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Fu W, Shentu C, Chen D, Qiu J, Zong C, Yu H, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Liu X, Xu T. Network pharmacology combined with affinity ultrafiltration to elucidate the potential compounds of Shaoyao Gancao Fuzi Decoction for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 330:118268. [PMID: 38677569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Shaoyao Gancao Fuzi Decoction (SGFD), has been employed for thousands of years in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with remarkable clinical efficacy. However, the material basis underlying the effectiveness of SGFD still remains unclear. AIM OF THE REVIEW This study aims to elucidate the material basis of SGFD through the application of network pharmacology and biological affinity ultrafiltration. RESULTS UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS was employed to characterize the components in SGFD, the identified 145 chemical components were mainly categorized into alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and monoterpenoids according to the structures. Network pharmacology method was utilized to identify potential targets and signaling pathways of SGFD in the RA treatment, and the anti-inflammatory and anti-RA effects of SGFD were validated through in vivo and in vitro experiments. Moreover, as the significant node in the pharmacology network, TNF-α, a classical therapeutic target in RA, was subsequent employed to screen the interacting compounds in SGFD via affinity ultrafiltration screening method, 6 active molecules (i.e.,glycyrrhizic acid, paeoniflorin, formononetin, isoliquiritigenin, benzoyl mesaconitine, and glycyrrhetinic acid) were exhibited significant interactions. Finally, the significant anti-inflammatory and anti-TNF-α effects of these compounds were validated at the cellular level. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this study comprehensively elucidates the pharmacodynamic material basis of SGFD, offering a practical reference model for the systematic investigation of traditional Chinese medicine formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Fu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Chengyu Shentu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Dan Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Junjie Qiu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; Cangnan County Qiushi Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 366, Xingke Road, Lingxi Town, Cangnan County, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325899, China
| | - Chuhong Zong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Hengyuan Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Yong Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; Cangnan County Qiushi Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 366, Xingke Road, Lingxi Town, Cangnan County, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325899, China
| | - Xuesong Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; Cangnan County Qiushi Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 366, Xingke Road, Lingxi Town, Cangnan County, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325899, China.
| | - Tengfei Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; Cangnan County Qiushi Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 366, Xingke Road, Lingxi Town, Cangnan County, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325899, China.
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Mu F, Lin R, Lu X, Zhao M, Zhao J, Huang S, Guo C, Guan Y, Zhang H, Xi M, Wang J, Tang H. Protective effect and mechanism of styrax on ischemic stroke rats: metabonomic insights by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS analysis. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2023; 61:1318-1331. [PMID: 37621078 PMCID: PMC10461497 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2023.2246501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Styrax is used for prevention and treatment of cerebrovascular diseases. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To elucidate styrax's anti-ischemic stroke protective effects and underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS An ischemic-stroke rat model was established based on middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to the following groups (n = 10) and administered intragastrically once a day for 7 consecutive days: sham, model, nimodipine (24 mg/kg), styrax-L (0.1 g/kg), styrax-M (0.2 g/kg) and styrax-H (0.4 g/kg). Neurological function, biochemical assessment, and ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS)-based serum metabonomics were used to elucidate styrax's cerebral protective effects and mechanisms. Pearson correlation and western blot analyses were performed to verify. RESULTS The addition of 0.4 g/kg styrax significantly reduced cerebral infarct volume and neurobehavioral abnormality score. Different doses of styrax also decrease MDA, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, and increase SOD and GSH-Px in ischemic-stroke rats (p < 0.05; MDA, p < 0.05 only at 0.4 g/kg dose). Biochemical indicators and metabolic-profile analyses (PCA, PLS-DA, and OPLS-DA) also supported styrax's protective effects. Endogenous metabolites (22) were identified in ischemic-stroke rats, and these perturbations were reversible via styrax intervention, which is predominantly involved in energy metabolism, glutathione and glutamine metabolism, and other metabolic processes. Additionally, styrax significantly upregulated phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase and glutaminase brain-tissue expression. CONCLUSION Styrax treatment could ameliorate ischemic-stroke rats by intervening with energy metabolism and glutamine metabolism. This can help us understand the mechanism of styrax, inspiring more clinical application and promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Mu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, P.R. China
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Rui Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Xueyan Lu
- Reproductive Medical Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Meina Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, P.R. China
| | - Shaojie Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Chao Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Yue Guan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Haiyue Zhang
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Miaomiao Xi
- TANK Medicinal Biology Institute of Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Haifeng Tang
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, P.R. China
