrutinib, ibrutinib, imatinib, and midostaurin). Four drugs (abrocitinib, baricitinib, tofacitinib, upadacitinib) are used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases (atopic dermatitis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn disease, and ulcerative colitis). Of the 72 approved drugs, eighteen are used in the treatment of multiple diseases. The following three drugs received FDA approval in 2022 for the treatment of these specified diseases: abrocitinib (atopic dermatitis), futibatinib (cholangiocarcinomas), pacritinib (myelofibrosis). All of the FDA-approved drugs are orally effective with the exception of netarsudil, temsirolimus, and trilaciclib. This review summarizes the physicochemical properties of all 72 FDA-approved small molecule protein kinase inhibitors including lipophilic efficiency and ligand efficiency.
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18
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Jain P, Iyer S, Straka J, Surrey LF, Pogoriler J, Han H, Smith T, Busch C, Fox E, Li M, Waanders AJ, Resnick A, Davare MA. Discovery and functional characterization of the oncogenicity and targetability of a novel NOTCH1-ROS1 gene fusion in pediatric angiosarcoma. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2022; 8:mcs.a006222. [PMID: 36307212 PMCID: PMC9632357 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a006222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiosarcomas are rare, malignant soft tissue tumors in children that arise in a wide range of anatomical locations and have limited targeted therapies available. Here, we report a rare case of a pediatric angiosarcoma (pAS) with Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) expressing a novel NOTCH1-ROS1 gene fusion. Although both NOTCH1 and ROS1 are established proto-oncogenes, our study is the first to describe the mechanistic role of NOTCH1-ROS1 fusion arising via intrachromosomal rearrangement. NOTCH1-ROS1 displayed potent neoplastic transformation propensity in vitro, and harbors tumorigenic potential in vivo, where it induced oncogenic activation of the MAPK, PI3K/mTOR, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways in a murine allograft model. We found an unexpected contribution of the NOTCH1 extracellular region in mediating NOTCH1-ROS1 activation and oncogenic function, highlighting the contribution of both NOTCH1 and ROS1 fusion partners in driving tumorigenicity. Interestingly, neither membrane localization nor fusion protein dimerization were found to be essential for NOTCH1-ROS1 fusion oncogenicity. To target NOTCH1-ROS1-driven tumors, we tested both NOTCH1-directed inhibitors and ROS1-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) in heterologous models (NIH3T3, Ba/F3). Although NOTCH1 inhibitors did not suppress NOTCH1-ROS1-driven oncogenic growth, we found that oral entrectinib treatment effectively suppressed the growth of NOTCH-ROS1-driven tumors. Taken together, we report the first known pAS case with a novel NOTCH1-ROS1 alteration along with a detailed report on the function and therapeutic targeting of NOTCH1-ROS1. Our study highlights the importance of genomic profiling of rare cancers such as pAS to reveal actionable drivers and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Jain
- Center for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;,Division of Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Sudarshan Iyer
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Joshua Straka
- Center for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;,Division of Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Lea F. Surrey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer Pogoriler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Harry Han
- Center for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;,Division of Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Tiffany Smith
- Center for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;,Division of Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Christine Busch
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Elizabeth Fox
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Marilyn Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Angela J. Waanders
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA;,Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplant, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Adam Resnick
- Center for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;,Division of Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Monika A. Davare
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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19
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Guo Q, Liu L, Chen Z, Fan Y, Zhou Y, Yuan Z, Zhang W. Current treatments for non-small cell lung cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:945102. [PMID: 36033435 PMCID: PMC9403713 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.945102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite improved methods of diagnosis and the development of different treatments, mortality from lung cancer remains surprisingly high. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for the large majority of lung cancer cases. Therefore, it is important to review current methods of diagnosis and treatments of NSCLC in the clinic and preclinic. In this review, we describe, as a guide for clinicians, current diagnostic methods and therapies (such as chemotherapy, chemoradiotherapy, targeted therapy, antiangiogenic therapy, immunotherapy, and combination therapy) for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liwei Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zelong Chen
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Artificial Intelligence and IoT Smart Medical Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yannan Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ziqiao Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wenzhou Zhang, ; Ziqiao Yuan,
| | - Wenzhou Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wenzhou Zhang, ; Ziqiao Yuan,
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20
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Roskoski R. Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors in the treatment of neoplastic and inflammatory disorders. Pharmacol Res 2022; 183:106362. [PMID: 35878738 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK) family of nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinases consists of JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2 (Tyrosine Kinase 2). Each of these proteins contains a JAK homology pseudokinase (JH2) domain that interacts with and regulates the activity of the adjacent protein kinase domain (JH1). The Janus kinase family is regulated by numerous cytokines including interferons, interleukins, and hormones such as erythropoietin and thrombopoietin. Ligand binding to cytokine receptors leads to the activation of associated Janus kinases, which then catalyze the phosphorylation of the receptors. The SH2 domain of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) binds to the cytokine receptor phosphotyrosines thereby promoting STAT phosphorylation and activation by the Janus kinases. STAT dimers are then translocated into the nucleus where they participate in the regulation and expression of dozens of proteins. JAK1/3 signaling participates in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders while JAK1/2 signaling contributes to the development of myeloproliferative neoplasms as well as several malignancies including leukemias and lymphomas. An activating JAK2 V617F mutation occurs in 95% of people with polycythemia vera and about 50% of cases of myelofibrosis and essential thrombocythemia. Abrocitinib, ruxolitinib, and upadacitinib are JAK inhibitors that are FDA-approved for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Baricitinib is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and covid 19. Tofacitinib and upadacitinib are JAK antagonists that are used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis. Additionally, ruxolitinib is approved for the treatment of polycythemia vera while fedratinib, pacritinib, and ruxolitinib are approved for the treatment of myelofibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roskoski
- Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research, 3754 Brevard Road, Suite 106, Box 19, Horse Shoe, NC 28742, United States.
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21
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Identification of the Key miRNAs and Genes Associated with the Regulation of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Network-Based Approach. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071174. [PMID: 35885958 PMCID: PMC9317345 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the major cause of cancer-associated deaths across the world in both men and women. Lung cancer consists of two major clinicopathological categories, i.e., small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Lack of diagnosis of NSCLC at an early stage in addition to poor prognosis results in ineffective treatment, thus, biomarkers for appropriate diagnosis and exact prognosis of NSCLC need urgent attention. The proposed study aimed to reveal essential microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in the carcinogenesis of NSCLC that probably could act as potential biomarkers. The NSCLC-associated expression datasets revealed 12 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs). MiRNA-mRNA network identified key miRNAs and their associated genes, for which functional enrichment analysis was applied. Further, survival and validation analysis for key genes was performed and consequently transcription factors (TFs) were predicted. We obtained twelve miRNAs as common DEMs after assessment of all datasets. Further, four key miRNAs and nine key genes were extracted from significant modules based on the centrality approach. The key genes and miRNAs reported in our study might provide some information for potential biomarkers profitable to increased prognosis and diagnosis of lung cancer.
