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Lu Y, Dong K, Yang M, Liu J. Network pharmacology-based strategy to investigate the bioactive ingredients and molecular mechanism of Evodia rutaecarpa in colorectal cancer. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:433. [PMID: 38041080 PMCID: PMC10691004 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04254-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evodia rutaecarpa, a traditional herbal drug, is widely used as an analgesic and antiemetic. Many studies have confirmed that Evodia rutaecarpa has an anticancer effect. Here, our study explored the bioactive ingredients in Evodia rutaecarpa acting on colorectal cancer (CRC) by utilizing network pharmacology. METHODS We clarified the effective ingredients and corresponding targets of Evodia rutaecarpa. CRC-related genes were obtained from several public databases to extract candidate targets. Candidate targets were used to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network for screening out core targets with topological analysis, and then we selected the core targets and corresponding ingredients for molecular docking. Cell proliferation experiments and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) verified the anticancer effect of the bioactive ingredients and the results of molecular docking. RESULTS Our study obtained a total of 24 bioactive ingredients and 100 candidate targets after intersecting ingredient-related targets and CRC-related genes, and finally, 10 genes-TNF, MAPK1, TP53, AKT1, RELA, RB1, ESR1, JUN, CCND1 and MYC-were screened out as core targets. In vitro experiments suggested that rutaecarpine excelled isorhamnetin, evodiamine and quercetin in the inhibition of CRC cells and the release of TNF-α was altered with the concentrations of rutaecarpine. Molecular docking showed that rutaecarpine could effectively bind with TNF-α. CONCLUSION The pairs of ingredients-targets in Evodia rutaecarpa acted on CRC were excavated. Rutaecarpine as a bioactive ingredient of Evodia rutaecarpamight effectively inhibit the proliferation of CRC cells by suppressing TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqu Lu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Kangdi Dong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Meng Yang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Xiao L, Chen XJ, Feng JK, Li WN, Yuan S, Hu Y. Natural products as the calcium channel blockers for the treatment of arrhythmia: Advance and prospect. Fitoterapia 2023; 169:105600. [PMID: 37419421 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Arrhythmia is one of the commonly heart diseases with observed abnormal heart-beat rhythm that caused by the obstacles of cardiac activity and conduction. The arrhythmic pathogenesis is complex and capricious and related with other cardiovascular diseases that may lead to heart failure and sudden death. In particular, calcium overload is recognized as the main reason causing arrhythmia through inducing apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. Moreover, calcium channel blockers have been widely used as the routine drugs for the treatment of arrhythmia, but the different arrhythmic complications and adverse effects limit their further applications and demand new drug discovery. Natural products have always been the rich minerals for the development of new drugs that could be employed as the versatile player for the discovery of safe and effective anti-arrhythmia drugs with new mechanisms. In this review, we summarized natural products with the activity against calcium signaling and the relevant mechanism of actions. We are expected to provide an inspiration for the pharmaceutical chemists to develop more potent calcium channel blockers for the treatment of arrhythmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xiao
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Guang'anmen Hospital, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xing-Juan Chen
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Guang'anmen Hospital, Beijing 100053, China
| | | | - Wei-Na Li
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Guang'anmen Hospital, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Shuo Yuan
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450018, China.