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Lai J, Jiang F, Zhuo X, Xu X, Liu L, Yin K, Wang J, Zhao J, Xu W, Liu H, Wang X, Jiang W, Wang K, Yang S, Guo H, Qi F, Yuan X, Lin X, Fu G. Effects of Shenling Baizhu powder on pyrotinib-induced diarrhea: analysis of gut microbiota, metabonomics, and network pharmacology. Chin Med 2022; 17:140. [PMID: 36528679 PMCID: PMC9759852 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-022-00696-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shenling Baizhu Powder (SBP) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription, which has the good efficacy on gastrointestinal toxicity. In this study, we used gut microbiota analysis, metabonomics and network pharmacology to investigate the therapeutic effect of SBP on pyrotinib-induced diarrhea. METHODS 24 Rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group, SBP group (3.6 g/kg /bid SBP for 10 days), pyrotinib model group (80 mg/kg/qd pyrotinib) and pyrotinib + SBP treatment group. A 16S rRNA sequencing was used to detect the microbiome of rat fecal bowel. Metabolic profiles were collected by non-targeted metabolomics and key metabolic pathways were identified using MetaboAnalyst 5.0. The antitumor effect of SBP on cells treated with pyrotinib was measured using a CCK-8 assay. Network pharmacology was used to predict the target and action pathway of SBP in treating pyrotinib-related diarrhea. RESULTS In vivo study indicated that SBP could significantly alleviate pyrotinib-induced diarrhea, reaching a therapeutic effect of 66.7%. SBP could regulate pyrotinib-induced microbiota disorder. LEfSe research revealed that the SBP could potentially decrease the relative abundance of Escherichia, Helicobacter and Enterobacteriaceae and increase the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae, Bacilli, Lactobacillales etc. In addition, 25-Hydroxycholesterol, Guanidinosuccinic acid, 5-Hydroxyindolepyruvate and cAMP were selected as potential biomarkers of SBP for pyrotinib-induced diarrhea. Moreover, Spearman's analysis showed a correlation between gut microbiota and metabolite: the decreased 25-hydroxycholesterol in the pyrotinib + SBP treatment group was negatively correlated with Lachnospiraceae while positively correlated with Escherichia and Helicobacter. Meanwhile, SBP did not affect the inhibitory effect of pyrotinib on BT-474 cells and Calu-3 cells in vitro. Also, the network analysis further revealed that SBP treated pyrotinib-induced diarrhea through multiple pathways, including inflammatory bowel disease, IL-17 signaling pathway, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection and cAMP signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS SBP could effectively relieve pyrotinib-induced diarrhea, revealing that intestinal flora and its metabolites may be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjiang Lai
- grid.460018.b0000 0004 1769 9639Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021 People’s Republic of China ,grid.464402.00000 0000 9459 9325The Second Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengxian Jiang
- grid.460018.b0000 0004 1769 9639Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021 People’s Republic of China ,grid.464402.00000 0000 9459 9325The Second Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Zhuo
- grid.460018.b0000 0004 1769 9639Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021 People’s Republic of China ,grid.410638.80000 0000 8910 6733The Clinical Medical College, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medicine), Jinan, 250117 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Xu
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- grid.460018.b0000 0004 1769 9639Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021 People’s Republic of China ,grid.410638.80000 0000 8910 6733The Clinical Medical College, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medicine), Jinan, 250117 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Yin
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingliang Wang
- grid.460018.b0000 0004 1769 9639Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021 People’s Republic of China ,grid.464402.00000 0000 9459 9325The Second Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- grid.460018.b0000 0004 1769 9639Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021 People’s Republic of China ,grid.410638.80000 0000 8910 6733The Clinical Medical College, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medicine), Jinan, 250117 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongjing Liu
- grid.464402.00000 0000 9459 9325The Second Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan Wang
- grid.464402.00000 0000 9459 9325The Second Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Jiang
- grid.460018.b0000 0004 1769 9639Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Ke Wang
- grid.460018.b0000 0004 1769 9639Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuping Yang
- grid.460018.b0000 0004 1769 9639Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Honglin Guo
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Central Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021 People’s Republic of China ,grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fanghua Qi
- grid.460018.b0000 0004 1769 9639Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaotian Yuan
- grid.460018.b0000 0004 1769 9639Laboratory Animal Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Lin
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021 People’s Republic of China ,grid.460018.b0000 0004 1769 9639Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guobin Fu
- grid.460018.b0000 0004 1769 9639Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021 People’s Republic of China ,grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021 People’s Republic of China
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Computer-Aided Screening and Revealing Action Mechanism of Food-Derived Tripeptides Intervention in Acute Colitis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113471. [PMID: 36362252 PMCID: PMC9655126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Food-derived tripeptides can relieve colitis symptoms; however, their alleviation mode has not been systematically evaluated as an alternative nutritional compound. This study aimed to reveal the potential mechanism of 8000 food-derived tripeptides against acute colitis using a computer-aided screening strategy. Forty-one potential hub targets related to colitis with a Fit score > 4.0 were screened to construct the protein-protein and protein-tripeptide network based on the PharmMapper database and STRING software (Ver. 11.5). In addition, 30 significant KEGG signaling pathways with p-values < 0.001 that the 41 hub targets mainly participated in were identified using DAVID software (Ver. 6.8), including inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and cell proliferation and differentiation-related signaling pathways, particularly in the Ras- and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. Furthermore, molecular docking was performed using the Autodock against majorly targeted proteins (AKT1, EGFR, and MMP9) with the selected 52 tripeptides. The interaction model between tripeptides and targets was mainly hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions, and most of the binding energy of the tripeptide target was less than −7.13 kcal/mol. This work can provide valuable insight for exploring food-derived tripeptide mechanisms and therapeutic indications.