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22
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Yu ZQ, Wang M, Zhou W, Mao MX, Chen YY, Li N, Peng XC, Cai J, Cai ZQ. ROS1-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Biology, Diagnostics, Therapeutics and Resistance. J Drug Target 2022; 30:845-857. [PMID: 35658765 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2022.2085730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
ROS1 is a proto-oncogene encoding a receptor tyrosine protein kinase (RTK), homologous to the v - Ros sequence of University of Manchester tumours virus 2(UR2) sarcoma virus, whose ligands are still being investigated. ROS1 fusion genes have been identified in various types of tumours. As an oncoprotein, it promotes cell proliferation, activation and cell cycle progression by activating downstream signalling pathways, accelerating the development and progression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Studies have demonstrated that ROS1 inhibitors are effective in patients with ROS1-positive NSCLC and are used for first-line clinical treatment. These small molecule inhibitors provide a rational therapeutic option for the treatment of ROS1-positive patients. Inevitably, ROS1 inhibitor resistance mutations occur, leading to tumours recurrence or progression. Here, we comprehensively review the identified biological properties and Differential subcellular localization of ROS1 fusion oncoprotein promotes tumours progression. We summarize recently completed and ongoing clinical trials of the classic and new ROS1 inhibitors. More importantly, we classify the complex evolving tumours cell resistance mechanisms. This review contributes to our understanding of the biological properties of ROS1 and current therapeutic advances and resistant tumours cells, and the future directions to develop ROS1 inhibitors with durable effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiong Yu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University
| | - Meng-Xia Mao
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University
| | - Yuan-Yuan Chen
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University
| | - Na Li
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University
| | - Xiao-Chun Peng
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine.,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University
| | - Zhi-Qiang Cai
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University
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23
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Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Li Y, Jiang S, Xu F, Li K, Chang L, Gao H, Kukic P, Carmichael P, Liddell M, Li J, Zhang Q, Lyu Z, Peng S, Zuo T, Tulum L, Xu P. Quantitative phosphoproteomics reveal cellular responses from caffeine, coumarin and quercetin in treated HepG2 cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 449:116110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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24
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Wang HS, Liu CY, Hsu SC, Huang SC, Hung TH, Ng KF, Chen TC. A Single-Institute Experience with C-ros Oncogene 1 Translocation in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers in Taiwan. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5789. [PMID: 35628598 PMCID: PMC9145855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The C-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1) gene translocation is an important biomarker for selecting patients for crizotinib-targeted therapy. The aim of this study was to understand the incidence, diagnostic algorithm, clinical course and objective response to crizotinib in ROS1 translocated lung non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) in Taiwan. (2) Methods: First, we retrospectively studied the ROS1 status in 100 NSCLC samples using break-apart fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining to establish a diagnostic algorithm. Then, we performed routine ROS1 IHC tests in 479 NSCLCs, as crizotinib was available from 2018 in Taiwan. We analyzed the objective response rate and the survival impact of crizotinib. (3) Results: Four ROS1 translocations were clustered in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) wild-type adenocarcinomas but not in cases with EGFR mutations. Strong ROS1 expression was positively correlated with ROS1 translocation (p < 0.001). NSCLCs with ROS1 translocation had a poor prognosis compared to those without ROS1 translocation (p = 0.004) in the pre-crizotinib stage. Twenty NSCLCs were detected with ROS1 translocation in 479 wild-type EGFR specimens from 2018. Therefore, the incidence of ROS1 translocation is approximately 4.18% in EGFR wild-type NSCLCs. In these 20 ROS1 translocation cases, 19 patients received crizotinib treatment, with an objective response rate (ORR) of 78.95% (confidence interval = 69.34% to 88.56%), including 1 complete response, 14 partial responses, 3 stable cases and 1 progressive case. Overall survival and progression-free survival were better in the 19 ROS1-translocated NSCLCs of the prospective group with crizotinib treatment than the four ROS1-translocated NSCLCs of the retrospective group without crizotinib treatment. (4) Conclusions: ROS1-translocated NSCLCs had a poor prognosis and could have a beneficial outcome with crizotinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Sheng Wang
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (H.-S.W.); (S.-C.H.); (S.-C.H.); (K.-F.N.)
| | - Chien-Ying Liu
- Department & Centers of Lung Cancer and Interventional Bronchoscopy, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
| | - Sheng-Chi Hsu
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (H.-S.W.); (S.-C.H.); (S.-C.H.); (K.-F.N.)
| | - Shih-Chiang Huang
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (H.-S.W.); (S.-C.H.); (S.-C.H.); (K.-F.N.)
| | - Tsai-Hsien Hung
- Institute of Stem Cell & Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
| | - Kwai-Fong Ng
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (H.-S.W.); (S.-C.H.); (S.-C.H.); (K.-F.N.)
| | - Tse-Ching Chen
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (H.-S.W.); (S.-C.H.); (S.-C.H.); (K.-F.N.)