| | - Ying Hu
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Guang'anmen Hospital, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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Liu Y, Li H, Chen L, Zhao H, Liu J, Gong S, Ma D, Chen C, Zeng S, Long H, Ren W. Mechanism and Pharmacodynamic Substance Basis of Raw and Wine-Processed Evodia rutaecarpa on Smooth Muscle Cells of Dysmenorrhea Mice. Pain Res Manag 2023; 2023:7711988. [PMID: 37305097 PMCID: PMC10250099 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7711988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Evodia rutaecarpa (ER) is a well-known herbal Chinese medicine traditionally used for analgesia in dysmenorrhea, headaches, abdominal pain, etc. Notably, the analgesic effect of wine-processed Evodia rutaecarpa (PER) was more potent than that of raw ER. This research aimed to investigate the mechanism and pharmacodynamic substance basis of raw ER and PER on smooth muscle cells of dysmenorrhea mice. Methods Metabolomics methods based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS were utilized to analyse the differential components of ER before and after wine processing. Afterwards, the uterine smooth muscle cells were isolated from the uterine tissue of dysmenorrhea and normal mice. The isolated dysmenorrhea uterine smooth muscle cells were randomly divided into four groups: model group, 7-hydroxycoumarin group (1 mmol/L), chlorogenic acid (1 mmol/L), and limonin (50 μmol/L). The normal group consisted of the isolated normal mouse uterine smooth muscle cells, which were repeated 3 times in each group. The cell contraction and the expression of P2X3 and Ca2+ in vitro were determined using immunofluorescence staining and laser confocal; ELISA was used for detection of PGE2, ET-1, and NO content after 7-hydroxycoumarin, chlorogenic acid, and limonin administered for 24 h. Results The metabolomics results suggested that seven differential compounds were identified in the extracts of raw ER and PER, including chlorogenic acid, 7-hydroxycoumarin, hydroxy evodiamine, laudanosine, evollionines A, limonin, and 1-methyl-2-[(z)-4-nonenyl]-4 (1H)-quinolone. The in vitro results showed that 7-hydroxycoumarin, chlorogenic acid, and limonin were able to inhibit cell contraction and PGE2, ET-1, P2X3, and Ca2+ in dysmenorrhea mouse uterine smooth muscle cells and increase the content of NO. Conclusion Our finding suggested that the compounds of the PER were different from those of the raw ER, and 7-hydroxycoumarin, chlorogenic acid, and limonin could improve dysmenorrhea in mice whose uterine smooth muscle cell contraction was closed with endocrine factors and P2X3-Ca2+ pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeqian Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 95 Shaoshan Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second People's Hospital of Anhui Province, No. 1868 Dangshan Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 95 Shaoshan Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 95 Shaoshan Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 95 Shaoshan Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shan Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 95 Shaoshan Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Danfeng Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, The Children's Hospital of Hunan Province, No. 86 Ziyuan Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Chunming Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 95 Shaoshan Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shuiqing Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 95 Shaoshan Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hongping Long
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 95 Shaoshan Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Weiqiong Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 95 Shaoshan Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Pharmacological mechanism of natural drugs and their active ingredients in the treatment of arrhythmia via calcium channel regulation. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 160:114413. [PMID: 36805187 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Arrhythmia is characterized by abnormal heartbeat rhythms and frequencies caused by heart pacing and conduction dysfunction. Arrhythmia is the leading cause of death in patients with cardiovascular disease, with high morbidity and mortality rates, posing a serious risk to human health. Natural drugs and their active ingredients, such as matrine(MAT), tetrandrine(TET), dehydroevodiamine, tanshinone IIA, and ginsenosides, have been widely used for the treatment of atrial fibrillation, ventricular ectopic beats, sick sinus syndrome, and other arrhythmia-like diseases owing to their unique advantages. This review summarizes the mechanism of action of natural drugs and their active ingredients in the treatment of arrhythmia via the regulation of Ca2+, such as alkaloids, quinones, saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids, polyphenols, and lignan compounds, to provide ideas for the innovative development of natural drugs with potential antiarrhythmic efficacy.