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Ma Y, Deng K, Liu J, Ma B, Mei F, Hui W, Luo X, Yao M, Liu Y, Qin X, Zhou X, Zou K, Li L, Sun X. The add-on effects of Danhong injection among patients with ischemic stroke receiving Western medicines: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:937369. [PMID: 36081951 PMCID: PMC9445550 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.937369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Danhong injection is widely used for treating ischemic stroke in China. However, its effects on ischemic stroke patients when given along with Western medicines (i.e., the add-on effect) were not well-established. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and three Chinese databases from inception to 20 July 2020 to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the effects of Danhong injection as add-on therapy in patients with ischemic stroke. Pairs of trained reviewers independently screened for eligible studies, assessed risk of bias, and extracted the data. The outcomes were the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Score (NIHSS), Barthel index, activities of daily living (ADL), total cholesterol, and homocysteine (Hcy). Results: Sixty-seven RCTs of 6594 patients with varying risk of bias were included. Compared with Western medicine alone, the addition of Danhong injection to Western medicine significantly lowered the NIHSS score (45 RCTs with 4565 patients; MD −4.21, 95% CI −4.96 to −3.46), total cholesterol (10 trials with 1019 patients; MD −1.14 mmol/L, 95% CI −1.57 to −0.72), and Hcy (four trials with 392 patients; MD −3.54 μmol/L, 95% CI −4.38 to −2.07). The addition of Danhong also increased the Barthel index (14 trials with 1270 patients; MD 8.71, 95% CI 3.68–13.74) and ADL (12 trials with 1114 patients; MD 14.48, 95% CI 9.04–19.92) scores. Subgroup analyses showed differential effects in the average cerebral blood flow rate by mean age of patients (<60 years: MD 0.74 cm/s, 95% CI 0.29–1.19; ≥60 years: MD 4.09 cm/s, 95% CI 2.02–6.16; interaction p = 0.002) and the NIHSS score by type of baseline Western medicines (interaction p < 0.00001). Conclusion: The addition of Danhong injection to Western medicine may improve neurological function, self-care ability, and blood lipid level of ischemic stroke patients. However, given most included trials with unclear risk of bias, current evidence is not definitive, and more carefully designed and conducted trials are warranted to confirm our findings. Systematic Review Registration: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/], identifier [CRD42022298628].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ma
- Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Real World Data Research and Evaluation in Hainan, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Center of Technology Innovation for Real World Data, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ke Deng
- Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Real World Data Research and Evaluation in Hainan, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Center of Technology Innovation for Real World Data, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiali Liu
- Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Real World Data Research and Evaluation in Hainan, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Center of Technology Innovation for Real World Data, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Ma
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Fan Mei
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Wen Hui
- Department of Science and Technology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaochao Luo
- Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Real World Data Research and Evaluation in Hainan, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Center of Technology Innovation for Real World Data, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Minghong Yao
- Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Real World Data Research and Evaluation in Hainan, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Center of Technology Innovation for Real World Data, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanmei Liu
- Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Real World Data Research and Evaluation in Hainan, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Center of Technology Innovation for Real World Data, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuan Qin
- Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Real World Data Research and Evaluation in Hainan, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Center of Technology Innovation for Real World Data, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- Evidence-Based Medicine Research Center, School of Basic Science, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Kang Zou
- Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Real World Data Research and Evaluation in Hainan, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Center of Technology Innovation for Real World Data, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Li
- Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Real World Data Research and Evaluation in Hainan, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Center of Technology Innovation for Real World Data, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Ling Li,
| | - Xin Sun
- Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Real World Data Research and Evaluation in Hainan, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Center of Technology Innovation for Real World Data, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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A multiomics and network pharmacological study reveals the neuroprotective efficacy of Fu-Fang-Dan-Zhi tablets against glutamate-induced oxidative cell death. Comput Biol Med 2022; 148:105873. [PMID: 35868043 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuroprotective therapy after ischemic stroke remains a significant need, but current measures are still insufficient. The Fu-Fang-Dan-Zhi tablet (FFDZT) is a proprietary Chinese medicine clinically employed to treat ischemic stroke in the recovery period. This work aims to systematically investigate the neuroprotective mechanism of FFDZT. A systems strategy that integrated metabolomics, transcriptomics, network pharmacology, and in vivo and in vitro experiments was used. First, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model rats were treated with FFDZT. FFDZT treatment significantly reduced the infarct volume in the brains of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model rats. Then, samples of serum and brain tissue were taken for metabolomics and transcriptomics studies, respectively; gene expression profiles of MCF7 cells treated with FFDZT and its 4 active compounds (senkyunolide I, formononetin, drilodefensin, and tanshinone IIA) were produced for CMAP analysis. Computational analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics results suggested that FFDZT regulated glutamate and oxidative stress-related metabolites (2-hydroxybutanoic acid and 2-hydroxyglutaric acid), glutamate receptors (NMDAR, KA, and AMPA), glutamate involved pathways (glutamatergic synapse pathway; d-glutamine and d-glutamate metabolism; alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism), as well as the reactive oxygen species metabolic process. CMAP analysis indicated that two active ingredients of FFDZT (tanshinone ⅡA and senkyunolide I) could act as glutamate receptor antagonists. Next, putative therapeutic targets of FFDZT's active ingredients identified in the brain were collected from multiple resources and filtered by statistical criteria and tissue expression information. Network pharmacological analysis revealed extensive interactions between FFDZT's putative targets, anti-IS drug targets, and glutamate-related enzymes, while the resulting PPI network exhibited modular topology. The targets in two of the modules were significantly enriched in the glutamatergic synapse pathway. The interactions between FFDZT's ingredients and important targets were verified by molecular docking. Finally, in vitro experiments validated the effects of FFDZT and its ingredients in suppressing glutamate-induced PC12 cell injury and reducing the generation of reactive oxygen species. All of our findings indicated that FFDZT's efficacy for treating ischemic stroke could be due to its neuroprotection against glutamate-induced oxidative cell death.
