Curcumin and its analogues protect from endoplasmic reticulum stress: Mechanisms and pathways

Curcumin Ameliorated Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis While Modulating the Gut Microbiota and Serum Metabolome

Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) is the leading cause of secondary osteoporosis. Recently, the "bone-gut axis" theory has linked bone development with gut microbial diversity, community composition, and metabolites. Curcumin, a well-studied polyphenol, shows potential in mitigating bone loss and osteoporosis. Alendronate, a standard therapeutic agent for osteoporosis, serves as a positive control in this investigation. The study demonstrates the potency of curcumin in reducing bone loss and restoring bone mineral density, enhancing trabecular parameters notably through increased trabecular number, volume, and thickness and reduced bone marrow cavity size. Gut microbiome sequencing revealed that both curcumin and alendronate treatments similarly enhanced gut microbial diversity and altered microbiota composition, increasing beneficial bacteria (Akkermansia_muciniphila, Dubosiella_sp910585105, and Ruminococcus_sp910584195) while reducing harmful bacteria (Treponema_D_sp910584475 and Duncaniella_sp910584825). Furthermore, significant changes in serum levels of metabolites including raffinose, ursolic acid, spermidine, inosine, hypoxanthine, thiamine, and pantothenic acid were observed post-treatment with curcumin or alendronate. Importantly, these beneficial metabolites and microorganisms were negatively correlated with inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, curcumin holds promise for use against GIOP by modulating the gut microbiome and serum metabolome as well as reducing systemic inflammation.

Pharmacological landscape of endoplasmic reticulum stress: Uncovering therapeutic avenues for metabolic diseases

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a fundamental role in maintaining cellular homeostasis by ensuring proper protein folding, lipid metabolism, and calcium regulation. However, disruptions to ER function, known as ER stress, activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) to restore balance. Chronic or unresolved ER stress contributes to metabolic dysfunctions, including insulin resistance, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Recent studies have also highlighted the importance of mitochondria-ER contact sites (MERCs) and ER-associated inflammation in disease progression. This review explores the current pharmacological landscape targeting ER stress, focusing on therapeutic strategies for rare metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. It examines small molecules such as tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) and 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), repurposed drugs like 17-AAG (17-N-allylamino-17demethoxygeldanamycin (tanespimycin)) and berberine, and phytochemicals such as resveratrol and hesperidin. Additionally, it discusses emerging therapeutic areas, including soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitors for metabolic disorders and MERCs modulation for neurological diseases. The review emphasizes challenges in translating these therapies to clinical applications, such as toxicity, off-target effects, limited bioavailability, and the lack of large-scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs). It also highlights the potential of personalized medicine approaches and pharmacogenomics in optimizing ER stress-targeting therapies.

Mitigating doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity in male rats: The role of aerobic interval training and curcumin supplementation in reducing oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis

Doxorubicin (DOXO) is a powerful anthracycline chemotherapeutic drug, but its clinical usage has been limited by its deleterious effects on different organs, particularly hepatotoxicity. The aim of this study was to establish the combined effects of aerobic interval training (AIT) and curcumin supplementation on mitigating oxidative damage and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis in a rat model of DOXO-induced hepatotoxicity. Fifty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly split into six groups: control (CON), vehicle, doxorubicin (Dox), doxorubicin + curcumin (Dox-C), doxorubicin + AIT (Dox-A), and doxorubicin + curcumin + AIT (Dox-AC). DOXO was intraperitoneally injected weekly (4 mg/kg/week) for five weeks. Curcumin supplementation (100 mg/kg/day) and AIT (4 min at 80-90% of VO2max intermitted by 3 min of active rest at 65-75% of VO2max) were conducted five times a week for six weeks. Finally, the hepatic tissue and blood samples were collected to assess histopathological changes, liver damage biomarkers, and the protein expression of oxidative stress, ER stress, and apoptosis markers. Tissue sections revealed that AIT and curcumin supplementation significantly improved hepatotoxicity induced by DOXO, as evidenced by the positive effects on histopathological alterations and serum markers of hepatic damage (P < 0.05). Both curcumin and AIT significantly reduced DOXO-triggered oxidative damage, ER stress, and apoptosis (P < 0.05), with the latter showing slightly higher effectiveness. Consequently, the combination of AIT with curcumin supplementation exhibits protective effects against chronic hepatotoxicity induced by DOXO, with AIT demonstrating relatively greater efficacy in increasing antioxidant capacity and reducing ER stress and apoptosis.

Nanocurcumin in myocardial infarction therapy: emerging trends and future directions

Myocardial infarction (MI) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Curcumin has been observed to significantly reduce pathological processes associated with MI. Its clinical application is limited due to its low bioavailability, rapid degradation, and poor solubility. Advancements in nanotechnology can be used to enhance its therapeutic potentials in MI. Curcumin nano-formulation enhances its solubility, stability, and bioavailability, allowing more precise delivery to ischemic cardiac tissue. Curcumin nanoparticles have been observed to successfully reduce infarct size, maintain heart function by modulating essential molecular pathways in MI. Its liposomal formulations provide sustained release and higher tissue penetration with improved pharmacokinetics and enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Preclinical studies revealed that nanocurcumin drastically lower oxidative stress indicators, inflammatory cytokines, and cardiac damage. Micelles composed of polymers have demonstrated high biocompatibility and targeting capabilities with increased cardio-protective effects. Research and clinical trials are essential for comprehensive analysis and efficacy of curcumin-based nano-therapeutics in cardiovascular condition and lowering risk of MI.

A Structural Effect of the Antioxidant Curcuminoids on the Aβ(1-42) Amyloid Peptide

Investigating amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in solution is essential during the initial stages of developing lead compounds that can influence Aβ fibrillation while the peptide is still in a soluble state. The tendency of the Aβ(1-42) peptide to misfold in solution, correlated to the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), is one of the main hindrances to characterising its aggregation kinetics in a cell-mimetic environment. Moreover, the Aβ(1-42) aggregation triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), leading to cellular dysfunction and multiple cell death modalities, exacerbated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), which damage cellular components and trigger inflammation. Antioxidants like curcumin, a derivative of Curcuma longa, help mitigate ER stress by scavenging ROS and enhancing antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, evidence in the literature highlights the effect of curcumin on the secondary structure of Aβ(1-42). This explorative study investigates the Aβ(1-42) peptide conformational behaviour in the presence of curcumin and six derivatives using circular dichroism (CD) to explore their interactions with lipid bilayers, potentially preventing aggregate formation. The results suggest that the synthetic tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) derivative interacts with the amyloid peptide in all the systems presented, while cyclocurcumin (CYC) and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BMDC) only interact when the peptide is in a less stable conformation. Molecular dynamics simulations helped visualise the curcuminoids' effect in an aqueous system and hypothesise the importance of the peptide surface exposition to the solvent, differently modulated by the curcumin derivatives.