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Christofyllakis K, Monteiro AR, Cetin O, Kos IA, Greystoke A, Luciani A. Biomarker guided treatment in oncogene-driven advanced non-small cell lung cancer in older adults: A Young International Society of Geriatric Oncology Report. J Geriatr Oncol 2022; 13:1071-1083. [PMID: 35525790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgo.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with most patients diagnosed at an advanced age. The treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been revolutionized with the introduction of molecular guided therapy. Despites the challenges when considering treatment of older adults, they are still systematically underrepresented in registrational trials. This review aims to summarize the existing evidence on treatment of older patients with lung cancer with a targetable driver mutation or alteration (EGFR, ALK, ROS, BRAFV600E, MET, RET, KRASG12C and NTRK), and consider the evidence from a geriatric oncology perspective. Early generation EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). TKIs are fairly well-studied in older adults and have been shown to be safe and efficient. However, older adult-specific data regarding the standard-of-care first-line agent osimertinib are lacking. Erlotinib, dacomitinib, and afatinib may be more toxic than other EGFR-TKIs. Next generation ALK-TKIs are preferred over crizotinib due to increased efficacy, as demonstrated in phase III trials. Alectinib seems to be safer than crizotinib, while brigatinib is associated with increased toxicity. Lorlatinib overcomes most resistance mutations, but data regarding this agent have only recently emerged. Regarding ROS1-fusion positive NSCLC, crizotinib is an option in older adults, while entrectinib is similarly effective but shows increased neurotoxicity. In BRAFV600E-mutant NSCLC, the combination darbafenib/tramectinib is effective, but no safety data for older adults exist. MET alterations can be targeted with capmatinib and tepotinib, and registrational trials included primarily older patients, due to the association of this alteration with advanced age. For RET-rearranged-NSCLC selpercatinib and pralsetinib are approved, and no differences in safety or efficacy between older and younger patients were shown. KRASG12C mutations, which are more frequent in older adults, became recently druggable with sotorasib, and advanced age does not seem to affect safety or efficacy. In NTRK-fusion positive tumors, larotrectinib and entrectinib have tumor agnostic approval, however, not enough data on older patients are available. Based on currently available data, molecularly-guided therapy for most alterations is safe and efficacious in older adults with oncogene-driven advanced NSCLC. However, for many TKIs, older adult-specific data are lacking, and should be subject of future prospective evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Christofyllakis
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Ana Raquel Monteiro
- Medical Oncology Department, Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho Hospital Center, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal; Multidisciplinary Thoracic Tumors Unit - Pulmonology Department, Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho Hospital Center, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Onur Cetin
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Igor Age Kos
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Alastair Greystoke
- Northern Centre for Cancer Care, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NHS Foundation trust, Newcastle, UK
| | - Andrea Luciani
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ospedale di Treviglio- ASST Bergamo Ovest, Treviglio, Italy
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Zhou W, Yan LD, Yu ZQ, Li N, Yang YH, Wang M, Chen YY, Mao MX, Peng XC, Cai J. Role of STK11 in ALK‑positive non‑small cell lung cancer (Review). Oncol Lett 2022; 23:181. [PMID: 35527776 PMCID: PMC9073580 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors have been shown to be effective in treating patients with ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and crizotinib, ceritinib and alectinib have been approved as clinical first-line therapeutic agents. The availability of these inhibitors has also largely changed the treatment strategy for advanced ALK-positive NSCLC. However, patients still inevitably develop resistance to ALK inhibitors, leading to tumor recurrence or metastasis. The most critical issues that need to be addressed in the current treatment of ALK-positive NSCLC include the high cost of targeted inhibitors and the potential for increased toxicity and resistance to combination therapy. Recently, it has been suggested that the serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11) mutation may serve as one of the biomarkers for immunotherapy in NSCLC. Therefore, the main purpose of this review was to summarize the role of STK11 in ALK-positive NSCLC. The present review also summarizes the treatment and drug resistance studies in ALK-positive NSCLC and the current status of STK11 research in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhou
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Lu-Da Yan
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Qiong Yu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Hua Yang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Chen
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Xia Mao
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Chun Peng
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
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27
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Liu M, Dai J, Wei M, Pan Q, Zhu W. An updated patent review of small-molecule ROS1 kinase inhibitors (2015-2021). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2022; 32:713-729. [PMID: 35343863 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2022.2058872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION : C-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1) is the sole member of the ROS1 receptor tyrosine kinase (ROS1-RTK) family, which is involved in the formation of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), gastric adenocarcinoma, colorectal cancer and other malignant tumors. At present, only crizotinib was approved for the treatment of advanced ROS1-positive NSCLC, and there have been reports of ROS1 mutations resulting in drug resistance. Consequently, it is necessary to develop new generations of inhibitors to overcome the existing problems. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the inhibitors with ROS1 inhibitory activity which are undergoing clinical trials and recent advances in patented ROS1 small molecular inhibitors from 2015 to 2021. EXPERT OPINION ROS1 rearrangements have been found in approximately 1%-2% of patients with NSCLC. Since the approval of crizotinib as multi-targeted ALK/MET/ROS1 kinase inhibitor for ALK-mutated NSCLC therapy, the researchers are focusing on ROS1-mutated tumors, especially NSCLC. However, drug-resistant mutations have already been found in clinical application. Therefore, it is still urgent to develop new generation of ROS1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China
| | - Jintian Dai
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China
| | - Mudan Wei
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China
| | - Qingshan Pan
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China
| | - Wufu Zhu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China
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28
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Targeting BCR-Abl in the treatment of Philadelphia-chromosome positive chronic myelogenous leukemia. Pharmacol Res 2022; 178:106156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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29
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Gendarme S, Bylicki O, Chouaid C, Guisier F. ROS-1 Fusions in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Evidence to Date. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:641-658. [PMID: 35200557 PMCID: PMC8870726 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29020057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ROS-1 gene plays a major role in the oncogenesis of numerous tumors. ROS-1 rearrangement is found in 0.9–2.6% of non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs), mostly lung adenocarcinomas, with a significantly higher rate of women, non-smokers, and a tendency to a younger age. It has been demonstrated that ROS-1 is a true oncogenic driver, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting ROS-1 can block tumor growth and provide clinical benefit for the patient. Since 2016, crizotinib has been the first-line reference therapy, with two-thirds of the patients’ tumors responding and progression-free survival lasting ~20 months. More recently developed are ROS-1-targeting TKIs that are active against resistance mechanisms appearing under crizotinib and have better brain penetration. This review summarizes current knowledge on ROS-1 rearrangement in NSCLCs, including the mechanisms responsible for ROS-1 oncogenicity, epidemiology of ROS-1-positive tumors, methods for detecting rearrangement, phenotypic, histological, and molecular characteristics, and their therapeutic management. Much of this work is devoted to resistance mechanisms and the development of promising new molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Gendarme
- INSERM, IMRB (Clinical Epidemiology and Ageing Unit), University Paris Est Créteil, F-94010 Créteil, France;
- Pneumology Department, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, 40, Avenue de Verdun, F-94010 Créteil, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Olivier Bylicki
- Respiratory Disease Unit, HIA Sainte-Anne, 2, Boulevard Saint-Anne, F-83000 Toulon, France;
| | - Christos Chouaid
- INSERM, IMRB (Clinical Epidemiology and Ageing Unit), University Paris Est Créteil, F-94010 Créteil, France;
- Pneumology Department, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, 40, Avenue de Verdun, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Florian Guisier