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Network pharmacology and UPLC-MS/MS-based study of active ingredients in Jiu Wei decoction. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjac.2022.100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wang Y, Li L, Li F, Yu K, Liu X, Wang Z, Xie T, Chen J, Wang X, Feng Q, Huang Y. Action Mechanism of Zhuang Medicine Jin-mu Granules Against Chronic Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Explored Using Comprehensive Network Pharmacology and Metabolomics. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221111034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zhuang Medicine Jin-mu Granules (ZMJG) are prescriptions derived from the Zhuang nationality, which is the largest minority among 56 ethnic groups in China. They have been widely used in the treatment of chronic pelvic inflammatory disease (CPID) in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region for clearing away heat and toxins, removing dampness and poisoning. CPID is a common gynecological disease of female reproductive organs and surrounding tissues and is characterized by persistent and recurrent symptoms, causing serious physical and psychological damage to the patient. Preliminary research found that ZMJG have beneficial effects on CPID model rats, but the metabolic mechanism underlying their protective effects is unclear. In this study, we used the strategy of combining network pharmacology, pharmacodynamic, and metabolomic approaches to investigate the molecular mechanisms and potential targets of ZMJG for the treatment of CPID. First, a network diagram of “medicinal materials-components-targets-pathways” based on network pharmacology was constructed to obtain a preliminary understanding of the biologically active compounds and related targets of ZMJG and clarify their molecular mechanism in CPID. Subsequently, the in vivo efficacy of ZMJG was verified in a rat model. Furthermore, we analyzed the corresponding metabolomics profile to explore the differentially induced metabolic markers and elucidate the metabolic mechanism by which ZMJG treat CPID. The results show that the therapeutic effect of ZMJG on CPID is mediated through multiple pathways, metabolic pathways, and multi-component multi-target modes, providing a detailed theoretical basis for the development and clinical application of ZMJG and a new research idea for the treatment of CPID in Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Linjie Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Fang Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Kai Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Tanfang Xie
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoxun Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Qiao Feng
- Guangxi International Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yan Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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9
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Gao Z, Mi R, Cheng Z, Li X, Zeng H, Wu G, Zhao J, Zhang W, Ye J. Integrated Metabolomics and Network Pharmacology Revealed Hong-Hua-Xiao-Yao Tablet's Effect of Mediating Hormone Synthesis in the Treatment of Mammary Gland Hyperplasia. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:788019. [PMID: 35177987 PMCID: PMC8846323 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.788019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hong-Hua-Xiao-Yao Tablet (HHXYT) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula that has been approved for the treatment of mammary gland hyperplasia (MGH), but its mechanism of action is unclear. In this study, a strategy that integrated metabolomics and network pharmacology was applied to systemically reveal the mechanism of HHXYT in the treatment of MGH. Our pharmacodynamic study indicated that the proliferation of mammary gland was inhibited in rats, and serum-level disorder of estradiol and progesterone was reversed after HHXYT treatment. 54 compounds absorbed in rat plasma were identified after administration of HHXYT. The serum metabolome revealed 58 endogenous differential metabolites, of which 31% were steroid lipids metabolites, with steroid hormone biosynthesis being the most significant metabolic module. 7 targets, 6 herbs, and 17 ingredients were found to play key roles in HHXYT’s treatment of MGH. 3 of the 7 key targets (CYP11A1, HSD3B2, and CYP17A1) were directly involved in androgen synthesis, while 2 targets (AR and ESR1) were receptors for the direct action of androgens and estrogens. Molecular docking was utilized to confirm the bindings between the 5 targets and their corresponding compounds. In an in vitro test, HHXYT (50 µg/ml) and its ingredient formononetin (3.2, 6.3, and 12.5 µM) were found to significantly reduce the increase of testosterone level induced by dexamethasone (10 µM) in thecal cells. In summary, this study illustrated that the mechanism of HHXYT’s treatment of MGH was to regulate hormone disorder. HHXYT could reduce estrogen-stimulated hyperplasia by inhibiting the production of its precursor androgen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Gao
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Mi
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoxi Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huawu Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gaosong Wu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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10
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DHI Increases the Proliferation and Migration of Schwann Cells Through the PI3K/AKT Pathway and the Expression of CXCL12 and GDNF to Promote Facial Nerve Function Repair. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1329-1340. [PMID: 35080688 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The facial nerve is one of the vulnerable nerves in otolaryngology. Repair and recovery of facial nerve injury have a high priority in clinical practice. The proliferation and migration of Schwann cells are considered of great significance in the process of nerve injury repair. Danhong injection (DHI), as a common drug for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, has been fully certified in neuroprotection research, but its role in facial nerve injury is still not clear. Our study found that DHI can promote the proliferation and migration of RSC96 cells, a Schwann cell line, and this effect is related to the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. LY294002, an inhibitor of PI3K, inhibits the proliferation and migration of RSC96 cells. Further studies have found that DHI can also promote the expression of CXCL12 and GDNF at gene and protein levels, and CXCL12 is, while GDNF is not, PI3K/AKT pathway-dependent. Animal experiments also confirmed that DHI could promote CXCL12 and GDNF expression and promote facial nerve function recovery and myelin regeneration. In conclusion, our in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that DHI could promote the proliferation and migration of Schwann cells through the PI3K/AKT pathway and increase the expression of CXCL12 and GDNF to promote facial nerve function repair.