Alpinetin Exhibits Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects in C57BL/6 Mice with Alcoholic Liver Disease Induced by the Lieber-DeCarli Ethanol Liquid Diet

Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a common non-communicable chronic liver disease characterized by a spectrum of conditions ranging from steatosis and alcohol-associated steatohepatitis (AH) to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The pathogenesis of ALD involves a complex interplay of various molecular, biochemical, genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. While the mechanisms are well studied, therapeutic options remain limited. Alpinetin, a natural flavonoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, has shown potential hepatoprotective effects, though its efficacy in ALD remains unexplored. This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of alpinetin using a Lieber-DeCarli ethanol liquid diet model of ALD in C57BL/6 mice. Mice were divided into three groups: the control group, the ethanol group, and the ethanol group treated with alpinetin. Serum activity of ALT, AST, γ-GT, and ALP was measured to assess liver function, along with antioxidative and oxidative/nitrosative stress markers in liver tissue. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress parameters in liver tissue were also evaluated. Histological assessment of disease activity was performed using the SALVE grading and staging system. Treatment with alpinetin significantly reduced serum levels of ALT, AST, γ-GT, and oxidative/nitrosative stress markers while increasing antioxidative markers. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and ER stress parameters were significantly decreased. Histological analysis demonstrated reduced steatosis, hepatocyte ballooning, and inflammation. These findings suggest that alpinetin holds promise as a potential therapeutic agent for managing ALD.

Enhancing renal protection against cadmium toxicity: the role of herbal active ingredients

Background

Rapid industrialization globally has led to a notable increase in the production and utilization of metals, including cadmium (Cd), consequently escalating global metal pollution worldwide. Cd, characterized as a persistent environmental contaminant, poses significant health risks, particularly impacting human health, notably the functionality of the kidneys. The profound effects of Cd stem primarily from its limited excretion capabilities and extended half-life within the human body. Mechanisms underlying its toxicity encompass generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), disrupting calcium-signaling pathways and impairing cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms. This review focuses on the protective effects of various herbal active ingredients against Cd-induced nephrotoxicity.

Aim

This study aims to investigate the mechanisms of action of herbal active ingredients, including ant-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways, to elucidate potential therapeutic strategies for reducing nephrotoxicity caused by Cd exposure.

Methods

A comprehensive search of scientific databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar, used relevant keywords to identify studies published up to October 2024.

Results

Research illustrates that herbal active ingredients protect against Cd nephrotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress, enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity, inhibiting inflammation, preventing apoptosis, alleviating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, enhancing autophagy and improving mitochondrial function in the kidney.

Conclusion

The present study indicates that an extensive understanding of the protective effects of herbal active ingredients holds promise for the development of innovative approaches to safeguard human health and environmental integrity against the detrimental effects of Cd exposure.

Mechanisms of Heat Stress on Neuroendocrine and Organ Damage and Nutritional Measures of Prevention and Treatment in Poultry

Heat stress (HS) due to high temperatures has adverse effects on poultry, including decreased feed intake, lower feed efficiency, decreased body weight, and higher mortality. There are complex mechanisms behind heat stress in poultry involving the neuroendocrine system, organ damage, and other physiological systems. HS activates endocrine glands, such as the pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, and gonadal, by the action of the hypothalamus and sympathetic nerves, ultimately causing changes in hormone levels: HS leads to increased corticosterone levels, changes in triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels, decreased gonadotropin levels, reduced ovarian function, and the promotion of catecholamine release, which ultimately affects the normal productive performance of poultry. Meanwhile, heat stress also causes damage to the liver, lungs, intestines, and various immune organs, severely impairing organ function in poultry. Nutrient additives to feed are important measures of prevention and treatment, including natural plants and extracts, probiotics, amino acids, and other nutrients, which are effective in alleviating heat stress in poultry. Future studies need to explore the specific mechanisms through which heat stress impacts the neuroendocrine system in poultry and the interrelationships between the axes and organ damage so as to provide an effective theoretical basis for the development of preventive and treatment measures.

Synergistic effects of curcumin and stem cells on spinal cord injury: a comprehensive review

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord that permanently or temporarily disrupts its function, causing considerable autonomic, sensory, and motor disorders, and involves between 10 and 83 cases per million yearly. Traumatic SCI happens following primary acute mechanical damage, leading to injury to the spinal cord tissue and worsening clinical outcomes. The present therapeutic strategies for this complex disease fundamentally rely on surgical approaches and conservative remedies. However, these modalities are not effective enough for neurological recovery. Therefore, it is necessary to discover more efficient methods to treat patients with SCI. Today, considerable attention has been drawn to bioactive compounds-based remedies and stem cell therapy for curing various ailments and disorders, such as neurological diseases. Some researchers have recommended that harnessing curcumin, a polyphenol obtained from turmeric, in combination with stem cells, like mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells, and ependymal stem cells, can remarkably improve neurological recovery-related parameters more effective than the treatment with these two methods separately in experimental models. Hereby, this literature review delves into the functionality of curcumin combined with stem cells in treating SCI with a focus on cellular and molecular mechanisms.

Tetrahydrocurcumin Attenuates Polymyxin B Sulfate-Induced HK-2 Cells Apoptosis by Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP Signaling Pathway Axis

The clinical application of polymyxin B (PMB) is limited by its nephrotoxic effects, making the reduction of PMB-induced nephrotoxicity has become a pressing concern for clinicians. Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), known for its beneficial characteristics in biological functions, presents an attractive option for intervention therapy to mitigate PMB-induced nephrotoxicity. However, the underlying mechanism of how THC mitigates PMB-induced nephrotoxicity is still poorly understood. Here, we first evaluated the potential of THC intervention therapy to mitigate PMB-induced nephrotoxicity in an in vitro model of PMB-induced cell injury. Moreover, we demonstrated that THC effectively protected HK-2 cells from PMB-induced apoptosis by using cell counting kit-8 and flow cytometry assay. THC could also suppress PMB-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress via PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP pathway. In addition, using PERK inhibitor GSK2606414 to inhibit ER stress also alleviated PMB-induced apoptosis. Taken together, these findings provide novel insights that THC possesses the ability to alleviate PMB-induced nephrotoxicity by inhibiting the ER stress-mediated PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP axis, which sheds light on the benefits of THC as an intervention strategy to reduce PMB-induced nephrotoxicity, thus providing a potential avenue for improved clinical outcomes in patients receiving PMB treatment.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress in abdominal aortic aneurysm

Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are characterized by permanent dilatation of the abdominal aorta, which is accompanied by inflammation, degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and disruption of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) homeostasis. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is involved in the regulation of inflammation, oxidative stress and VSMC apoptosis, all of which are critical factors in AAA development. Although several studies have revealed the occurrence of ER stress in AAA development, the specific biological functions of ER stress in AAA development remain largely unknown. Given that targeting ER stress is a promising strategy for treating AAAs, further investigation of the physiological and pathological roles of ER stress in AAA development is warranted.

Exploring the therapeutic effects of sulforaphane: an in-depth review on endoplasmic reticulum stress modulation across different disease contexts

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an intracellular organelle that contributes to the folding of proteins and calcium homeostasis. Numerous elements can disrupt its function, leading to the accumulation of proteins that are unfolded or misfolded in the lumen of the ER, a condition that is known as ER stress. This phenomenon can trigger cell death through the activation of apoptosis and inflammation. Glucoraphanin (GRA) is the predominant glucosinolate found in cruciferous vegetables. Various mechanical and biochemical processes activate the enzyme myrosinase, leading to the hydrolysis of glucoraphanin into the bioactive compound sulforaphane. Sulforaphane is an organosulfur compound that belongs to the isothiocyanate group. It possesses a wide range of activities and has shown remarkable potential as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, and anti-angiogenic substance. Additionally, sulforaphane is resistant to oxidation, has been demonstrated to have low toxicity, and is considered well-tolerable in individuals. These properties make it a valuable natural dietary supplement for research purposes. Sulforaphane has been demonstrated as a potential candidate drug molecule for managing a range of diseases, primarily because of its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties, which can be mediated by modulation of ER stress pathways. This review seeks to cover a wealth of data supporting the broad range of protective functions of sulforaphane, improving various diseases, such as cardiovascular, central nervous system, liver, eye, and reproductive diseases, as well as diabetes, cancer, gastroenteritis, and osteoarthritis, through the amelioration of ER stress in both in vivo and in vitro studies.