- Department of Pneumology, Rouen University Hospital, 1 Rue de Germont, F-76000 Rouen, France;
- Clinical Investigation Center, Rouen University Hospital, CIC INSERM 1404, 1 Rue de Germont, F-76000 Rouen, France
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30
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Jiang Y, Chan CKW, Chan RCK, Wang X, Wong N, To KF, Ng SSM, Lau JYW, Poon CCY. Identification of Tissue Types and Gene Mutations From Histopathology Images for Advancing Colorectal Cancer Biology. IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 3:115-123. [PMID: 35937101 PMCID: PMC9355144 DOI: 10.1109/ojemb.2022.3192103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Colorectal cancer (CRC) patients respond differently to treatments and are sub-classified by different approaches. We evaluated a deep learning model, which adopted endoscopic knowledge learnt from AI-doscopist, to characterise CRC patients by histopathological features. Results: Data of 461 patients were collected from TCGA-COAD database. The proposed framework was able to 1) differentiate tumour from normal tissues with an Area Under Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.97; 2) identify certain gene mutations (MYH9, TP53) with an AUROC > 0.75; 3) classify CMS2 and CMS4 better than the other subtypes; and 4) demonstrate the generalizability of predicting KRAS mutants in an external cohort. Conclusions: Artificial intelligent can be used for on-site patient classification. Although KRAS mutants were commonly associated with therapeutic resistance and poor prognosis, subjects with predicted KRAS mutants in this study have a higher survival rate in 30 months after diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Jiang
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Cecilia K. W. Chan
- Division of Vascular and General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ronald C. K. Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Nathalie Wong
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ka Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Simon S. M. Ng
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - James Y. W. Lau
- Division of Vascular and General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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Roskoski R. Properties of FDA-approved small molecule protein kinase inhibitors: A 2022 update. Pharmacol Res 2021; 175:106037. [PMID: 34921994 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.106037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the dysregulation of protein kinase activity in many diseases including cancer, this enzyme family has become one of the most important drug targets in the 21st century. There are 68 FDA-approved therapeutic agents that target about two dozen different protein kinases and six of these drugs were approved in 2021. Of the approved drugs, twelve target protein-serine/threonine protein kinases, four are directed against dual specificity protein kinases (MEK1/2), thirteen block nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinases, and 39 target receptor protein-tyrosine kinases. The data indicate that 58 of these drugs are prescribed for the treatment of neoplasms (49 against solid tumors including breast, lung, and colon, five against nonsolid tumors such as leukemias, and four against both solid and nonsolid tumors: acalabrutinib, ibrutinib, imatinib, and midostaurin). Three drugs (baricitinib, tofacitinib, upadacitinib) are used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis. Of the 68 approved drugs, eighteen are used in the treatment of multiple diseases. The following six drugs received FDA approval in 2021 for the treatment of these specified diseases: belumosudil (graft vs. host disease), infigratinib (cholangiocarcinomas), mobocertinib and tepotinib (specific forms of non-small cell lung cancer), tivozanib (renal cell carcinoma), and trilaciclib (to decrease chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression). All of the FDA-approved drugs are orally effective with the exception of netarsudil, temsirolimus, and the newly approved trilaciclib. This review summarizes the physicochemical properties of all 68 FDA-approved small molecule protein kinase inhibitors including lipophilic efficiency and ligand efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roskoski
- Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research, 3754 Brevard Road, Suite 106, Box 19, Horse Shoe, NC 28742-8814, United States.
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Circular RNA circDNA2 upregulates CCDC6 expression to promote the progression of gastric cancer via miR-149-5p suppression. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 26:360-373. [PMID: 34552818 PMCID: PMC8426470 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Circular (circ)RNAs are widely involved in gastric cancer (GC) pathogenesis, and coiled-coil domain containing 6 (CCDC6) is a fused partner of multiple oncogenes; however, the underlying mechanisms of how circRNAs regulate CCDC6 expression in the progression and prognosis of GC remain unclear. Here, we discovered the circRNA derived from the DNA2 gene locus (circDNA2) through RNA sequencing. By performing quantitative real-time PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assays with a human tissue microarray, circDNA2 was found to be highly expressed in GC tissues and associated with lymphatic invasion of GC patients. Knockdown of circDNA2 expression suppressed the proliferation of GC cells by reducing CCDC6 expression. Mechanistically, circDNA2 acted as a microRNA (miR)-149-5p sponge, which was confirmed to target CCDC6 by RNA pulldown and dual-luciferase reporter assays and rescue experiments. Both low miR-149-5p expression and high CCDC6 expression were related to unfavorable prognosis in GC patients. Moreover, GC patients with low miR-149-5p expression had shorter overall survival and a higher risk of chemotherapy resistance than those with high miR-149-5p expression. In summary, circDNA2 contributes to the growth and lymphatic metastasis of GC by upregulating CCDC6 expression by sponging miR-149-5p. The circDNA2/miR-149-5p/CCDC6 axis might be developed as a therapeutic target and prognostic indicator for GC.
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Seegobin K, Majeed U, Wiest N, Manochakian R, Lou Y, Zhao Y. Immunotherapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer With Actionable Mutations Other Than EGFR. Front Oncol 2021; 11:750657. [PMID: 34926258 PMCID: PMC8671626 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.750657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
While first line targeted therapies are the current standard of care treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with actionable mutations, the cancer cells inevitably acquire resistance to these agents over time. Immune check-point inhibitors (ICIs) have improved the outcomes of metastatic NSCLC, however, its efficacy in those with targetable drivers is largely unknown. In this manuscript, we reviewed the published data on ICI therapies in NSCLC with ALK, ROS1, BRAF, c-MET, RET, NTRK, KRAS, and HER2 (ERBB2) alterations. We found that the objective response rates (ORRs) associated with ICI treatments in lung cancers harboring the BRAF (0-54%), c-MET (12-49%), and KRAS (18.7-66.7%) alterations were comparable to non-mutant NSCLC, whereas the ORRs in RET fusion NSCLC (less than10% in all studies but one) and ALK fusion NSCLC (0%) were relatively low. The ORRs reported in small numbers of patients and studies of ROS1 fusion, NTRK fusion, and HER 2 mutant NSCLC were 0-17%, 50% and 7-23%, respectively, making the efficacy of ICIs in these groups of patients less clear. In most studies, no significant correlation between treatment outcome and PD-L1 expression or tumor mutation burden (TMB) was identified, and how to select patients with NSCLC harboring actionable mutations who will likely benefit from ICI treatment remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Seegobin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Umair Majeed
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Nathaniel Wiest
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Rami Manochakian
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Yanyan Lou
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Yujie Zhao
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
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The Impact of PTPRK and ROS1 Polymorphisms on the Preeclampsia Risk in Han Chinese Women. Int J Hypertens 2021; 2021:3275081. [PMID: 34646579 PMCID: PMC8505056 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3275081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Preeclampsia (PE) is a severe complication in pregnancy and a leading cause of maternal and infant mortality. However, the exact underlying etiology of PE remains unknown. Emerging evidence indicates that the cause of PE is associated with genetic factors. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify susceptibility genes to PE. Materials and Methods Human Exome BeadChip assays were conducted using 370 cases and 482 controls and 21 loci were discovered. A further independent set of 958 cases and 1007 controls were recruited for genotyping to determine whether the genes of interest ROS1 and PTPRK are associated with PE. Immunohistochemistry was used for localization. Both qPCR and Western blotting were utilized to investigate the levels of PTPRK in placentas of 20 PE and 20 normal pregnancies. Results The allele frequency of PTPRK rs3190930 differed significantly between PE and controls and was particularly significant in severe PE subgroup and early-onset PE subgroup. PTPRK is primarily localized in placental trophoblast cells. The mRNA and protein levels of PTPRK in PE were significantly higher than those in controls. Conclusion These results suggest that PTPRK appears to be a previously unrecognized susceptibility gene for PE in Han Chinese women, and its expression is also associated with PE, while ROS1 rs9489124 has no apparent correlation with PE risk.