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11
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Wu G, Zhao J, Zhao J, Song N, Zheng N, Zeng Y, Yao T, Zhang J, Weng J, Yuan M, Zhou H, Shen X, Li H, Zhang W. Exploring biological basis of Syndrome differentiation in coronary heart disease patients with two distinct Syndromes by integrated multi-omics and network pharmacology strategy. Chin Med 2021; 16:109. [PMID: 34702323 PMCID: PMC8549214 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00521-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is distinguished by Syndrome differentiation, which prescribes various formulae for different Syndromes of same disease. This study aims to investigate the underlying mechanism. Methods Using a strategy which integrated proteomics, metabolomics study for clinic samples and network pharmacology for six classic TCM formulae, we systemically explored the biological basis of TCM Syndrome differentiation for two typical Syndromes of CHD: Cold Congealing and Qi Stagnation (CCQS), and Qi Stagnation and Blood Stasis (QSBS). Results Our study revealed that CHD patients with CCQS Syndrome were characterized with alteration in pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, while more extensively altered pathways including D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism; alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, were present in QSBS patients. Furthermore, our results suggested that the down-expressed PON1 and ADIPOQ might be potential biomarkers for CCQS Syndrome, while the down-expressed APOE and APOA1 for QSBS Syndrome in CHD patients. In addition, network pharmacology and integrated analysis indicated possible comorbidity differences between the two Syndromes, that is, CCQS or QSBS Syndrome was strongly linked to diabetes or ischemic stroke, respectively, which is consistent with the complication disparity between the enrolled patients with two different Syndromes. These results confirmed our assumption that the molecules and biological processes regulated by the Syndrome-specific formulae could be associated with dysfunctional objects caused by the Syndrome of the disease. Conclusion This study provided evidence-based strategy for exploring the biological basis of Syndrome differentiation in TCM, which sheds light on the translation of TCM theory in the practice of precision medicine. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13020-021-00521-3. 1. Our work was based on clinical samples rather than pure data analysis or animal models. 2. We conducted multiple omics studies. Especially, as for metabolomics study, we performed both untargeted and targeted metabolomics experiments. 3. We performed network pharmacological study to cross-validated the results of multi-omics study. Although the data sources of network pharmacology were completely unrelated with our omics data, they came to the same conclusion about the difference of the two Syndromes. 4. In the network pharmacological study, we made efforts to collect and screen high-quality data. We collected data from multiple TCM databases and conducted drug likeness screening. Especially, we added quality markers of each herb, whose pharmacological relevance had been validated. To enhance the reliability of targets, for each Syndrome, we only studied common targets of 3 different TCM formulae prescribed for this Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaosong Wu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cai Lun Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cai Lun Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 5 Haiyuncang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Nixue Song
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ningning Zheng
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cai Lun Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zeng
- Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 5 Haiyuncang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Tingting Yao
- Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 5 Haiyuncang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jingfang Zhang
- Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 5 Haiyuncang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jieqiong Weng
- Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 5 Haiyuncang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Mengfei Yuan
- Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 5 Haiyuncang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoxu Shen
- Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 5 Haiyuncang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Houkai Li
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cai Lun Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cai Lun Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,Department of Phytochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, No. 325 Guo He Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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12
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Qi Y, Zhou N, Jiang Q, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Li B, Xu W, Liu J, Wang Z, Zhu L. Dose-Dependent Variation of Synchronous Metabolites and Modules in a Yin/Yang Transformation Model of Appointed Ischemia Metabolic Networks. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:645185. [PMID: 34531713 PMCID: PMC8439200 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.645185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim Chinese medicine Danhong injection (DHI) is an effective pharmaceutical preparation for treating cerebral infarction. Our previous study shows that DHI can remarkably reduce the ischemic stroke-induced infarct volume in a dose-dependent manner, but the pharmacological mechanism of the DHI dose-dependent relationship is not clear. Therefore, the dose-dependent efficacy of DHI on cerebral ischemia and the underlying mechanisms were further investigated in this study. Methods A middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was established and the rats were randomly divided into six groups: sham, vehicle, DHI dose-1, DHI dose-2, DHI dose-3, and DHI dose-4. Forty-one metabolites in serum were selected as candidate biomarkers of efficacy phenotypes by the Agilent 1290 rapid-resolution liquid chromatography system coupled with the Agilent 6550 Q-TOF MS system. Then, the metabolic networks in each group were constructed using the Weighted Correlation Network analysis (WGCNA). Moreover, the Yang and Yin transformation of six patterns (which are defined by up- and downregulation of metabolites) and synchronous modules divided from a synchronous network were used to dynamically analyze the mechanism of the drug’s effectiveness. Results The neuroprotective effect of DHI has shown a dose-dependent manner, and the high-dose group (DH3 and DH4) effect is better. The entropy of the metabolic network and the Yin/Yang index both showed a consistent dose–response relationship. Seven dose-sensitive metabolites maintained constant inverse upregulation or downregulation in the four dose groups. Three synchronous modules for the DH1–DH4 full-course network were identified. Glycine, N-acetyl-L-glutamate, and tetrahydrofolate as a new emerging module appeared in DH2/DH3 and enriched in glutamine and glutamate metabolism-related pathways. Conclusion This study takes the DHI metabolic network as an example to provide a new method for the discovery of multiple targets related to pharmacological effects. Our results show that the three conservative allosteric module nodes, taurine, L-tyrosine, and L-leucine, may be one of the basic mechanisms of DHI in the treatment of cerebral infarction, and the other three new emerging module nodes glyoxylate, L-glutamate, and L-valine may participate in the glutamine and glutamate metabolism pathway to improve the efficacy of DHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Qi