Plant-derived bioactive compounds and their novel role in central nervous system disorder treatment via ATF4 targeting: A systematic literature review

Central nervous system (CNS) disorders exhibit exceedingly intricate pathogenic mechanisms. Pragmatic and effective solutions remain elusive, significantly compromising human life and health. Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) participates in the regulation of multiple pathophysiological processes, including CNS disorders. Considering the widespread involvement of ATF4 in the pathological process of CNS disorders, the targeted regulation of ATF4 by plant-derived bioactive compounds (PDBCs) may become a viable strategy for the treatment of CNS disorders. However, the regulatory relationship between PDBCs and ATF4 remains incompletely understood. Here, we aimed to comprehensively review the studies on PDBCs targeting ATF4 to ameliorate CNS disorders, thereby offering novel directions and insights for the treatment of CNS disorders. A computerized search was conducted on PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases to identify preclinical experiments related to PDBCs targeting ATF4 for the treatment of CNS disorders. The search timeframe was from the inception of the databases to December 2023. Two assessors conducted searches using the keywords "ATF4," "Central Nervous System," "Neurological," "Alzheimer's disease," "Parkinson's Disease," "Stroke," "Spinal Cord Injury," "Glioblastoma," "Traumatic Brain Injury," and "Spinal Cord Injury." Overall, 31 studies were included, encompassing assessments of 27 PDBCs. Combining results from in vivo and in vitro studies, we observed that these PDBCs, via ATF4 modulation, prevent the deposition of amyloid-like fibers such as Aβ, tau, and α-synuclein. They regulate ERS, reduce the release of inflammatory factors, restore mitochondrial membrane integrity to prevent oxidative stress, regulate synaptic plasticity, modulate autophagy, and engage anti-apoptotic mechanisms. Consequently, they exert neuroprotective effects in CNS disorders. Numerous PDBCs targeting ATF4 have shown potential in facilitating the restoration of CNS functionality, thereby presenting expansive prospects for the treatment of such disorders. However, future endeavors necessitate high-quality, large-scale, and comprehensive preclinical and clinical studies to further validate this therapeutic potential.

Evaluation of Cross-Talk and Alleviate Potential of Cytotoxic Factors Induced by Deoxynivalenol in IPEC-J2 Cells Interference with Curcumin

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium graminearum, and curcumin (CUR) is a natural polyphenolic compound found in turmeric. However, the combined treatment of CUR and DON to explore the mitigating effect of CUR on DON and their combined mechanism of action is not clear. Therefore, in this study, we established four treatment groups (CON, CUR, DON and CUR + DON) to investigate their mechanism in the porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). In addition, the cross-talk and alleviating potential of CUR interfering with DON-induced cytotoxic factors were evaluated by in vitro experiments; the results showed that CUR could effectively inhibit DON-exposed activated TNF-α/NF-κB pathway, attenuate DON-induced apoptosis, and alleviate DON-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress through PERK/CHOP pathways, which were verified at both mRNA and protein levels. In conclusion, these promising findings may contribute to the future use of CUR as a novel feed additive to protect livestock from the harmful effects of DON.

Turmeric: from spice to cure. A review of the anti-cancer, radioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of turmeric sourced compounds

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) has been extensively studied for its diverse pharmacological properties, including its potential role as an anticancer agent, antioxidant, and radioprotector. This review provides an overview of the chemical composition of turmeric, focusing on its main bioactive compounds, such as curcuminoids and volatile oils. Curcumin, the most abundant curcuminoid in turmeric, has been widely investigated for its various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the ability of curcumin to modulate multiple signaling pathways involved in carcinogenesis, leading to inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and suppression of metastasis. Furthermore, curcumin has shown promising potential as a radioprotective agent by mitigating radiation-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage. Additionally, turmeric extracts containing curcuminoids have been reported to exhibit potent antioxidant activity, scavenging free radicals and protecting cells from oxidative damage. The multifaceted pharmacological properties of turmeric make it a promising candidate for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for cancer prevention and treatment, as well as for the management of oxidative stress-related disorders. However, further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action and to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of turmeric and its bioactive constituents in cancer therapy and radioprotection. This review consolidates the most recent relevant data on turmeric's chemical composition and its therapeutic applications, providing a comprehensive overview of its potential in cancer prevention and treatment, as well as in radioprotection.

A review of chemotherapeutic drugs-induced arrhythmia and potential intervention with traditional Chinese medicines

Significant advances in chemotherapy drugs have reduced mortality in patients with malignant tumors. However, chemotherapy-related cardiotoxicity increases the morbidity and mortality of patients, and has become the second leading cause of death after tumor recurrence, which has received more and more attention in recent years. Arrhythmia is one of the common types of chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity, and has become a new risk related to chemotherapy treatment, which seriously affects the therapeutic outcome in patients. Traditional Chinese medicine has experienced thousands of years of clinical practice in China, and has accumulated a wealth of medical theories and treatment formulas, which has unique advantages in the prevention and treatment of malignant diseases. Traditional Chinese medicine may reduce the arrhythmic toxicity caused by chemotherapy without affecting the anti-cancer effect. This paper mainly discussed the types and pathogenesis of secondary chemotherapeutic drug-induced arrhythmia (CDIA), and summarized the studies on Chinese medicine compounds, Chinese medicine Combination Formula and Chinese medicine injection that may be beneficial in intervention with secondary CDIA including atrial fibrillation, ventricular arrhythmia and sinus bradycardia, in order to provide reference for clinical prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced arrhythmias.

Curcumin and analogues in mitigating liver injury and disease consequences: From molecular mechanisms to clinical perspectives

BACKGROUND

Liver injury is a prevalent global health concern, impacting a substantial number of individuals and leading to elevated mortality rates and socioeconomic burdens. Traditional primary treatment options encounter resource constraints and high costs, prompting exploration of alternative adjunct therapies, such as phytotherapy. Curcumin demonstrates significant therapeutic potential across various medical conditions, particularly emerging as a promising candidate for liver injury treatment.

PURPOSE

This study aims to provide current evidence maps of curcumin and its analogs in the context of liver injury, covering aspects of biosafety, toxicology, and clinical trials. Importantly, it seeks to summarize the intricate mechanisms modulated by curcumin.

METHODS

We conducted a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Embase up to July 2023. Titles and abstracts were reviewed to identify studies that met our eligibility criteria. The screening process involved three authors independently assessing the potential of curcumin mitigating liver injury and its disease consequences by reviewing titles, abstracts, and full texts.