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Abstract
Lung cancer represents the world's leading cause of cancer deaths. Sex differences in the incidence and mortality rates for various types of lung cancers have been identified, but the biological and endocrine mechanisms implicated in these disparities have not yet been determined. While some cancers such as lung adenocarcinoma are more commonly found among women than men, others like squamous cell carcinoma display the opposite pattern or show no sex differences. Associations of tobacco product use rates, susceptibility to carcinogens, occupational exposures, and indoor and outdoor air pollution have also been linked to differential rates of lung cancer occurrence and mortality between sexes. While roles for sex hormones in other types of cancers affecting women or men have been identified and described, little is known about the influence of sex hormones in lung cancer. One potential mechanism identified to date is the synergism between estrogen and some tobacco compounds, and oncogene mutations, in inducing the expression of metabolic enzymes, leading to enhanced formation of reactive oxygen species and DNA adducts, and subsequent lung carcinogenesis. In this review, we present the literature available regarding sex differences in cancer rates, associations of male and female sex hormones with lung cancer, the influence of exogenous hormone therapy in women, and potential mechanisms mediated by male and female sex hormone receptors in lung carcinogenesis. The influence of biological sex on lung disease has recently been established, thus new research incorporating this variable will shed light on the mechanisms behind the observed disparities in lung cancer rates, and potentially lead to the development of new therapeutics to treat this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Fuentes
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Miguel Silva Rodriguez
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Indiana University, School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Patricia Silveyra
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Indiana University, School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Osman HM, Tuncbilek M. Entrectinib: A new Selective Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Approved for the Treatment of Pediatric and Adult Patients with NTRK Fusion-positive, Recurrent or Advanced Solid Tumors. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2602-2616. [PMID: 34521321 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210914121324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Entrectinib is a highly potent ATP-competitive and selective inhibitor of tyrosine kinases - Trk A B C, ALK, and ROS1. It was developed by Roche and initially approved in Japan in 2019 for the treatment of pediatric and adult patients with NTRK fusion-positive, recurrent, or advanced solid tumors. In August 2019, entrectinib received accelerated approval by the U.S FDA for this indication. It is also the first FDA-approved drug designed to target both NTRK and ROS1. OBJECTIVE We aim to summarize recent studies related to the synthesis, mechanism of action, and clinical trials of the newly approved selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor entrectinib. METHOD We conduct a literature review of the research studies on the new highly-potent small-molecule entrectinib. CONCLUSION Entrectinib, based on three clinical studies (ALKA, STARTRK-1, and STARTRK-2), was well tolerated, with a manageable safety profile. It induced clinically meaningful responses in recurrent or advanced solid tumors associated with NTRK fusion-positive or ROS1+ NSCLC. It demonstrated substantial efficacy in patients with CNS metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hind M Osman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06100 Ankara. Turkey
| | - Meral Tuncbilek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06100 Ankara. Turkey
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Lu Y, Jin J, Du Q, Hu M, Wei Y, Wang M, Li H, Li Q. Multi-Omics Analysis of the Anti-tumor Synergistic Mechanism and Potential Application of Immune Checkpoint Blockade Combined With Lenvatinib. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:730240. [PMID: 34568339 PMCID: PMC8458708 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.730240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of immune-checkpoint blockade (ICB) and lenvatinib has demonstrated robust clinical effects that are superior to those of monotherapies, but the synergistic anti-tumor mechanisms remain unclear. Exploring the synergistic molecular mechanisms and early identifying potential application have key importance for clinical therapeutics. We firstly systematically reviewed published data of ICB in combination with lenvatinib for the treatment of cancer by meta-analysis. A subsequent bioinformatics analysis explored the mechanism of combined ICB and lenvatinib therapy in 33 cancer types. Transcriptomic analysis was conducted by RNA-seq, and genomic analysis was performed on gene mutations and copy-number alteration data. Tumor-related pathways and tumor immune micro-environment (TIME) were also investigated. The meta-analysis showed a 38.0% objective response rate (ORR) and 79% disease control rate (DCR) for ICB combined with lenvatinib. Multi-omics analysis revealed that ICB and lenvatinib target genes were highly expressed and showed driving alterations in six specific malignancies. Pathway-enrichment analysis found target genes were implicated in tumor development, angiogenesis, and immunoregulatory associated pathways. This study verified the potential synergistic mechanisms of ICB combined with lenvatinib at transcriptomics, genomics, protein, and cellular levels and recognized nine tumor types had ≥ 2 positive treatment-related molecular characteristics, which might benefit particularly from this combined strategy. The findings would help to provide clinical insights and theoretical basis for optimizing of targeted therapy-immunotherapy combinations, and for guiding individualized precision-medicine approaches for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Lu
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangtao Jin
- Department of Intervention Therapy, Zezhou People’s Hospital, Jincheng, China
| | - Qi Du
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuhan Wei
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongzhong Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Hong Q, Li B, Cai X, Lv Z, Cai S, Zhong Y, Wen B. Transcriptomic Analyses of the Adenoma-Carcinoma Sequence Identify Hallmarks Associated With the Onset of Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:704531. [PMID: 34458146 PMCID: PMC8387103 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.704531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence in colorectal cancer (CRC) is widely accepted. However, the relationship between the characteristics of the transcriptome and the adenoma-carcinoma sequence in CRC remains unclear. Here, the transcriptome profiles of 15 tissue samples from five CRC patients were generated by RNAseq. Six specific dynamic expression patterns of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were generated by mFuzz. Weighted correlation network analysis showed that DEGs in cluster 4 were associated with carcinoma tissues, and those in cluster 6 were associated with non-normal tissues. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses identified metabolic dysregulation as a consistent finding throughout the transition process, whereas downregulation of the immune response occurred during normal to adenoma transition, and the upregulation of canonical pathways was associated with adenoma to carcinoma transition. Overall survival analysis of patients in cluster 6 identified TPD52L1 as a marker of poor prognosis, and cell proliferation, colony formation, wound healing, and Transwell invasion assays showed that high expression levels of TPD52L1 promoted malignant behaviors. In total, 70 proteins were identified as potential partners of hD53 by mass spectrometry. CRC formation was associated with three cancer hallmarks: dysregulation of metabolism, inactivation of the immune response, and activation of canonical cancer pathways. The TPD52L1 gene was identified as a potential marker to track tumor formation in CRC and as an indicator of poor patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Hong