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Xiao SJ, Xu XK, Chen W, Xin JY, Yuan WL, Zu XP, Shen YH. Traditional Chinese medicine Euodiae Fructus: botany, traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity and quality control. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2023; 13:6. [PMID: 36790599 PMCID: PMC9931992 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-023-00369-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Euodiae Fructus, referred to as "Wuzhuyu" in Chinese, has been used as local and traditional herbal medicines in many regions, especially in China, Japan and Korea, for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, headache, emesis, aphtha, dermatophytosis, dysentery, etc. Substantial investigations into their chemical and pharmacological properties have been performed. Recently, interest in this plant has been focused on the different structural types of alkaloids like evodiamine, rutaecarpine, dehydroevodiamine and 1-methyl-2-undecyl-4(1H)-quinolone, which exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities in preclinical models, such as anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cardiovascular disease, etc. This review summarizes the up-to-date and comprehensive information concerning the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology of Euodiae Fructus together with the toxicology and quality control, and discusses the possible direction and scope for future research on this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Jia Xiao
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xi-Ke Xu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jia-Yun Xin
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Wen-Lin Yuan
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xian-Peng Zu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Yun-Heng Shen
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Baltov B, Beyl S, Baburin I, Reinhardt J, Szkokan P, Garifulina A, Timin E, Kraushaar U, Potterat O, Hamburger M, Kügler P, Hering S. Assay for evaluation of proarrhythmic effects of herbal products: Case study with 12 Evodia preparations. Toxicol Rep 2023; 10:589-599. [PMID: 37213814 PMCID: PMC10196857 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Guidelines for preclinical drug development reduce the occurrence of arrhythmia-related side effects. Besides ample evidence for the presence of arrhythmogenic substances in plants, there is no consensus on a research strategy for the evaluation of proarrhythmic effects of herbal products. Here, we propose a cardiac safety assay for the detection of proarrhythmic effects of plant extracts based on the experimental approaches described in the Comprehensive In vitro Proarrhythmia Assay (CiPA). Microelectrode array studies (MEAs) and voltage sensing optical technique on human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) were combined with ionic current measurements in mammalian cell lines, In-silico simulations of cardiac action potentials (APs) and statistic regression analysis. Proarrhythmic effects of 12 Evodia preparations, containing different amounts of the hERG inhibitors dehydroevodiamine (DHE) and hortiamine were analysed. Extracts produced different prolongation of the AP, occurrence of early after depolarisations and triangulation of the AP in hiPSC-CMs depending on the contents of the hERG inhibitors. DHE and hortiamine dose-dependently prolonged the field potential duration in hiPSC-CMs studied with MEAs. In-silico simulations of ventricular AP support a scenario where proarrhythmic effects of Evodia extracts are predominantly caused by the content of the selective hERG inhibitors. Statistic regression analysis revealed a high torsadogenic risk for both compounds that was comparable to drugs assigned to the high-risk category in a CiPA study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozhidar Baltov
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- ChanPharm GmbH, Am Kanal 27, 1110 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Igor Baburin
- ChanPharm GmbH, Am Kanal 27, 1110 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jakob Reinhardt
- Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Aleksandra Garifulina
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eugen Timin
- ChanPharm GmbH, Am Kanal 27, 1110 Vienna, Austria
| | - Udo Kraushaar
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Olivier Potterat
- Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Hamburger
- Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Kügler
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Applied Mathematics and Statistics and Computational Science Hub, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Steffen Hering
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- ChanPharm GmbH, Am Kanal 27, 1110 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence to: Am Kanal 27,2/3/5–7, 1110 Vienna, Austria.
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Fu S, Liao L, Yang Y, Bai Y, Zeng Y, Wang H, Wen J. The pharmacokinetics profiles, pharmacological properties, and toxicological risks of dehydroevodiamine: A review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1040154. [PMID: 36467053 PMCID: PMC9715618 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1040154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Dehydroevodiamine (DHE) is a quinazoline alkaloid isolated from Evodiae Fructus (EF, Wuzhuyu in Chinese, Rutaceae family), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) which is clinically applied to treat headache, abdominal pain, menstrual pain, abdominal distension, vomiting, acid regurgitation, etc. Modern research demonstrates that DHE is one of the main components of EF. In recent years, DHE has received extensive attention due to its various pharmacological activities. This review is the first to comprehensively summarize the current studies on pharmacokinetics profiles, pharmacological properties, and toxicological risks of DHE in diverse diseases. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that DHE has a relatively good oral absorption effect in the mean concentration curves in rat plasma and high absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, distribution re-absorption and enterohepatic circulation may lead to multiple blood concentration peaks of DHE in rat plasma. DHE possesses a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties in the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, and digestive system. Moreover, DHE has anti-inflammatory effects via downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Given the favorable pharmacological activity, DHE is expected to be a potential drug candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, chronic stress, amnesia, chronic atrophic gastritis, gastric ulcers, and rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, toxicity studies have suggested that DHE has proarrhythmic effects and can impair bile acid homeostasis without causing hepatotoxicity. However, further rigorous and well-designed studies are needed to elucidate the pharmacokinetics, pharmacological effects, potential biological mechanisms, and toxicity of DHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubin Fu
- Jiujiang Inspection and Testing Certification Center, Jiujiang, China
| | - Liying Liao
- Jiujiang Inspection and Testing Certification Center, Jiujiang, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Bai
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianxia Wen
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
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Zhang D, Lü J, Ren Z, Zhang X, Wu H, Sa R, Wang X, Wang Y, Lin Z, Zhang B. Potential cardiotoxicity induced by Euodiae Fructus: In vivo and in vitro experiments and untargeted metabolomics research. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1028046. [PMID: 36353487 PMCID: PMC9637925 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1028046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Euodiae Fructus, a well-known herbal medicine, is widely used in Asia and has also gained in popularity in Western countries over the last decades. It has known side effects, which have been observed in clinical settings, but few studies have reported on its cardiotoxicity. Methods: In the present study, experiments using techniques of untargeted metabolomics clarify the hazardous effects of Euodiae Fructus on cardiac function and metabolism in rats in situations of overdosage and unsuitable syndrome differentiation. In vitro assays are conducted to observe the toxic effects of evodiamine and rutaecarpine, two main chemical constituents of Euodiae Fructus, in H9c2 and neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs), with their signaling mechanisms analyzed accordingly. Results: The cardiac cytotoxicity of evodiamine and rutaecarpine in in vivo experiments is associated with remarkable alterations in lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, and mitochondrial membrane potential; also with increased intensity of calcium fluorescence, decreased protein expression of the cGMP-PKG pathway in H9c2 cells, and frequency of spontaneous beat in NRCMs. Additionally, the results in rats with Yin deficiency receiving a high-dosage of Euodiae Fructus suggest obvious cardiac physiological dysfunction, abnormal electrocardiogram, pathological injuries, and decreased expression of PKG protein. At the level of endogenous metabolites, the cardiac side effects of overdose and irrational usage of Euodiae Fructus relate to 34 differential metabolites and 10 metabolic pathways involving among others, the purine metabolism, the glycerophospholipid metabolism, the glycerolipid metabolism, and the sphingolipid metabolism. Conclusion: These findings shed new light on the cardiotoxicity induced by Euodiae Fructus, which might be associated with overdose and unsuitable syndrome differentiation, that comes from modulating the cGMP-PKG pathway and disturbing the metabolic pathways of purine, lipid, and amino acid. Continuing research is needed to ensure pharmacovigilance for the safe administration of Chinese herbs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jintao Lü
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixin Ren
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Centre for Pharmacovigilance and Rational Use of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Huanzhang Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Rina Sa
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Centre for Pharmacovigilance and Rational Use of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijian Lin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Centre for Pharmacovigilance and Rational Use of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Centre for Pharmacovigilance and Rational Use of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Abstract
This review deals with the synthesis of naturally occurring alkaloids containing partially or completely saturated pyrimidine nuclei. The interest in these compounds is associated with their structural diversity, high biological activity and toxicity. The review is divided into four parts, each of which describes a number of synthetic methodologies toward structurally different naturally occurring alkaloids containing saturated cyclic six-membered amidine, guanidine, aminal and urea (thiourea) moieties, respectively. The development of various synthetic strategies for the preparation of these compounds has remarkably increased during the past few decades. This is primarily due to the fact that some of these compounds are isolated only in limited quantities, which makes it practically impossible to study their full structural characteristics and biological activity.