RESULTS

Curcumin and its analogs have demonstrated low toxicity in vitro and in vivo. However, the limited bioavailability has hindered their advanced use in liver injury. This limitation can potentially be addressed by nano-curcumin and emerging drug delivery systems. Curcumin plays a role in alleviating liver injury by modulating the antioxidant system, as well as cellular and molecular pathways. The specific mechanisms involve multiple pathways, such as NF-κB, p38/MAPK, and JAK2/STAT3, and the pro-apoptosis Bcl-2/Bax/caspase-3 axis in damaged cells. Additionally, curcumin targets nutritional metabolism, regulating the substance in liver cells and tissues. The microenvironment associated with liver injury, like extracellular matrix and immune cells and factors, is also regulated by curcumin. Initial evaluation of curcumin and its analogs through 12 clinical trials demonstrates their potential application in liver injury.

CONCLUSION

Curcumin emerges as a promising phytomedicine for liver injury owing to its effectiveness in hepatoprotection and low toxicity profile. Nevertheless, in-depth investigations are warranted to unravel the complex mechanisms through which curcumin influences liver tissues and overall physiological milieu. Moreover, extensive clinical trials are essential to determine optimal curcumin dosage forms, maximizing its benefits and achieving favorable clinical outcomes.

New mode of action of curcumin on prostate cancer cells: Modulation of endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation mechanism and estrogenic signaling

Prostate cancer is leading to cancer-related mortality in numerous men each year worldwide. While there are several treatment options, acquired drug resistance mostly limits the success of treatments. Therefore, there is a need for the development of innovative treatments. Curcumin is one of the bioactive polyphenolic ingredients identified in turmeric and has numerous biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory and anticancer. In the present study, we investigated the effect of curcumin on the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) and estrogenic signaling in prostate cancer cells. The antiproliferative effect of curcumin on human androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP and VCaP was estimated by WST-1 assay. Morphological alterations were investigated with an inverted microscope. We investigated the effect of curcumin on ERAD and estrogen signaling proteins by immunoblotting assay. To evaluate the impact of curcumin on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein quality-related, the expression level of 32 genes was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The nuclear translocation of estrogen receptor was examined by nuclear fractionation and immunofluorescence microscopy. We found that curcumin effectively reduced the proliferation rates of LNCaP and VCaP cells. ERAD proteins; Hrd1, gp78, p97/VCP, Ufd1 and Npl4 were strongly induced by curcumin. Also, the steady-state level of polyubiquitin was increased in a dose-dependent manner in both cell lines. Curcumin administration remarkably decreased the protein levels of estrogen receptor-alfa (Erα), whereas estrogen receptor-beta unaffected. Additionally, curcumin strongly restricted the nuclear translocation of Erα. Present data suggest that curcumin may be effectively used in therapeutic approaches associated with the targeting ER protein quality control mechanism and modulation of estrogen signaling in prostate cancer.

Curcumin affects apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells through ATF6-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the main cause of cancer-associated death. Herein, we treated SW620 and HT-29 CRC cells with different curcumin concentrations, followed by treatment with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) curcumin/endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) inhibitor 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA)/activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) interference plasmid (si-ATF6). We detected cell proliferation/apoptosis, ATF6 cellular localization/nuclear translocation, ion concentration, ATF6 protein/apoptotic protein (Bax/Bcl-2/Cleaved Caspase-3) levels, and ERS-related proteins (glucose-regulated protein 78 [Grp78]/C/EBP homologous protein [CHOP]). We discovered inhibited cell proliferation/growth, enhanced cell apoptosis/(Bax/Bcl-2) ratio/Cleaved Caspase-3 levels/Ca2+ concentration in the cytoplasm/ERS-related protein (Grp78/CHOP) levels, and activated ERS following treatment with IC50 curcumin. 4-PBA partially reversed the inhibitory effect of curcumin on SW620 cells by restraining ERS. Curcumin stimulated ATF6 expression and its nuclear translocation to activate ERS. ATF6 silencing partly annulled the inhibitory effect of curcumin on SW620 cells. Our study explored the molecular mechanism of curcumin affecting CRC cell apoptosis through ATF6.

Protective effects of natural compounds against paraquat-induced pulmonary toxicity: the role of the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway

Paraquat (PQ) is a toxic herbicide to humans. Once absorbed, it accumulates in the lungs. PQ has been well documented that the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the main mechanism of its toxicity. Oxidative damage of PQ in lungs is represented as generation of cytotoxic and fibrotic mediators, interruption of epithelial and endothelial barriers, and inflammatory cell infiltration. No effective treatment for PQ toxicity is currently available. Several studies have shown that natural compounds (NCs) have the potential to alleviate PQ-induced pulmonary toxicity, due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. NCs function as protective agents through stimulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling pathways. Elevation of Nrf2 levels leads to the expression of its downstream enzymes such as SOD, CAT, and HO-1. The hypothesized role of the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway as the protective mechanism of NCs against PQ-induced pulmonary toxicity is reviewed.

Mechanisms Associated with Cognitive and Behavioral Impairment Induced by Arsenic Exposure

Arsenic (As) is a metalloid naturally present in the environment, in food, water, soil, and air; however, its chronic exposure, even with low doses, represents a public health concern. For a long time, As was used as a pigment, pesticide, wood preservative, and for medical applications; its industrial use has recently decreased or has been discontinued due to its toxicity. Due to its versatile applications and distribution, there is a wide spectrum of human As exposure sources, mainly contaminated drinking water. The fact that As is present in drinking water implies chronic human exposure to this metalloid; it has become a worldwide health problem, since over 200 million people live where As levels exceed safe ranges. Many health problems have been associated with As chronic exposure including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, gastrointestinal disturbances, and brain dysfunctions. Because As can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the brain represents a target organ where this metalloid can exert its long-term toxic effects. Many mechanisms of As neurotoxicity have been described: oxidative stress, inflammation, DNA damage, and mitochondrial dysfunction; all of them can converge, thus leading to impaired cellular functions, cell death, and in consequence, long-term detrimental effects. Here, we provide a current overview of As toxicity and integrated the global mechanisms involved in cognitive and behavioral impairment induced by As exposure show experimental strategies against its neurotoxicity.

Effects of curcumin in the interaction with cardiolipin-containg lipid monolayers and bilayers

Curcumin, a plant polyphenol extracted from the Chinese herb turmeric, has gained widespread attention in recent years because of its multifunctional properties as antioxidant, antinflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer agent. Effects of the molecule on mitochondrial membranes properties have also been evidenced. In this work, the interaction of curcumin with models of mitochondrial membranes composed of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) or mixtures of DMPC and 4 mol% tetramyristoylcardiolipin (TMCL) has been investigated by using biophysical techniques. Spectrophotometry and fluorescence allowed to determine the association constant and the binding energy of curcumin with pure DMPC and mixed DMPC/TMCL aqueous bilayers. The molecular organization of pure DMPC and cardiolipin-containing Langmuir monolayers at the air-water interface were investigated and the morphology of the monolayers transferred into mica substrates were characterized through atomic force microscopy (AFM). It is found that curcumin associates at the polar/apolar interface of the lipid bilayers and the binding is favored in the presence of cardiolipin. At 2 mol%, curcumin is well miscible with lipid monolayers, particularly with mixed DMPC/TMCL ones, where compact terraces formation characterized by a reduction of the surface roughness is observed in the AFM topographic images. At 10 mol%, curcumin perturbs the stability of DMPC monolayers and morphologically are evident terraces surrounded by cur aggregates. In the presence of TMCL, very few curcumin aggregates and larger compact terraces are observed. The overall results indicate that cardiolipin augments the incorporation of curcumin in model membranes highlighting the mutual interplay cardiolipin-curcumin in mitochondrial membranes.