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Li
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiumei Cai
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengtao Lv
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shilun Cai
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunshi Zhong
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Wen
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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39
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Xiao K, Liu S, Xiao Y, Wang Y, Zhu Z, Wang Y, Tong D, Jiang J. Bioinformatics prediction of differential miRNAs in non-small cell lung cancer. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254854. [PMID: 34288959 PMCID: PMC8294502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 85% of all lung cancers. The drug resistance of NSCLC has clinically increased. This study aimed to screen miRNAs associated with NSCLC using bioinformatics analysis. We hope that the screened miRNA can provide a research direction for the subsequent treatment of NSCLC. Methods We screened out the common miRNAs after compared the NSCLC-related genes in the TCGA database and GEO database. Selected miRNA was performed ROC analysis, survival analysis, and enrichment analysis (GO term and KEGG pathway). Results A total of 21 miRNAs were screened in the two databases. And they were all highly expressed in normal and low in cancerous tissues. Hsa-mir-30a was selected by ROC analysis and survival analysis. Enrichment analysis showed that the function of hsa-mir-30a is mainly related to cell cycle regulation and drug metabolism. Conclusion Our study found that hsa-mir-30a was differentially expressed in NSCLC, and it mainly affected NSCLC by regulating the cell cycle and drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Xiao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shenggang Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of South China Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yijia Xiao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of South China Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiruo Zhu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yaohui Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - De Tong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiehan Jiang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of South China Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
- * E-mail:
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40
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Carcamo B, Bista R, Wilson H, Reddy P, Pacheco J. Rapid Response to Lorlatinib in a Patient With TFG-ROS1 Fusion Positive Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor of the Chest Wall Metastatic to the Brain and Refractory to First and Second Generation ROS1 Inhibitors. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2021; 43:e718-e722. [PMID: 34157012 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000002185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMTs) harbor ALK fusions but oncogene fusions involving ROS1, RET, NTRK, and PDGFR also occur. The recognition that most IMTs harbor receptor tyrosine kinase fusions has provided a rationale for the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors to target these oncogenic drivers in advanced IMTs. Crizotinib has been effective in ALK and ROS1-positive IMTs but resistance eventually develops. Here we report the successful use of lorlatinib in a patient with heavily pretreated ROS1-positive IMT of the chest wall with acquired crizotinib-resistance and metastasis to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Carcamo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso
- El Paso Children's Hospital, El Paso, TX
| | - Ranjan Bista
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso
- El Paso Children's Hospital, El Paso, TX
| | - Harry Wilson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso
| | | | - Jose Pacheco
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO
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Azelby CM, Sakamoto MR, Bowles DW. ROS1 Targeted Therapies: Current Status. Curr Oncol Rep 2021; 23:94. [PMID: 34125313 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-021-01078-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Molecular drivers are increasingly identified as therapeutic targets for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This review focuses on the role of ROS1 inhibitors in treating relapsed/metastatic ROS-1 altered (ROS1+) NSCLC. RECENT FINDINGS Four FDA-approved drugs have significant activity against ROS1+ NSCLC: crizotinib, ciritinib, lorlatinib, and entrectinib. Each drug yields an overall response rates exceeding 60% with ciritinib, lorlatinib, and entrectinib possessing intracranial activity. The drugs have manageable toxicity profiles. ROS1 alterations are rare molecular drivers of NSCLC that can be effectively treated with a variety of ROS1-targetd drugs. New agents are being identified that may treat resistance mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Azelby
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Colorado, AU, USA
| | - Mandy R Sakamoto
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Colorado, AU, USA
| | - Daniel W Bowles
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E 17th Ave, 1665 Aurora Court, Colorado, AU, USA. .,Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Hu H, Ding N, Zhou H, Wang S, Tang L, Xiao Z. A novel CD74-ROS1 gene fusion in a patient with inflammatory breast cancer: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2021; 15:277. [PMID: 34051833 PMCID: PMC8164741 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-021-02876-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD74-ROS1 fusion genes have been detected in non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC), but not in inflammatory breast cancer. CASE PRESENTATION Herein, we report a CD74-ROS1 fusion gene identified in a 64-year-old Chinese woman with inflammatory breast cancer (IBC). The patient initially presented with a rapidly growing mass in the left breast with diffuse erythema developing over a period of 2 months. Diagnosis of invasive breast carcinoma was made by core needle biopsy. Positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) demonstrated multiple organ metastases. Genomic DNA was extracted from tumor tissue and analyzed using next-generation sequencing (NGS). The CD74-ROS1 fusion gene was detected in the genomic DNA. The patient refused crizotinib treatment, and could not tolerate the side effects of palliative chemotherapy. Unfortunately, the patient died 4 months after diagnosis. CONCLUSION We report the case of a CD74-ROS1 fusion gene in a patient with IBC. This may reveal, for the first time, a possible association between CD74-ROS1 gene fusion and rapid progression of inflammatory breast cancer. Multigene panel testing can be performed when rapidly progressive breast cancer occurs and could reveal potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87#, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Clinical Research Center for Breast Cancer Control and Prevention in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Nianhua Ding
- Department of clinical laboratory, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Haiyan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shouman Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87#, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Clinical Research Center for Breast Cancer Control and Prevention in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Lili Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87#, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China. .,Clinical Research Center for Breast Cancer Control and Prevention in Hunan Province, Changsha, China.
| | - Zhi Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87#, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China. .,Clinical Research Center for Breast Cancer Control and Prevention in Hunan Province, Changsha, China.