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Xiyuan Hospital, Institute of Geriatrics, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Niwen Zhou
- Center for Statistics and Data Science, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, China
| | - Qing Jiang
- Center for Statistics and Data Science, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Global Business Services, International Business Machines Corporation, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjuan Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lixing Zhu
- Center for Statistics and Data Science, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, China.,Department of Mathematics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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13
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Liu X, Wang J, Dou P, Zhang X, Ran X, Liu L, Dou D. The Ameliorative Effects of Arctiin and Arctigenin on the Oxidative Injury of Lung Induced by Silica via TLR-4/NLRP3/TGF- β Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5598980. [PMID: 34336106 PMCID: PMC8313330 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5598980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Silicosis remains one of the most serious diseases worldwide, with no effective drug for its treatment. Our research results have indicated that arctiin and arctigenin could increase the mitochondrial membrane potential, which in turn reduces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), blocks the polarization of macrophages, and inhibits the differentiation of myofibroblasts to reduce oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. Further, our study revealed that arctiin and arctigenin suppressed the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome through the TLR-4/Myd88/NF-κB pathway and the silica-induced secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β, TGF-β, and α-SMA. Besides, the silica-induced increase in the levels of serum ceruloplasmin and HYP was also inhibited. Results of metabolomics indicated that arctiin and arctigenin could regulate the abnormal metabolic pathways associated with the development of silicosis, which involve pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, cysteine and methionine metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, and arginine and proline metabolism successively. Furthermore, the analysis of metabolomics, together with network topological analysis in different phases of silicosis, revealed that urine myristic acid, serum 4-hydroxyproline, and L-arginine could be regarded as diagnosis biomarkers in the early phase and formation of pulmonary fibrosis in the latter phases of silicosis. Arctiin and arctigenin could downregulate the increased levels of myristic acid in the early phase and serum 4-hydroxyproline in the latter phase of silicosis. Interestingly, the integration of TLR-4/NLRP3/TGF-β signaling and metabolomics verified the importance of macrophage polarization in the silicosis fibrosis process. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting that arctiin and arctigenin both can ameliorate silicosis effectively, and the former is a little stronger than its aglycone arctigenin because of its high oral bioavailability, low toxicity, and multimolecular active metabolites as determined by AdmetSAR and molecular docking analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110032, China
| | - Peiyuan Dou
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Xiaoku Ran
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Deqiang Dou
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China
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14
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Zuo HL, Zhang QR, Chen C, Yang FQ, Yu H, Hu YJ. Molecular evidence of herbal formula: a network-based analysis of Si-Wu decoction. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2021; 32:198-205. [PMID: 32519355 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emerging network pharmacology (NP) combines phytochemical information with bioinformatics tools allowing herbal formulae to be illustrated holistically in the context of phytochemical basis and therapeutic mechanisms. OBJECTIVE This study attempted to explore the holistic molecular evidence of herbal formula Si-Wu decoction (SWD) by using the method of NP. MATERIAL AND METHOD Databases of traditional medicines combined with PubChem, SciFinder, SEA, STRING, and KEGG were employed to gather information for establishing the "compound similarity" (CS) network and the "target-(pathway)-target" (TPT) network. Gephi software was applied to visualise the networks, with further module-based and node-based network topological analysis. Moreover, the approved drugs and shortest path analysis were used to validate the TPT network. RESULTS The CS network presented the phytochemical profile of SWD, including the major compound groups of iridoid glycosides, glycosides, phthalide lactones, phenylpropanoids, and monoterpenoids. Furthermore, the topological analysis of TPT network depicted the holistic property of SWD in interpretable neuroendocrine immunomodulation (NIM) perspective, and the node degree analysis indicated a closer connection of SWD with endocrine or metabolism system. Moreover, by combing the analysis of the CS network and TPT network, potential active ingredients could be primarily identified. CONCLUSION The phytochemical profile and molecular target profile, which might pave the way for an understanding of SWD in modern science and provide a reference for relevant quality research and evaluation, were demonstrated by network analysis. Moreover, the methods could be further applied to discover the phytochemical or biomolecular evidence with distinct advantages in dealing with the tremendous separated information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Li Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Qian-Ru Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Cen Chen
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Feng-Qing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Yuan-Jia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
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15