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Wei Y, Ren S, Wang J, Wang Y, Cui Y, Tian M, Wang R, Liu H, Zhao Y. Dehydroevodiamine ameliorates indomethacin-induced gastric injury via inhibition of ERK and p38 signaling pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 93:153764. [PMID: 34628242 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dehydroevodiamine (DHE), a pivotal quinazoline alkaloid isolated from Fructus Evodiae (Tetradium ruticarpum (A. Juss.) Hartley), has various pharmacological effects. However, the effect of DHE on gastric injury is still uncharted. PURPOSE To clarify the pharmacological effect and mechanism of DHE on gastric injury (GI) induced by indomethacin (IDO). STUDY DESIGN The gastric injury was induced in rat by oral administration of 5 mg/kg IDO for 7 days. Then the rats were treated with DHE (10, 20, 40 mg/kg, ig) for 7 days. METHODS The changes of food intake, body weight, gastric pH and general state observation were determined. And HE staining and AB-PAS staining was analyzed. Then, the inflammatory infiltration of gastric tissue was observed through MPO immunohistochemical approach, and the expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 were measured. Furthermore, the levels of proteins ERK, p-ERK, P38, p-P38, JNK and p-JNK were determined to elucidate the molecular mechanism of DHE. RESULTS DHE alleviated food intake reduction, weight loss and gastric injury induced by IDO and made gastric pH and mucosal thickness return to normal. In addition, DHE could down regulate the expression of MPO, TNF-α and IL-6 and up regulate the expression of IL-10 to reduce the damage induced by inflammatory, and create a healing environment. Furthermore, DHE could significantly inhibit the phosphorylation of ERK and p38 not JNK. CONCLUSION DHE ameliorated dyspepsia, inflammatory infiltration and tissue damage induced by IDO through ERK and p38 signaling pathways rather than JNK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China; Department of Pharmacy, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Sichen Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China; Department of Pharmacy, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Wang
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfei Cui
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Tian
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruilin Wang
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Honghong Liu
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China; Department of Pharmacy, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Loen V, Vos MA, van der Heyden MAG. The canine chronic atrioventricular block model in cardiovascular preclinical drug research. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:859-881. [PMID: 33684961 PMCID: PMC9291585 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventricular cardiac arrhythmia is a life threating condition arising from abnormal functioning of many factors in concert. Animal models mirroring human electrophysiology are essential to predict and understand the rare pro- and anti-arrhythmic effects of drugs. This is very well accomplished by the canine chronic atrioventricular block (CAVB) model. Here we summarize canine models for cardiovascular research, and describe the development of the CAVB model from its beginning. Understanding of the structural, contractile and electrical remodelling processes following atrioventricular (AV) block provides insight in the many factors contributing to drug-induced arrhythmia. We also review all safety pharmacology studies, efficacy and mechanistic studies on anti-arrhythmic drugs in CAVB dogs. Finally, we compare pros and cons with other in vivo preclinical animal models. In view of the tremendous amount of data obtained over the last 100 years from the CAVB dog model, it can be considered as man's best friend in preclinical drug research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Loen
- Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc A Vos
- Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Rutaecarpine Ameliorates Pressure Overload Cardiac Hypertrophy by Suppression of Calcineurin and Angiotensin II. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:8857329. [PMID: 33510809 PMCID: PMC7822676 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8857329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is a major pathological process to result in heart failure and sudden death. Rutaecarpine, a pentacyclic indolopyridoquinazolinone alkaloid extracted from Evodia rutaecarpa with multiple pharmacological activities, yet the underlying protective effects and the mechanisms on cardiac hypertrophy remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the potential effects of rutaecarpine on pressure overload cardiac hypertrophy. Cardiac hypertrophy in rat was developed by abdominal aortic constriction (AAC) for 4 weeks, which was improved by rutaecarpine supplementation (20 or 40 mg/kg/day, i.g.) for another 4 weeks. The level of angiotensin II was increased; the mRNA expression and the activity of calcineurin in the left ventricular tissue were augmented following cardiac hypertrophy. Rutaecarpine administration decreased angiotensin II content and reduced calcineurin expression and activity. Noteworthily, in angiotensin II-induced cardiomyocytes, rutaecarpine ameliorated the hypertrophic effects in a dose-dependent manner and downregulated the increased mRNA expression and activity of calcineurin. In conclusion, rutaecarpine can improve cardiac hypertrophy in pressure overload rats, which may be related to the inhibition of angiotensin II-calcineurin signal pathway.