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Yang J, Zhou P, Yu M, Zhang Y. Case Report: High-Level MET Amplification as a Resistance Mechanism of ROS1-Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in ROS1-Rearranged Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:645224. [PMID: 34055614 PMCID: PMC8155543 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.645224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although C-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1) targeted therapies have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in ROS1-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), patients inevitably develop resistance to ROS1-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Commonly acquired resistance mechanisms include a second mutation of the ROS1 kinase domain and activation of bypass signaling pathways. However, MMNG HOS Transforming gene (MET) amplification has not been reported as a novel mechanism of ROS1-TKIs resistance. Case Presentation We report a case of a 62-year-old man diagnosed with ROS1-rearranged metastatic lung adenocarcinoma, who received first-line treatment with crizotinib for 19 months. During the course of disease, the primary lung tumor was under control while the brain metastasis progressed despite the treatment with lorlatinib. The biopsy and genetic tests of the metastatic brain tumor showed a high level of MET amplification (32 copies). However, fluorescence in situ hybridization of the primary cancer showed no MET amplification, suggesting that MET amplification may be associated with an acquired resistance to ROS1-TKIs. Summary This case suggested that MET amplification could be explored as a potential mechanism for developing ROS1-TKIs resistance. Combination treatment with highly potent and selective MET-TKIs warrants further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangping Yang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Yu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Roskoski R. Hydrophobic and polar interactions of FDA-approved small molecule protein kinase inhibitors with their target enzymes. Pharmacol Res 2021; 169:105660. [PMID: 33971270 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation and mutations of protein kinases play causal roles in many diseases including cancer. The KLIFS (kinase-ligand interaction fingerprint and structure) catalog includes 85 ligand binding-site residues occurring in both the small and large protein kinase lobes. Except for allosteric inhibitors, all FDA-approved drug-target enzyme complexes display hydrophobic interactions involving catalytic spine residue-6 (KLIFS-77), catalytic spine residue-7 (KLIFS-11), and catalytic spine residue-8 (KLIFS-15) within the small lobe and residues within the hinge-linker region (KLIFS-46-52). Except for allosteric antagonists, the approved drugs form hydrogen bonds with the third hinge residue (KLIFS-48) of their target. Most of the approved drugs, including the allosteric inhibitors, interact with the small lobe gatekeeper residue (KLIFS-45). The type IIA inhibitors have the most hydrophobic interactions with their target enzymes. These include interactions with KLIFS-27/31/35/61/66 residues of the back pocket within both the small and large lobes. There is also interaction with KLIFS-68 (regulatory spine residue-1), the conserved histidine of the catalytic loop that is found in the back pocket of type II antagonists, but within the front pocket of the other types of inhibitors. Owing to the participation of protein kinase signaling cascades in a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes, one can foresee the increasing use of targeted inhibitors both as primary and secondary treatments for many illnesses. Further studies of protein kinase signal transduction pathways promise to yield new and actionable information that will serve as a basis for fundamental and applied biomedical breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roskoski
- Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research, 3754 Brevard Road, Suite 116, Box 19, Horse Shoe, NC 28742-8814, United States.
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Roskoski R. Properties of FDA-approved small molecule phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors prescribed for the treatment of malignancies. Pharmacol Res 2021; 168:105579. [PMID: 33774181 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) pathway was a major advance in understanding eukaryotic signal transduction. The high frequency of PI 3-kinase pathway mutations in many cancers stimulated the development of drugs targeting these oncogenic mutants. The PI 3-kinases are divided into three classes and Class I PI 3-kinases, which catalyze the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI-4,5-P2) to generate phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3), are the main subject of this review. The class I PI 3-kinases are made up of p110α, p110β, p110δ, and p110γ catalytic subunits. These catalytic subunits are constitutively bound to regulatory subunits (p85α, p85β, p55γ, p101, and p87 proteins). The p85/p55 regulatory subunits heterodimerize with p110α or p110δ thereby forming complexes that are regulated chiefly by receptor protein-tyrosine kinases. The p101 and p87 subunits heterodimerize with p110γ to form complexes that are regulated mainly by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Complexes containing the p110β subunit are activated by receptor protein-tyrosine kinases as well as GPCRs. Following the generation of PIP3, the AKT and mTOR protein-serine/threonine kinases are activated leading to cell growth, proliferation, and survival. Like protein kinases, the PI 3-kinase domains consist of a bilobed structure connected by a hinge-linker segment. ATP and most PI 3-kinase and protein kinase inhibitors form hydrogen bonds with hinge residues. The small and large lobes of PI 3-kinases and protein kinases have a very similar three-dimensional structure called the protein kinase fold. Both PI 3-kinases and eukaryotic protein kinases possess an activation segment that begins with a DFG triad (Asp-Phe-Gly); the activation segment of protein kinases usually ends with an APE (Ala-Pro-Glu) signature while that of PI 3-kinases ends with a PFxLT (Pro-Phe-Xxx-Leu-Thr) signature. Dormant PI 3-kinases have a collapsed activation loop and active PI 3-kinases have an extended activation loop. The distance between the α-carbon atom of the DFG-D residue at the beginning of the activation loop and that of the PFxLT-F residue at the end of the activation loop in dormant PI 3-kinases is about 13 Å; this distance in active PI 3-kinases is about 18 Å. The protein kinase catalytic loop has an HRD (His-Arg-Asp) signature while that of the PI 3-kinases reverses the order with a DRH triad. Alpelisib is an orally effective FDA-approved PI 3-kinase-α inhibitor used for the treatment of breast cancer. Copanlisib, duvelisib, idelalisib, and umbralisib are PI 3-kinase-δ inhibitors that are approved for the third-line treatment of follicular lymphomas and other hematological disorders. Copanlisib is also a potent inhibitor of PI 3-kinase-α. Of the five approved drugs, all are orally bioavailable except copanlisib. Idelalisib interacts with the active conformation of PI 3-kinase-δ and is classified as a type I inhibitor. Alpelisib and copanlisib interact with inactive PI 3-kinase-α and PI 3-kinase-γ, respectively, and are classified as a type I½ antagonists. Except for umbralisib with a molecular weight of 571.5, all five drugs conform to the Lipinski rule of five for oral effectiveness. Copanlisib, however, must be given intravenously. Alpelisib and copanlisib inhibit PI 3-kinase-α, which is involved in insulin signaling, and both drugs promote insulin-resistance and produce hyperglycemia. The five FDA-approved PI 3-kinase inhibitors produce significant on-target toxicities, more so than many approved protein kinase antagonists. The development of PI 3-kinase inhibitors with fewer toxicities is an important long-term therapeutic goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roskoski
- Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research, 3754 Brevard Road, Suite 116, Box 19, Horse Shoe, NC 28742-8814, United States.