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Ge H, Zhang B, Li T, Yu Y, Men F, Zhao S, Liu J, Zhang T. Potential targets and the action mechanism of food-derived dipeptides on colitis: network pharmacology and bioinformatics analysis. Food Funct 2021; 12:5989-6000. [DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00469g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study provides an efficient method for screening food-derived dipeptides to attenuate colitis based on the network pharmacology and bioinformatics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Ge
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- People's Republic of China
- College of Food Science and Engineering
| | - Biying Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- People's Republic of China
- College of Food Science and Engineering
| | - Ting Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- People's Republic of China
- College of Food Science and Engineering
| | - Yue Yu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- People's Republic of China
- College of Food Science and Engineering
| | - Fangbing Men
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- People's Republic of China
- College of Food Science and Engineering
| | - Songning Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- People's Republic of China
- College of Food Science and Engineering
| | - Jingbo Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- People's Republic of China
- College of Food Science and Engineering
| | - Ting Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- People's Republic of China
- College of Food Science and Engineering
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16
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Guo S, Wu J, Zhou W, Liu X, Zhang J, Jia S, Meng Z, Liu S, Ni M, Liu Y. Investigating the multi-target pharmacological mechanism of danhong injection acting on unstable angina by combined network pharmacology and molecular docking. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:66. [PMID: 32122353 PMCID: PMC7076845 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-2853-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Danhong injection (DHI), which is one of the most well-known Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) injections, widely used to treat unstable angina (UA). However, its underlying pharmacological mechanisms need to be further clarified. Methods In the present study, network pharmacology was adopted. Firstly, the relative compounds were obtained by a wide-scaled literatures-mining and potential targets of these compounds by target fishing were collected. Then, we built the UA target database by DisGeNET, DigSee, TTD, OMIM. Based on data, protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis, GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were performed and screen the hub targets by topology. Furthermore, evaluation of the binding potential of key targets and compounds through molecular docking. Results The results showed that 12 ingredients of DHI and 27 putative known therapeutic targets were picked out. By systematic analysis, identified 4 hub targets (TNF, TLR4, NFKB1 and SERPINE1) mainly involved in the complex treating effects associated with coagulation and hemostasis, cell membrane region, platelet alpha granule, NF-kappa B signaling pathway and TNF signaling pathway. Conclusion The results of this study preliminarily explained the potential targets and signaling pathways of DHI in the treatment of UA, which may help to laid a good foundation for experimental research and further clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Guo
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 of North Three-ring East Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing, China
| | - Jiarui Wu
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 of North Three-ring East Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 of North Three-ring East Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing, China
| | - Xinkui Liu
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 of North Three-ring East Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyuan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 of North Three-ring East Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Jia
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 of North Three-ring East Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing, China
| | - Ziqi Meng
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 of North Three-ring East Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyu Liu
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 of North Three-ring East Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing, China
| | - Mengwei Ni
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 of North Three-ring East Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 of North Three-ring East Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing, China
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17
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Jin Y, Yu L, Xu F, Zhou J, Xiong B, Tang Y, Li X, Liu L, Jin W. Pharmacokinetics of Active Ingredients of Salvia miltiorrhiza and Carthamus tinctorius in Compatibility in Normal and Cerebral Ischemia Rats: A Comparative Study. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 45:273-284. [PMID: 31828667 PMCID: PMC7089879 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-019-00597-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective Dan-Hong injection, which comprises extracts of Salvia miltiorrhiza and Carthamus tinctorius, promotes blood circulation and reduces blood stasis. Combination of S. miltiorrhiza and C. tinctorius is more effective in treating cerebral ischemia than S. miltiorrhiza alone. This study aimed to examine the pharmacokinetic characteristics of four active ingredients of S. miltiorrhiza and C. tinctorius, namely danshensu (DSS), hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA), and salvianolic acid A (SAA) and B (SAB) in normal and cerebral ischemia rats. Methods Normal and cerebral ischemia rats were injected via the tail vein with each active ingredient, and blood was collected through the jaw vein at different time points. The plasma concentration of the compatibility group was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using Pharmacokinetic Kinetica 4.4 software. Results The pharmacokinetics of the four active ingredients in the normal and cerebral ischemia rats were consistent with a two-compartment model. The area under the concentration–time curve was higher in normal rats than in cerebral ischemia rats, with a highly significant difference for SAA (P < 0.01). Clearance rates were lower in normal rats than in cerebral ischemia rats, with DSS showing the most significant difference (P < 0.01). Furthermore, there were significant differences between normal and cerebral ischemia rats in the distribution phase-elimination half life for DSS, SAA, and HSYA, as well as in the apparent volume of distribution for the central compartment for DSS and HSYA (P < 0.01). The plasma concentrations of the four active ingredients were higher in normal rats than in cerebral ischemia rats. Conclusion Cerebral ischemia rats showed higher drug clearance rates and longer retention times than normal rats, which may be due to destruction of the blood–brain barrier during cerebral ischemia–reperfusion. The four active ingredients likely integrated and interacted with each other to affect target sites in the brain to protect against cerebral ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jin