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Li M, Wang C. Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicology of the fruit of Tetradium ruticarpum: A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 263:113231. [PMID: 32758577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The fruit of Tetradium ruticarpum (FTR) known as Tetradii fructus or Evodiae fructus (Wu-Zhu-Yu in Chinese) is a versatile herbal medicine which has been prescribed in Chinese herbal formulas and recognized in Japanese Kampo. FTR has been clinically used to treat various diseases such as headache, vomit, diarrhea, abdominal pain, dysmenorrhea and pelvic inflammation for thousands of years. AIM OF THE REVIEW The present paper aimed to provide comprehensive information on the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, drug interaction and toxicology of FTR in order to build up a foundation on the mechanism of ethnopharmacological uses as well as to explore the trends and perspectives for further studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS This review collected the literatures published prior to July 2020 on the phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicity of FTR. All relevant information on FTR was gathered from worldwide accepted scientific search engines and databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Elsevier, ACS, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). Information was also obtained from local books, PhD. and MSc. Dissertations as well as from Pharmacopeias. RESULTS FTR has been used as an herbal medicine for centuries in East Asia. A total of 165 chemical compounds have been isolated so far and the main chemical compounds of FTR include alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, steroids, and phenylpropanoids. Crude extracts, processed products (medicinal slices) and pure components of FTR exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-obesity, antioxidant, insecticide, regulating central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, cardiovascular protection. Furthermore, bioactive components isolated from FTR can induce drug interaction and hepatic injury. CONCLUSIONS Therapeutic potential of FTR has been demonstrated with the pharmacological effects on cancer, inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, CNS, bacterial infection and obesity. Pharmacological and pharmacokinetic studies of FTR mostly focus on its main active alkaloids. Further in-depth studies on combined medication and processing approaches mechanisms, pharmacological and toxic effects not limited to the alkaloids, and toxic components of FTR should be designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manlin Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Changhong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Beik A, Joukar S, Najafipour H. A review on plants and herbal components with antiarrhythmic activities and their interaction with current cardiac drugs. J Tradit Complement Med 2020; 10:275-287. [PMID: 32670823 PMCID: PMC7340875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper aimed to compile information on plants or their compounds which have experimentally shown antiarrhythmic effect and to scrutinize the efficacy and potency of them and their potential interaction with conventional cardiac drugs. Literature searches were accomplished by using numerous electronic databases, and the available knowledge on different parts of herbs and their ingredients with antiarrhythmic effects up to 2019 were identified and collected. The results indicate that 36 herbs or their derivatives can be effective in the treatment of arrhythmias, especially in animal and cellular models. They affect various ionic channels in different action potential phases. The alterations in ionic currents lead to changing in the amplitude and duration of the action potential, effective refractory period, maximum velocity, resting membrane potential, channel trafficking, or intracellular calcium concentration. The agents that prolong action potential duration and effective refractory period such as dauricine and sophocarpine seem to be more beneficial if more comprehensive studies confirm their efficacy and safety. It is noteworthy that the consumption of some herbal agents for cardiovascular (e.g. Hawthorn and Ginseng) or other (e.g. Ginseng and Licorice) therapeutic purposes may boost the pro-arrhythmogenic effect of current cardiovascular drugs such as cardiac glycosides. This study accentuates known plants or their derivatives with anti-arrhythmic effects, potential interaction with other cardiac drugs, and the possible mechanisms involved. It can assist clinicians and scientists in research and therapeutic approaches to the management of cardiac arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Beik
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Siyavash Joukar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid Najafipour
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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15