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46
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Properties of FDA-approved small molecule protein kinase inhibitors: A 2021 update. Pharmacol Res 2021; 165:105463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Orally effective FDA-approved protein kinase targeted covalent inhibitors (TCIs). Pharmacol Res 2021; 165:105422. [PMID: 33434619 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Because dysregulation of protein kinases owing to mutations or overexpression plays causal roles in human diseases, this family of enzymes has become one of the most important drug targets of the 21st century. Of the 62 protein kinases inhibitors that are approved by the FDA, seven of them form irreversible covalent adducts with their target enzymes. The clinical success of ibrutinib, an inhibitor of Bruton tyrosine kinase, in the treatment of mantle cell lymphomas following its approval in 2013 helped to overcome a general bias against the development of irreversible drug inhibitors. The other approved covalent drugs include acalabrutinib and zanubrutinib, which also inhibit Bruton tyrosine kinase. Furthermore afatinib, dacomitinib, and osimertinib, inhibitors of members of the epidermal growth factor receptor family (ErbB1/2/3/4), are used in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancers. Neratinib is an inhibitor of ErbB2 and is used in the treatment of ErbB2/HER2-positive breast cancer. The seven drugs considered in this review have a common mechanism of action; this process involves the addition of a protein cysteine thiolate anion (protein‒S:-) to an acrylamide derivative (CH2=CHC(=O)N(H)R) where R represents the pharmacophore. Such reactions are commonly referred to as Michael additions and each reaction results in the formation of a covalent bond between carbon and sulfur; the final product is a thioether. This process consists of two discrete steps; the first step involves the reversible association of the drug with its target enzyme so that a weakly electrophilic functionality, a warhead, is bound near an appropriately positioned nucleophilic cysteine. In the second step, a reaction occurs between the warhead and the target enzyme cysteine to form a covalently modified and inactive protein. For this process to work, the warhead must be appropriately juxtaposed in relationship to the cysteinyl thiolate so that the covalent addition can occur. Covalent inhibitors have emerged from the ranks of drugs to be avoided to become an emerging paradigm. Much of this recent success can be attributed to the clinical efficacy of ibrutinib as well as the other antagonists covered in this review. Moreover, the covalent inhibitor methodology is swiftly gaining acceptance as a valuable component of the medicinal chemist's toolbox and is primed to make a significant impact on the development of enzyme antagonists and receptor modulators.
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Almquist D, Ernani V. The Road Less Traveled: A Guide to Metastatic ROS1-Rearranged Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. JCO Oncol Pract 2020; 17:7-14. [PMID: 33211628 DOI: 10.1200/op.20.00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, significant advances have been achieved in the diagnostic testing, treatment, and prognosis of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). One of the most significant developments was the identification of specific gene alterations that define subsets of NSCLC. In 2007, ROS1 rearrangements were first described and observed in approximately 1%-2% of patients with NSCLC. Currently, crizotinib remains the therapy of choice for advanced ROS1-rearranged NSCLC without CNS metastases, while entrectinib has emerged as the preferred option for those with CNS metastases. The next-generation inhibitors under development are more potent, have better CNS efficacy, and can overcome important resistance mutations. In this review, we focus on the management of patients with advanced NSCLC harboring a ROS1 rearrangement. We aim to provide insight into the diagnosis, treatment approach, and emerging treatments in this subgroup of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Almquist
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Vinicius Ernani
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Phoenix, AZ
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Vanajothi R, Vedagiri H, Al-Ansari MM, Al-Humaid LA, Kumpati P. Pharmacophore based virtual screening, molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation studies for finding ROS1 kinase inhibitors as potential drug molecules. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:3385-3399. [PMID: 33200682 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1847195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase ROS-1 is one of the clinically important biomarker and plays a crucial role in regulation of a number of cellular functions including cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis. Recently, inhibition of ROS1 kinase has proven to be a promising target of anticancer drugs for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The very few compounds have been used as potent drug molecules so far and the selective ROS1 inhibitors are relatively rare. Besides the currently available drugs such as Crizotinib and PF-06463922 are becoming sensitive due to mutations in the ROS1 protein. To curtail the problem of the resistant, present study was designed to identify the potent inhibitors against ROS1. Three different screening approaches such as structure based, Atom-based and pharmacophore based screening were carried out against commercially available databases and the retrieved best hits were further evaluated by Lipinski's filter. Thereafter the lead molecule was subjected to pocket specific docking with ROS1. The results show that, total of 9 molecules (3 from each screening) has good docking score (with range of -9.288 to -12.49 Kcal/Mol) and binding interactions within the active site of ROS1. In order to analyze the stability of the ligand- protein complexes, molecular dynamics simulation was performed. Thus, these identified potential lead molecules with good binding score and binding affinity with ROS1 may act as the potent ROS1 inhibitor, and that are worth considering for further experimental studies.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramar Vanajothi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bharathidasan University, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Mysoon M Al-Ansari
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Latifah A Al-Humaid
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Premkumar Kumpati
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bharathidasan University, Tamil Nadu, India
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Giustini NP, Jeong AR, Buturla J, Bazhenova L. Advances in Treatment of Locally Advanced or Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Targeted Therapy. Clin Chest Med 2020; 41:223-235. [PMID: 32402358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is constantly evolving. Although the advent of immunotherapy has played an important role in the treatment of patients with NSCLC, the identification of driver mutations and the subsequent specific treatment of these targets often lead to durable responses while maintaining quality of life. This review delves into targeted therapies available for epidermal growth factor receptor, anaplastic lymphoma kinase, ROS1, neurotrophic tropomyosin receptor kinase, and BRAF- mutated NSCLC patients, as well as other mutations with promising novel drugs under clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Giustini
- UCSD Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Drive MC #0987, La Jolla, CA 92093-0829, USA.
| | - Ah-Reum Jeong
- UCSD Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Drive MC #0987, La Jolla, CA 92093-0829, USA
| | - James Buturla
- UCSD Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Drive MC #0987, La Jolla, CA 92093-0829, USA
| | - Lyudmila Bazhenova
- UCSD Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Drive MC #0987, La Jolla, CA 92093-0829, USA
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