Dexpanthenol ameliorates doxorubicin-induced lung injury by regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis

Doxorubicin (DOX), which is used as a chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of tumors, has limited use due to its toxicity in various organs and tissues. One of the organs where DOX has a toxic effect is the lung. DOX shows this effect by increasing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Dexpanthenol (DEX), a homologue of pantothenic acid, has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties. Therefore, the purpose of our investigation was to explore how DEX could counteract the harmful effects of DOX on the lungs. Thirty-two rats were used in the study, and 4 groups were formed (control, DOX, DOX + DEX, and DEX). In these groups, parameters of inflammation, ER stress, apoptosis, and oxidative stress were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, RT-qPCR, and spectrophotometric methods. In addition, lung tissue was evaluated histopathologically in the groups. While CHOP/GADD153, caspase-12, caspase-9, and Bax gene expressions increased in the DOX group, Bcl-2 gene expression levels significantly decreased. In addition, changes in Bax and Bcl-2 were supported immunohistochemically. There was a significant increase in oxidative stress parameters and a significant decrease in antioxidant levels. In addition, an increase in inflammatory marker (TNF-α and IL-10) levels was determined. There was a decrease in CHOP/GADD153, caspase-12, caspase-9, and Bax gene expressions and an increase in Bcl-2 gene expression in the DEX-treated group. In addition, it was determined that there was a decrease in oxidative stress levels and inflammatory findings. The curative effect of DEX was supported by histopathological findings. As a result, it was experimentally determined that DEX has a healing effect on oxidative stress, ER stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in lung damage caused by DOX toxicity.

Curcumae radix Reduces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Mice with Chronic Neuroinflammation

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a condition in which the ER protein-folding machinery is impaired, leading to the accumulation of improperly folded proteins and triggering an unfolded-protein response. Excessive ER stress causes cell death and contributes to the development of chronic diseases. Interestingly, there is a bidirectional relationship between ER stress and the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. Curcumin, a natural polyphenolic compound found in Curcumae radix, exerts its neuroprotective effects by regulating ER stress and inflammation. Therefore, investigating the potential protective and regulatory effects of curcumin on ER stress, inflammation, and neurodegeneration under chronic neuroinflammatory conditions is of great interest. Mice were pretreated with Curcumae radix extract (CRE) for 19 days and then treated with CRE plus lipopolysaccharide for 1 week. We monitored pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the serum and ER stress-, inflammation-, and neurodegeneration-related markers in the mouse cerebrum and hippocampus using Western blotting and qRT-PCR. CRE reduced Interleukin-1 beta levels in the blood and brain of mice with lipopolysaccharide-induced chronic inflammation. CRE also suppressed the expression of markers related to the ER stress and NF-κB signaling pathways. The expression of neurodegeneration-related markers was reduced in the mouse cerebrum and hippocampus. CRE exerts neuroprotective effects under chronic inflammatory conditions via multifaceted anti-inflammatory and ER stress-pathway regulatory mechanisms.

Jintiange proteins promote osteogenesis and inhibit apoptosis of osteoblasts by enhancing autophagy via PI3K/AKT and ER stress pathways

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Tiger bone, which had long been used in traditional Chinese medicine, had the action of removing wind and alleviating pain, strengthening the sinews and bones, and often used to treat bone impediment, and atrophic debility of bones in TCM clinical practice. As a substitute of natural bone tiger, artificial tiger bone Jintiange (JTG), has been approved by the State Food and Drug Administration of China for relief the symptom of osteoporosis, such as lumbago and back pain, lassitude in loin and legs, flaccidity and weakness legs, and walk with difficulty based on TCM theory. JTG has similar chemical profile to natural tiger bone, and contains mineral substance, peptides and proteins, and has been shown to protect bone loss in ovariectomized mice and exert the regulatory effects on osteoblast and osteoclast activities. But how the peptides and proteins in JTG modulate bone formation remains unclear.

AIM

To investigate the stimulating effects of JTG proteins on osteogenesis and explore the possible underlying mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

JTG proteins were prepared from JTG Capsules by extracting calcium, phosphorus and other inorganic elements using SEP-PaktC18 desalting column. MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with JTG proteins to evaluate their effects and explore the underlying mechanisms. Osteoblast proliferation was detected by CCK-8 method. ALP activity was detected using a relevant assay kit, and bone mineralized nodules were stained with alizarin red-Tris-HCl solution. Cell apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. Autophagy was observed by MDC staining, and autophagosomes were observed by TEM. Nuclear translocations of LC3 and CHOP were detected by immunofluorescence and observed under a laser confocal microscope. The expression of key proteins related to osteogenesis, apoptosis, autophagy and PI3K/AKT and ER stress pathways was analyzed by Western Blot analysis.

RESULTS

JTG proteins improved osteogenesis as evidenced by the alteration of proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts, inhibited their apoptosis, and enhanced autophagosome formation and autophagy. They also regulated the expression of key proteins of PI3K/AKT and ER stress pathways. In addition, PI3K/AKT and ER stress pathway inhibitors could reverse the regulatory effects of JTG proteins on osteogenesis, apoptosis, autophagy and PI3K/AKT and ER stress pathways.

CONCLUSION

JTG proteins increased the osteogenesis and inhibited osteoblast apoptosis by enhancing autophagy via PI3K/AKT and ER stress signaling pathways.

Curcumin derived from medicinal homologous foods: its main signals in immunoregulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis

It has been for thousands of years in China known medicinal homologous foods that can be employed both as foods and medicines to benefit human and animal health. These edible herbal materials perform divert roles in the regulation of metabolic disorders, cancers, and immune-related diseases. Curcumin, the primary component derived from medicinal homologous foods like curcuma longa rhizome, is reported to play vital actions in organic activities, such as the numerous pharmacological functions including anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation and anti/pro-apoptosis in treating various diseases. However, the potential mechanisms of curcumin-derived modulation still need to be developed and attract more attention worldwide. Given that these signal pathways are enrolled in important bioactive reactions, we collected curcumin's last achievements predominantly on the immune-regulation signals with the underlying targetable strategies in the last 10 years. This mini-review will be helpful to accelerate curcumin and other extracts from medicinal homologous foods use in future human clinical applications.

Exogenous spraying of 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid sodium salt promotes growth and flavonoid biosynthesis of mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.)

Mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves are known as an ideal vegetable with good antioxidant effect, which can bring delicious taste and multiple health benefits. In the present study, the effects of 4-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid sodium salt (4-CPANa) treatment on growth and content of flavonoid compounds in mulberry leaves were investigated. Moreover, the changes in the expression levels of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthetic pathways, and the accumulation of important secondary metabolites including rutin (Rut), chlorogenic acid (ChA), isoquercitrin (IQ) and astragalin (Ast), were investigated in mulberry leaves. The results showed that 4-CPANa treatment could significantly promote the differentiation and growth of mulberry, increased shoot number, bud number, leaf fresh weight and leaf area of mulberry compared with control. Besides, the contents of ChA, Rut, IQ and Ast were significantly increased after 4-CPANa (5 mg/L) treatment. Further analysis revealed that 5 mg/L 4-CPANa strongly induced the expression of flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes including flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (F3GT) gene, chalcone synthase (CHS) gene, 4-xoumarate-CoA ligase (4CL) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) gene. In conclusion, exogenous spraying of 4-CPANa provides a new way to improve the medicinal quality and development of mulberry leaf food with high value.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-023-01339-z.