- Department of Rehabilitation in Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 155 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangfang Xu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Acupuncture, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang, Chinese Medical University, No. 219 Moganshan Road, Hangzhou, 310005, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bing Xiong
- Department of Rehabilitation in Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yinshan Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation in Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lanying Liu
- Department of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 155 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Weifeng Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
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Zhao J, Lv C, Wu Q, Zeng H, Guo X, Yang J, Tian S, Zhang W. Computational systems pharmacology reveals an antiplatelet and neuroprotective mechanism of Deng-Zhan-Xi-Xin injection in the treatment of ischemic stroke. Pharmacol Res 2019; 147:104365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Liu DQ, Chen SP, Sun J, Wang XM, Chen N, Zhou YQ, Tian YK, Ye DW. Berberine protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury: A review of evidence from animal models and clinical studies. Pharmacol Res 2019; 148:104385. [PMID: 31400402 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is accompanied with high morbidity and mortality and has seriously negative social and economic influences. Unfortunately, few effective therapeutic strategies are available to improve its outcome. Berberine is a natural medicine possessing multiple beneficial biological activities. Emerging evidence indicates that berberine has potential protective effects against I/R injury in brain, heart, kidney, liver, intestine and testis. However, up-to-date review focusing on the beneficial role of berberine against I/R injury is not yet available. In this paper, results from animal models and clinical studies are concisely presented and its mechanisms are discussed. We found that berberine ameliorates I/R injury in animal models via its anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover, berberine also attenuates I/R injury by suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress and promoting autophagy. Additionally, regulation of periphery immune system may also contributes to the beneficial effect of berberine against I/R injury. Although clinical evidence is limited, the current studies indicate that berberine may attenuate I/R injury via inhibiting excessive inflammatory response in patients. Collectively, berberine might be used as an alternative therapeutic strategy for the management of I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai-Qiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu-Ping Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Qun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yu-Ke Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Da-Wei Ye
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Identification of potential plasma biomarkers and metabolic dysfunction for unstable angina pectoris and its complication based on global metabolomics. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181658. [PMID: 30770400 PMCID: PMC6430740 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Unstable angina pectoris (UA) is one of the most dangerous clinical symptoms of acute coronary syndrome due to the risk of myocardial ischemia, which can lead to high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Though there are many advantages in understanding the pathophysiology of UA, the identification of biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of UA remains a challenge in the clinic. A global metabolomics research based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) combined with Q-TOF/MS was performed to discover the metabolic profile of health controls, UA patients, and UA patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), and screen for potential biomarkers. Twenty-seven potential biomarkers were determined using pattern recognition. These biomarkers, which include free fatty acids, amino acids, lysoPE and lysoPC species, and organic acids, can benefit the clinical diagnosis of UA. Pathway analysis indicated that arginine and proline metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and purine metabolism were affected in the UA patients, uniquely. Additionally, alterations in the metabolic signatures between UA and UA-complicated DM were also explored. As a result, six differential metabolites with an area under the curve (AUC) of more than 0.85 were identified as biomarkers for the diagnosis of UA and UA complicated with DM. Pathway analysis implied tryptophan metabolism was a key metabolic pathway in UA patients with DM, which provides new insights into the pathological study and drug discovery of UA.
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Feng X, Li Y, Wang Y, Li L, Little PJ, Xu SW, Liu S. Danhong injection in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases: Pharmacological actions, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic potential. Pharmacol Res 2018; 139:62-75. [PMID: 30408571 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are the main cause of mortality worldwide, currently with less than optimum therapeutic options. Danhong injection (DHI) is a medicinal preparation based on two eminent Chinese herbal medicines, Salviae Miltiorrhizae (Dan Shen; family: Lamiaceae) and Flos Carthami (Hong Hua; family: Compositae/Asteraceae). DHI has been mainly used in the clinical therapy of cardiovascular (such as acute coronary syndrome and angina pectoris) and cerebrovascular diseases (such as stroke) in China for many years. The pharmacological properties of DHI include anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-coagulatory, hypolipidemic, anti-apoptotic, vasodilatory, and angiogenesis-promoting actions. DHI offers a safe and effective therapeutic agent against cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases by modulating multiple disease-relevant signaling pathways and molecular targets. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the phytochemistry, therapeutic effects, molecular mechanisms, and adverse reactions of DHI in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. We also highlight the latest pharmacological advances and therapeutic potential of this promising herb-derived cardiovascular drug preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Feng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Yi Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Lingli Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Wooloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Suo-Wen Xu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester, NY, 14623, USA.
| | - Sheng Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China.
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