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Hamburger M. HPLC-based activity profiling for pharmacologically and toxicologically relevant natural products - principles and recent examples. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2019; 57:328-334. [PMID: 31057026 PMCID: PMC6507960 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2019.1606261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Discovery of pharmacologically active natural products as starting points for drug development remains important and, for reasons of consumer safety, the identification of toxicologically relevant compounds in herbal drugs. OBJECTIVE To explain, with the aid of relevant examples from our own research, how these goals can be achieved. METHODS An in-house technology platform comprising pre-formatted extract libraries in 96-well format, miniaturized tracking of activity in extracts via HPLC-activity profiling, structure elucidation with microprobe NMR, and in vitro and in vivo pharmacological methods were used. RESULTS Piperine was identified as a new scaffold for allosteric GABAA receptor modulators with in vivo activity that interacts at a benzodiazepine-independent binding site. Selectivity and potency were improved by iterative optimization towards synthetic piperine analogues. Dehydroevodiamine and hortiamine from the traditional Chinese herbal drug Evodiae fructus were identified as potent hERG channel blockers in vitro. The compounds induced torsades de pointes arrhythmia in animal models. CONCLUSIONS The allosteric binding site for piperine analogues remains to be characterized and cardiac risks of herbal drugs need to be further evaluated to ensure consumer safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hamburger
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Qile M, Beekman HDM, Sprenkeler DJ, Houtman MJC, van Ham WB, Stary-Weinzinger A, Beyl S, Hering S, van den Berg DJ, de Lange ECM, Heitman LH, IJzerman AP, Vos MA, van der Heyden MAG. LUF7244, an allosteric modulator/activator of K v 11.1 channels, counteracts dofetilide-induced torsades de pointes arrhythmia in the chronic atrioventricular block dog model. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:3871-3885. [PMID: 31339551 PMCID: PMC6780032 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Kv 11.1 (hERG) channel blockade is an adverse effect of many drugs and lead compounds, associated with lethal cardiac arrhythmias. LUF7244 is a negative allosteric modulator/activator of Kv 11.1 channels that inhibits early afterdepolarizations in vitro. We tested LUF7244 for antiarrhythmic efficacy and potential proarrhythmia in a dog model. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH LUF7244 was tested in vitro for (a) increasing human IKv11.1 and canine IKr and (b) decreasing dofetilide-induced action potential lengthening and early afterdepolarizations in cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells and canine isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes. In vivo, LUF7244 was given intravenously to anaesthetized dogs in sinus rhythm or with chronic atrioventricular block. KEY RESULTS LUF7244 (0.5-10 μM) concentration dependently increased IKv11.1 by inhibiting inactivation. In vitro, LUF7244 (10 μM) had no effects on IKIR2.1 , INav1.5 , ICa-L , and IKs , doubled IKr , shortened human and canine action potential duration by approximately 50%, and inhibited dofetilide-induced early afterdepolarizations. LUF7244 (2.5 mg·kg-1 ·15 min-1 ) in dogs with sinus rhythm was not proarrhythmic and shortened, non-significantly, repolarization parameters (QTc: -6.8%). In dogs with chronic atrioventricular block, LUF7244 prevented dofetilide-induced torsades de pointes arrhythmias in 5/7 animals without normalization of the QTc. Peak LUF7244 plasma levels were 1.75 ± 0.80 during sinus rhythm and 2.34 ± 1.57 μM after chronic atrioventricular block. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS LUF7244 counteracted dofetilide-induced early afterdepolarizations in vitro and torsades de pointes in vivo. Allosteric modulators/activators of Kv 11.1 channels might neutralize adverse cardiac effects of existing drugs and newly developed compounds that display QTc lengthening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muge Qile
- Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henriette D M Beekman
- Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - David J Sprenkeler
- Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marien J C Houtman
- Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willem B van Ham
- Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Stanislav Beyl
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Steffen Hering
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dirk-Jan van den Berg
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth C M de Lange
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ad P IJzerman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marc A Vos
- Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Li YH, Liu X, Yin M, Liu F, Wang B, Feng X, Wang QZ. Two new quinolone alkaloids from the nearly ripe fruits of Tetradium ruticarpum. Nat Prod Res 2019; 34:1868-1873. [PMID: 31448637 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1566819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tetradium ruticarpum (Juss.) Benth. belong to the family of Rutaceae. The complete and nearly ripe fruits of T. ruticarpum is used as traditional Chinese medicine and phytochemical investigations have been conducted on extracts of the seeds of T. ruticarpum to provide scientific validation of its properties. In this study, we successfully isolated two new quinolone alkaloids (1-2) from the MeOH extractive of nearly ripe fruits of T. ruticarpum. The structure elucidation of these compounds was determined by one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance, ultraviolet and electrospray ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry. This finding expands the understanding of the natural constituents of the Rutaceae, in particular, the Tetradium genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Heng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bi Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Zhi Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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18
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Rutaecarpine: A promising cardiovascular protective alkaloid from Evodia rutaecarpa (Wu Zhu Yu). Pharmacol Res 2019; 141:541-550. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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