Potential roles and molecular mechanisms of bioactive ingredients in Curcumae Rhizoma against breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer worldwide, with high morbidity and mortality. Despite great advances in the therapeutic strategies, the survival rate in the past decades of patients with breast cancer remains unsatisfactory. Growing evidence has demonstrated that Curcumae Rhizoma, called Ezhu in Chinese, showed various pharmacological properties, including anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities. It has been widely used in Chinese medicine to treat many types of human cancer.

PURPOSE

To comprehensively summarize and analyze the effects of active substances in Curcumae Rhizoma on breast cancer malignant phenotypes and the underlying mechanisms, as well as discuss its medicinal value and future perspectives.

METHOD

We used "Curcumae Rhizoma" or the name of crude extracts and bioactive components in Curcumae Rhizoma in combination with "breast cancer" as key words. Studies focusing on their anti-breast cancer activities and mechanisms of action were extracted from Pubmed, Web of Science and CNKI databases up to October 2022. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guideline was followed.

RESULTS

Crude extracts and 7 main bioactive phytochemicals (curcumol, β-elemene, furanodiene, furanodienone, germacrone, curdione and curcumin) isolated from Curcumae Rhizoma have shown many anti-breast cancer pharmacological properties, including inhibiting cell proliferation, migration, invasion and stemness, reversing chemoresistance, and inducing cell apoptosis, cycle arrest and ferroptosis. The mechanisms of action were involved in regulating MAPK, PI3K/AKT and NF-κB signaling pathways. In vivo and clinical studies demonstrated that these compounds exhibited high anti-tumor efficacy and safety against breast cancer.

CONCLUSION

These findings provide strong evidence that Curcumae Rhizoma acts as a rich source of phytochemicals and has robust anti-breast cancer properties.

Curcumin protects against doxorubicin induced oxidative stress by regulating the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE and autophagy signaling pathways

BACKGROUND

Doxorubicin (DOX)-induced neurotoxicity is widely reported in previous studies. Oxidative stress has been validated as a critical event involved in DOX-induced neurotoxicity. As a selective autophagy adaptor protein, p62 is reported to regulate Keap1-Nrf2-ARE antioxidant pathway in response to oxidative stress. Curcumin (CUR) relieves depressive-like state through the mitigation of oxidative stress and the activation of Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway. However, the exact mechanism of CUR in alleviating DOX-induced neurotoxicity is still unknown.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The rats were randomly divided into three groups: control group, DOX group, and DOX + CUR group. At the end of 3 weeks, the behavior tests as sucrose preference test (SPT), forced swimming test (FST), and novelty-suppressed feeding test (NSFT) were performed to assess anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. The rats were sacrificed after behavior tests, and the brain tissues were collected for biochemical analysis.

RESULTS

It was observed that the administration of CUR could effectively reverse DOX-induced depressive-like behaviors. The exposure of DOX activated autophagy and increased oxidative stress levels, and the administration of CUR could significantly inhibit DOX-induced autophagy and suppress oxidative stress. More importantly, we also found that Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway was involved in DOX-induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress regulated by autophagy.

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrated that CUR could effectively reverse DOX-induced neurotoxicity through suppressing autophagy and mitigating oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress.

MicroRNA in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity

Doxorubicin (DOX), a broad-spectrum chemotherapy drug, is widely applied to the treatment of cancer; however, DOX-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC) limits its clinical therapeutic utility. However, it is difficult to monitor and detect DIC at an early stage using conventional detection methods. Thus, sensitive, accurate, and specific methods of diagnosis and treatment are important in clinical practice. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) belong to non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and are stable and easy to detect. Moreover, miRNAs are expected to become biomarkers and therapeutic targets for DIC; thus, there are currently many studies focusing on the role of miRNAs in DIC. In this review, we list the prominent studies on the diagnosis and treatment of miRNAs in DIC, explore the feasibility and difficulties of using miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets, and provide recommendations for future research.

Inhibition of ATF4-mediated elevation of both autophagy and AKT/mTOR was involved in antitumorigenic activity of curcumin

Curcumin, a natural hydrophobic polyphenol, carries significant anticancer activity. The protein kinase B (AKT)/the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and autophagy are well known to be involved in carcinogenesis, and usually, inhibition of mTOR is the main reason to promote autophagy. In this study, however, autophagy and mTOR were found to be inhibited simultaneously by curcumin treatments, and both of them played an important role in the effect of curcumin on suppressing the growth of A549 cells. Tunicamycin (TM), the activator of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress, increased both autophagy and AKT/mTOR, while curcumin could significantly decrease TM-induced autophagy and AKT/mTOR. Furthermore, curcumin could inhibit TM-induced aerobic glycolysis in A549 cells, and decrease the level of cycle-related and migration-related proteins. Blocking activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) by siRNA strongly reduced both the expression of autophagy-related proteins and AKT/mTOR. ChIP assay illustrated that ATF4 protein could bind to the promotor sequence of either ATG4B or AKT1. The transplantation tumor experiment showed that the weight and volume of the transplanted tumors were reduced significantly in the BALB/c mice subcutaneously injected with A549 cells treated with curcumin. Moreover, intranasal administration of curcumin decreased the protein level of autophagy, AKT/mTOR and ER stress in lung tissues of BALB/c mice. Taken together, our results demonstrated that inhibition of ER stress-dependent ATF4-mediated autophagy and AKT/mTOR pathway plays an important role in anticancer effect of curcumin.

Anti-inflammatory potential of turmeric, amla, and black pepper mixture against sepsis-induced acute lung injury in rats

Acute lung injury (ALI), is a severe inflammatory lung disease. We tested the prophylactic effect of a functional food mix comprising three anti-inflammatory plant products: turmeric, amla, and black pepper (TAB) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI in rats. Two-month-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: control (C), LPS (5 mg/kg), and LPS with TAB (TAB). After 6 h of LPS injection, the rats were sacrificed by cervical decapitation to collect the lung tissue. Results showed that TAB partially ameliorated LPS-induced increase in circulating inflammatory cytokines (TNFα and IL6) and significantly prevented lung histopathological changes. TAB also suppressed LPS-activated ER stress markers (GRP78, pIRE1, and CHOP) and apoptotic markers (caspase-3 and - 12) in the lung. The anti-inflammatory effects of the TAB support its potential use as an adjuvant to mitigate ALI. Importantly, TAB's ingredients have been used for centuries as part of the diet with limited or no toxic effects.

A review of mechanisms underlying the protective effects of natural compounds against arsenic-induced neurotoxicity

Arsenic (As) is a toxic metalloid that is widely distributed in the earth's crust. People are continuously exposed to this toxicant in their food and drinking water. Inorganic arsenic occurs in two oxidation states, arsenite 3⁺ (iAs³⁺) and arsenate 5⁺ (iAs⁵⁺). The most toxic form is its trivalent form which interferes with the electron transfer cycle and induces overproduction of reactive oxygen species, leading to depletion of the antioxidant defense system, as well as altering fatty acid levels and mitochondrial action. Since arsenic crosses the blood-brain barrier, it can damage cells in different regions of the brain, causing neurological disorders through the induction of oxidative stress, inflammation, DNA damage, and cell death. Hydroxytyrosol, taurine, alpha-lipoic acid, ellagic acid, and thymoquinone have been shown to effectively alleviate arsenic-induced neurotoxicity. The protective effects are the result of the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of the phytochemicals and in particular their anti-apoptotic function via the Nrf2 and PI3/Akt/SIRT1 signaling pathways.

Src Family Kinases: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Acute Kidney Injury

Src family kinases (SFKs) are non-receptor tyrosine kinases and play a key role in regulating signal transduction. The mechanism of SFKs in various tumors has been widely studied, and there are more and more studies on its role in the kidney. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a disease with complex pathogenesis, including oxidative stress (OS), inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, autophagy, and apoptosis. In addition, fibrosis has a significant impact on the progression of AKI to developing chronic kidney disease (CKD). The mortality rate of this disease is very high, and there is no effective treatment drug at present. In recent years, some studies have found that SFKs, especially Src, Fyn, and Lyn, are involved in the pathogenesis of AKI. In this paper, the structure, function, and role of SFKs in AKI are discussed. SFKs play a crucial role in the occurrence and development of AKI, making them promising molecular targets for the treatment of AKI.

Preparation and evaluation of the anti-cancer properties of RGD-modified curcumin-loaded chitosan/perfluorohexane nanocapsules in vitro

Curcumin (Cur) encapsulation in nanocapsules (NCs) could improve its availability and therapeutic antitumor efficacy. Cur-loaded chitosan/perfluorohexane (CS/PFH) nanocapsules (CS/PFH-Cur-NCs) were thus synthesized via a nanoemulsion process. To further enhance the selective tumor targeting ability of Cur-loaded NCs, a novel CS/PFH-Cur-NCs with conjugation of Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide (RGD-CS/PFH-Cur-NCs) were prepared in this study. The properties of these NCs were then explored through in vitro release experiments and confocal laser scanning microscopy-based analyses of the ability of these NCs to target MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. In addition, an MTT assay-based approach was used to compare the relative cytotoxic impact of CS/PFH-Cur-NCs and RGD-CS/PFH-Cur-NCs on these breast cancer cells. It was found that both CS/PFH-Cur-NCs and RGD-CS/PFH-Cur-NCs were smooth, relatively uniform, spheroid particles, with the latter being 531.20 ± 68.97 nm in size. These RGD-CS/PFH-Cur-NCs can be ideal for contrast imaging studies, and were better able to target breast cancer cells in comparison to CS/PFH-Cur-NCs. In addition, RGD-CS/PFH-Cur-NCs were observed to induce cytotoxic MDA-MB-231 cell death more swiftly in comparison to CS/PFH-Cur-NCs. These findings suggest that NC encapsulation and RGD surface modification can remarkably improve the anti-tumor efficacy of Cur. These novel NCs may thus manifest a significant potential value in the realm of image-guided cancer therapy, underscoring an important direction for future research.

Geniposide ameliorated dexamethasone-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial apoptosis in osteoblasts

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Eucommia ulmoides Oliver has been traditionally used for treatment of various diseases, including osteoporosis, knee pain, and paralysis. The extract of Eucommia ulmoides has been reported to stimulate the bone formation and suppress the bone resorption, leading to protection against osteoporosis (OP). Geniposide (GEN) has been considered as one of the effective compounds responsible for the therapeutic efficacy of Eucommia ulmoides against OP.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To explore whether GEN protected against dexamethasone (DEX)-induced osteoporosis (OP) by activating NRF2 expression and inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The DEX-induced rat OP models were duplicated. The pathological changes were examined by histological/immunohistochemical evaluation and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) assessment. Apoptosis was detected by a flow cytometer. Mitochondrial Ca²⁺ concentrations and mitochondrial membrane potential were detected. Western blot assays were used to detect the protein expression.

RESULTS

GEN effectively reversed DEX-induced pathological changes of trabecular bone in rats. In addition, the DEX-increased expression of ATF4/CHOP was also ameliorated. In MC3T3-E1 cells, DEX promoted endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial apoptosis. Inhibition of ER stress abolished the induction of apoptosis by DEX. Similarly, GEN significantly ameliorated DEX-induced mitochondrial apoptosis. The possible underlying mechanism might be associated with the pharmacological effects of GEN on activating the expression of NRF2 and alleviating ER stress in DEX-treated MC3T3-E1 cells.

CONCLUSION

GEN ameliorated DEX-induced ER stress and mitochondrial apoptosis in osteoblasts.

The protective effect of chemical and natural compounds against vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy (VIPN)

Vincristine, an alkaloid extracted from Catharanthus rosea, is a class of chemotherapy drugs that act by altering the function of the microtubules and by inhibiting mitosis. Despite its widespread application, a major adverse effect of vincristine that limits treatment duration is the occurrence of peripheral neuropathy (PN). PN presents with several symptoms including numbness, painful sensation, tingling, and muscle weakness. Vincristine-induced PN involves impaired calcium homeostasis, an increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the upregulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) expression. Several potential approaches to attenuate the vincristine-induced PN including the concomitant administration of chemicals with vincristine have been reported. These chemicals have a variety of pharmaceutical properties including anti-inflammation, antioxidant, and inhibition of calcium channels and calcineurin signaling pathways and increased expression of nerve growth factor (NGF). This review summarized several of these compounds and the mechanisms of action that could lead to effective options in improving vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy (VIPN).

Autophagy as a molecular target of quercetin underlying its protective effects in human diseases

Autophagy, known as a "self-eating" process, is associated with degradation of aged or damaged components and organelles. Generally, autophagy is a survival mechanism that provides energy during nutritional deprivation. This mechanism plays a remarkable role during the physiological condition by maintaining homeostasis and energy balance and several pathological conditions, particularly neurological disorders. Due to the critical role of autophagy in cancer, much attention has been made in the regulation of autophagy using both naturally occurring and synthetic drugs. Quercetin is a plant-derived chemical belonging to the family of flavonoids. Quercetin has valuable biological and therapeutic effects such as anti-tumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, and cardioprotective. At the present review, we first provide an introduction about quercetin and autophagy with its related molecular pathways. We also describe how quercetin modulates autophagy mechanism to exert its therapeutic effects.

Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: Emerging Role of Phytochemicals

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a significant dose-limiting long-term sequela in cancer patients undergoing treatment, often leading to discontinuation of treatment. No established therapy exists to prevent and/or ameliorate CIPN. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial dysregulation have been proposed to underlie the pathobiology of CIPN. However, interventions to prevent and treat CIPN are largely ineffective. Additional factors and mechanism-based targets need to be identified to develop novel strategies to target CIPN. The role of oxidative stress appears to be central, but the contribution of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress remains under-examined in the pathobiology of CIPN. This review describes the significance of ER stress and its contribution to CIPN, the protective role of herbal agents in countering ER stress in nervous system-associated disorders, and their possible repurposing for preventing CIPN.

The Interplay of the Unfolded Protein Response in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Therapeutic Role of Curcumin

Abnormal accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and their aggregation causes inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress. This promotes accumulation of toxic proteins in the body tissues especially brain leading to manifestation of neurodegenerative diseases. The studies suggest that deregulation of proteostasis, particularly aberrant unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling, may be a common morbific process in the development of neurodegeneration. Curcumin, the mixture of low molecular weight polyphenolic compounds from turmeric, Curcuma longa has shown promising response to prevents many diseases including current global severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and neurodegenerative disorders. The UPR which correlates positively with neurodegenerative disorders were found affected by curcumin. In this review, we examine the evidence from many model systems illustrating how curcumin interacts with UPR and slows down the development of various neurodegenerative disorders (ND), e.g., Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The recent global increase in ND patients indicates that researchers and practitioners will need to develop a new pharmacological drug or treatment to manage and cure these neurodegenerative diseases.

Quercetin and its role in modulating endoplasmic reticulum stress: A review

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the place where proteins and lipids are biosynthesized and where transmembrane proteins are folded. Both pathological and physiological situations may disturb the function of the ER, resulting in ER stress. Under stress conditions, the cells initiate a defensive procedure known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). Cases of severe stress lead to autophagy and/or the induction of cell apoptosis. Many studies implicate ER stress as a major factor contributing to many diseases. Therefore, the modulation of ER stress pathways has become an attractive therapeutic target. Quercetin is a plant-derived metabolite belonging to the flavonoids class which presents a range of beneficial effects including anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, anti-oxidant, anti-obesity, anti-carcinogenic, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-diabetic, anti-hypercholesterolemic, and anti-apoptotic activities. Quercetin also has anti-cancer activity, and can be used as an adjuvant to decrease resistance to cancer chemotherapy. Furthermore, the effect of quercetin can be increased with the help of nanotechnology. This review discusses the role of quercetin in the modulation of ER stress (and related diseases) and provides novel evidence for the beneficial use of quercetin in therapy.

The cardioprotective effects of hydrogen sulfide by targeting endoplasmic reticulum stress and the Nrf2 signaling pathway: A review

Cardiac diseases are emerging due to lifestyle, urbanization, and the accelerated aging process. Oxidative stress has been associated with cardiac injury progression through interference with antioxidant strategies and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function. Hydrogen sulfide (H₂ S) is generated endogenously from l-cysteine in various tissues including heart tissue. Pharmacological evaluation of H₂ S has suggested a potential role for H₂ S against diabetic cardiomyopathy, ischemia/reperfusion injury, myocardial infarction, and cardiotoxicity. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activity is crucial for cell survival in response to oxidative stress. H₂ S up-regulates Nrf2 expression and its related signaling pathway in myocytes. H₂ S also suppresses the expression and activity of ER stress-related proteins. H₂ S has been reported to improve various cardiac conditions through antioxidant and anti-ER stress-related activities.

Protective effects of curcumin on chemical and drug-induced cardiotoxicity: a review

Cardiotoxicity is a major adverse effect that can be induced by both therapeutic agents and industrial chemicals. The pathogenesis of such cardiac damage is multifactorial, often injuring the cardiac tissue by generating free radicals, oxidative stress, and/or inflammation. Curcumin (CUR) is a bright yellow chemical produced by Curcuma longa plants. It is the principal curcuminoid of turmeric (Curcuma longa), a member of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae. Administration of CUR has been reported to ameliorate the chemical and drug-induced cardiac injury in several studies. CUR has been suggested to act as an effective candidate against oxidative stress and inflammation in heart tissue via regulation of Nrf2 and suppression of p38 MAPK/NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasomes. The anti-apoptotic properties of CUR have also been reported to modulate the AMPK, Akt, JNK, and ERK signaling pathways. This review explores the potential protective effects of CUR regarding the detrimental effects often observed in cardiac tissue following exposure to several chemicals including drugs.

Resveratrol and endoplasmic reticulum stress: A review of the potential protective mechanisms of the polyphenol

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that performs a set of essential functions in cellular biology. These include synthesis of lipids, homeostasis of calcium, and controlling the folding of proteins. Inflammation and oxidative stress are two important reasons behind the accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins in the ER. In such circumstances, a series of measures are undertaken in the cell which are collectively called unfolded protein response (UPR). The aim of UPR is to reduce the burden of protein aggregates and promote survival. However, extended and unrestricted ER stress (ERS) can induce further inflammation and apoptosis. ERS and the UPR are involved in different diseases such as neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. Resveratrol (RSV), a natural polyphenol, has well-documented evidence supporting its numerous biological properties including antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antiobesity, antidiabetic, and antiischemic activities. The compound is also known for its potential beneficial effects on cognitive function and liver, kidney, and lung health. In this review, the role of ERS in several pathological conditions and the potential protective effects of RSV are discussed. However, the scarcity of clinical data means that more research needs to be conducted to gain a lucid understanding of RSV's effects on endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in humans.

Curcumin Activates the Nrf2 Pathway and Induces Cellular Protection Against Oxidative Injury

Curcumin is a naturally occurring polyphenol that is isolated from the rhizome of Curcuma longa (turmeric). This medicinal compound has different biological activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antineoplastic, and anti-inflammatory. It also has therapeutic effects on neurodegenerative disorders, renal disorders, and diabetes mellitus. Curcumin is safe and well-tolerated at high concentrations without inducing toxicity. It seems that curcumin is capable of targeting the Nrf2 signaling pathway in protecting the cells against oxidative damage. Besides, this strategy is advantageous in cancer therapy. Accumulating data demonstrates that curcumin applies four distinct ways to stimulate the Nrf2 signaling pathway, including inhibition of Keap1, affecting the upstream mediators of Nrf2, influencing the expression of Nrf2 and target genes, and finally, improving the nuclear translocation of Nrf2. In the present review, the effects of curcumin on the Nrf2 signaling pathway to exert its therapeutic and biological activities has been discussed.

Therapeutic Effects of Curcumin against Bladder Cancer: A Review of Possible Molecular Pathways

There are concerns about the increased incidence of cancer both in developing and developed countries. In spite of recent progress in cancer therapy, this disease is still one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Consequently, there have been rigorous attempts to improve cancer therapy by looking at nature as a rich source of naturally occurring anti-tumor drugs. Curcumin is a well-known plant-derived polyphenol found in turmeric. This compound has numerous pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and anti-tumor properties. Curcumin is capable of suppressing the growth of a variety of cancer cells including those of bladder cancer. Given the involvement of various signaling pathways such as PI3K, Akt, mTOR and VEGF in the progression and malignancy of bladder cancer, and considering the potential of curcumin in targeting signaling pathways, it seems that curcumin can be considered as a promising candidate in bladder cancer therapy. In the present review, we describe the molecular signaling pathways through which curcumin inhibits invasion and metastasis of bladder cancer cells.

Dietary Polyphenols in Metabolic and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Molecular Targets in Autophagy and Biological Effects

Polyphenols represent a group of secondary metabolites of plants which have been analyzed as potent regulators of multiple biological processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy, among others. These natural compounds exhibit beneficial effects and protection against inflammation, oxidative stress, and related injuries including metabolic diseases, such as cardiovascular damage, obesity and diabetes, and neurodegeneration. This review aims to summarize the mechanisms of action of polyphenols in relation to the activation of autophagy, stimulation of mitochondrial function and antioxidant defenses, attenuation of oxidative stress, and reduction in cell apoptosis, which may be responsible of the health promoting properties of these compounds.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity may be therapeutically targeted by natural and chemical compounds: A review

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a chemotherapeutic agent with marked, dose-dependent cardiotoxicity that leads to tachycardia, atrial and ventricular arrhythmia, and irreversible heart failure. Induction of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) which plays a major role in protein folding and calcium homeostasis was reported as a key contributor to cardiac complications of DOX. This article reviews several chemical compounds that have been shown to regulate DOX-induced inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy via inhibition of ER stress signaling pathways, such as the IRE1α/ASK1/JNK, IRE1α/JNK/Beclin-1, and CHOP pathways.